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Review Of The True Spirit And Original Intent Of Treaty 7 By Treaty 7 Elders And Tribal Council With Walter Hildebrandt, Sarah Carter, And Dorothy First Rider, David Reed Miller Jul 1998

Review Of The True Spirit And Original Intent Of Treaty 7 By Treaty 7 Elders And Tribal Council With Walter Hildebrandt, Sarah Carter, And Dorothy First Rider, David Reed Miller

Great Plains Quarterly

The eleven numbered treaties between representatives of the Crown on behalf of the Dominion of Canada and First Nations resident within specific regions of central and western Canada were negotiated from 1850 to 1929. Treaty 7, negotiated 19 to 22 September 1877 at Blackfoot Crossing, included the Bloods, Peigans, and Siksika, three of the divisions of the Blackfoot Confederacy, the Stoney (all southern Stoney except the Bighorn Band), and the Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee) and encompassed the region of southern Alberta.

This volume represents a synthesis of information gathered by the Treaty 7 Project, a special collaborative research endeavor of the …


Review Of Cather Studies Volume 3. Edited By Susan J. Rosowski, Patrick W. Shaw Jul 1998

Review Of Cather Studies Volume 3. Edited By Susan J. Rosowski, Patrick W. Shaw

Great Plains Quarterly

With some notable exceptions, the fourteen essays in this collection come from critics well-known to the most casual reader of Cather scholarship-John J. Murphy, Merrill Maguire Skaggs, and Marilyn Arnold, for example. Because their views and interdependence are familiar, the reader should be at ease traveling through some of the best traditional criticism of Willa Cather's fiction.

The collection is at its best, however, in essays that deviate from the familiar and traditional. Ann Romines's "Her Mortal Enemy's Daughter: Cather and the Writing of Age" is its finest piece. Immediately following John J. Murphy's "Gilt Diana and Ivory Christ: Love …


Review Of Beyond Bounds: Cross-Cultural Essays On Anglo, American Indian, & Chicano Literature By Robert Franklin Gish, Ricardo L. Garcia Jul 1998

Review Of Beyond Bounds: Cross-Cultural Essays On Anglo, American Indian, & Chicano Literature By Robert Franklin Gish, Ricardo L. Garcia

Great Plains Quarterly

Good writing transcends boundaries, says Robert Franklin Gish in this cross-cultural inquiry into Anglo, American Indian, and Chicano literature. Beyond Bounds grew out of Gish's willingness to risk "the disdain of advocating ... 'Buffalo Chip Lit'" to test the notion that "no one ethnicity, no one group ... offers the ultimate 'truth' of tourism, seen most metaphorically as the 'tourism' of mortality."

Part One, "Anglo Visitors," examines the early twentieth-century writings of Charles Lummis, Erna Ferguson, Harvey Ferguson, and Witter Bynner, visitors to New Mexico who were unabashed supporters of Anglo conquest. Yet they recognized they were newcomers to an …


Review Of The Culture Of Wilderness: Agriculture As Colonization In The American West By Frieda Knobloch, Emily Greenwald Jul 1998

Review Of The Culture Of Wilderness: Agriculture As Colonization In The American West By Frieda Knobloch, Emily Greenwald

Great Plains Quarterly

In this intriguing synthesis, Frieda Knobloch brings a new set of ideas to existing scholarship on agriculture and the environmental history of the American West. She traces the process of "nature becoming culture," the ways in which naturally existing resources (land, animals, plants, and trees) were transformed into agriculturally-managed commodities, thereby serving the twin imperatives of colonization and agriculture. Knobloch argues that colonization and agriculture not only sprang from the same roots in the English language, but have also operated hand-in-hand to dispossess indigenous plants, animals, and peoples. In Knobloch's formulation, neither can exist apart from the other-essentially, agriculture is …


Review Of Native American Verbal Art: Texts And Contexts By William M. Clements, Linda Lizut Herstern Jul 1998

Review Of Native American Verbal Art: Texts And Contexts By William M. Clements, Linda Lizut Herstern

Great Plains Quarterly

Native American Verbal Art should be required reading for all teachers of American literature committed to teaching translations from the Native American oral tradition. William Clements's study stands as a companion to The Sixth Grandfather (1984), Raymond DeMallie's account of the textual creation of Black Elk Speaks. Using an historical approach, Clements reveals the problems of translating traditional oratory, including the translator's frequent ignorance of the Native language being translated. (While some translators have worked with a bilingual intermediary, many have simply re-rendered previous translations without reference to the Native language text.)

Clements examines in some depth the practices …


Review Of From Our Eyes: Learning From Indigenous Peoples Edited By Sylvia O'Meara And Douglas A. West, Pete Hudson Jul 1998

Review Of From Our Eyes: Learning From Indigenous Peoples Edited By Sylvia O'Meara And Douglas A. West, Pete Hudson

Great Plains Quarterly

This collection of writings by aboriginal authors, all of whom are academics from a wide range of disciplines, is rescued from what could have been a succession of fragments, few of them of relevance to anyone reader, by each author's scholarly clarity. Moreover, the multiand interdisciplinary quality of the book, manifested within and between each contribution, reinforces a unifying theme: the holistic world view shared by the authors, one that continually seeks to break through boundaries, including those of particular disciplines.

The book's interest and value, however, are not contained in anyone theme. There are themes within themes here, difficult …


Review Of Writing The Range: Race, Class, And Culture In The Women's West Edited With Introduction By Elizabeth Jameson And Susan Armitage, Angel Kwolek-Folland Jul 1998

Review Of Writing The Range: Race, Class, And Culture In The Women's West Edited With Introduction By Elizabeth Jameson And Susan Armitage, Angel Kwolek-Folland

Great Plains Quarterly

This collection of twenty-nine essays, some previously published, aspires to assemble some of the most important new work on women in the multicultural West and to challenge a monocultural national narrative. The focus on the West assumes that region is a meaningful analytical category. In addition, the editors argue that the dynamic of waves of migration to contested territory could stand as a process common to the nation's entire history. Because of the nature of an essay collection, the latter aspiration is difficult to sustain as a coherent argument. Nonetheless, the collection succeeds as a fairly comprehensive introduction to the …


Review Of Standing In The Light: A Lakota Way Of Seeing By Severt Young Bear And R. D. Theisz, Kelly J. Morgan Jul 1998

Review Of Standing In The Light: A Lakota Way Of Seeing By Severt Young Bear And R. D. Theisz, Kelly J. Morgan

Great Plains Quarterly

Dance, song, and spiritual renewal are at the heart of traditional Lakota life in contemporary America. Severt Young Bear's life experiences, as told in this collaborative work resulting from Young Bear and R. D. Theisz's close relationship developed over three decades, are a continuation of Lakota autobiographical and biographical literature. Theisz's fluency in Lakota language, his broad knowledge of traditional and contemporary Lakota life, as well as his adoption by a Lakota family, lend to his credibility in co-authoring the text. His friendship with Young Bear centered on their common interests in music and dance, and each's particular talents led …


Review Of Leaning Into The Wind: Women Write From The Heart Of The West Edited By Edited By Linda Hasselstrom, Gaydell Collier, And Nancy Curtis., Tisha Gilreath-Mullen Jul 1998

Review Of Leaning Into The Wind: Women Write From The Heart Of The West Edited By Edited By Linda Hasselstrom, Gaydell Collier, And Nancy Curtis., Tisha Gilreath-Mullen

Great Plains Quarterly

Linda Hasselstrom (rancher and author of Windbreak, Going Over East, Land Circle, and Caught by One Wing), Gaydell Collier (rancher, director of the Crook County Public Library in Wyoming, and co-author of several books on horse training), and Nancy Curtis (rancher and owner-operator of the highly acclaimed High Plains Press) combined talents to edit Leaning into the Wind: Women Write from the Heart of the West. Contributors-of which there are at least two hundred-to this anthology of western women's writings offer a counter-balance to High Plains stereotypes popularized by those historians and writers who erased women's existence from …


Review Of Empire Builder In The Texas Panhandle: William Henry Bush By Paul H. Carlson, Ben E. Pingenot Jul 1998

Review Of Empire Builder In The Texas Panhandle: William Henry Bush By Paul H. Carlson, Ben E. Pingenot

Great Plains Quarterly

William Henry Bush was a manufacturer, rancher, businessman, real estate developer, and philanthropist who rose to prominence and wealth during the last half of the nineteenth century. Born in the state of New York in 1849, Bush tried twice after turning thirteen to run away and join the Union Army as a drummer boy. His mother apprenticed him instead to a store owner in Lowville, New York, which marked the start of his career as a general merchant. At age twenty, he moved to Chicago to work for a wholesale clothing business, King Brothers and Company, at a salary of …


Review Of Wallace Stegner: His Life And Work By Jackson J. Benson, Robert Thacker Jul 1998

Review Of Wallace Stegner: His Life And Work By Jackson J. Benson, Robert Thacker

Great Plains Quarterly

When he died of injuries sustained in an automobile accident in April of 1993, Wallace Stegner left a list of eight writing projects he had yet to do pinned above his desk, awaiting his return. Noting this fact toward the end of this thorough biography, Benson writes that "Stegner's career as a novelist followed a pattern of lifelong growth, reaching its zenith near the end." He was, his biographer says, "simply, by far, the brightest man I've ever known," and ultimately Benson concludes that "Perhaps Wallace Stegner's greatest creation was himself-a good man who always did the best he could. …


Title And Contents- Spring 1998 Apr 1998

Title And Contents- Spring 1998

Great Plains Quarterly

GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY

SPRING 1998 VOL. 18 NO.2

CONTENTS

LITERATURES OF THE GREAT PLAINS: AN INTRODUCTION Francis W. Kaye

A CULTURAL DUET: ZITKALA SA AND THE SUN DANCE OPERA P. Jane Hafen

WOMEN WRITING ABOUT FARM WOMEN Becky Faber

GENDERED LANDSCAPES: SYNERGISM OF PLACE AND PERSON IN CANADIAN PRAIRIE DRAMA Anne F. Nothof

THE CORPORATE FARMING DEBATE IN THE POST-WORLD WAR II MIDWEST Jon Lauck

REVIEW ESSAY: HARVEST SONGS AND ELEGIAC NOTES Linda Ray Pratt

A review of Constance Coiner, Better Red: The Writing and Resistance of Tillie OLsen and Meridel Le Sueur, and Nora

Ruth Roberts, Three Radical Women …


Review Of The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation Of The Zulu And The Sioux By James O. Gump, Learthen Dorsey Apr 1998

Review Of The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation Of The Zulu And The Sioux By James O. Gump, Learthen Dorsey

Great Plains Quarterly

James Gump's comparative study of the transformation of the Zulu and Sioux nations as a result of their interaction with whites on "closing frontiers" in the eastern region of South Africa and on the western Plains of North America respectively is an impressive undertaking. His foci are two battles-the Zulu assault at Rorke's Drift in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 and the United States government's massacre of the Sioux at Wounded Knee in 1892. According to the author, these two events have become powerful metaphors, "evoking images of Thermopylae in the first instance and systematic genocide in the latter." Both …


Review Of The Real West Commentary By Patricia Nelson Limerick, Robert Hower Apr 1998

Review Of The Real West Commentary By Patricia Nelson Limerick, Robert Hower

Great Plains Quarterly

In an exhibition and publishing collaboration, the Colorado Historical Society, the Denver Art Museum, and the Denver Public Library provide an absorbing visual and conceptual experience titled The Real West. Its strength is the manner in which the publishers have provided a novel visual statement through the color plates and photographs that comprise over 75 percent of the book.

The volume represents the effort of numerous individuals: Andrew E. Masich wrote the Introduction; Patricia Nelson Limerick authored the Commentary; Georgianna Contiguglia, Gwen F. Chanzit, and Eleanor Gehres collaborated on the Afterword. The text provides a frame of reference for …


Review Of All Over The Map: Rethinking American Regions By Edward L. Ayers, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Stephen Nissenbaum, And Peter S. Onuf, Thomas D. Isern Apr 1998

Review Of All Over The Map: Rethinking American Regions By Edward L. Ayers, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Stephen Nissenbaum, And Peter S. Onuf, Thomas D. Isern

Great Plains Quarterly

"People will think spatially and historically," observes Ayers in his essay on Southern identity for this book. "But we can be more self-conscious about the way we think in these dimensions." His remarks offer a good rationale for this collection of essays on American regions, originally a series of lectures delivered at Johns Hopkins University. In addition to Ayers on the South, the volume includes Onuf on the origins of American sectionalism, Nissenbaum on New England, and Limerick on the West.

For the student of Great Plains regionalism, every essay offers insights, either theoretical or comparative. Onuf, for instance, works …


Review Of Killing The White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans At The End Of The Twentieth Century By Fergus M. Bordewich, Tom Holm Apr 1998

Review Of Killing The White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans At The End Of The Twentieth Century By Fergus M. Bordewich, Tom Holm

Great Plains Quarterly

Fergus M. Bordewich's foray into Native American politics and identity is disturbing on a number of different levels. It is, on the one hand, a remarkably accurate look at Native American political dilemmas, frustrations, and achievements. On the other, it is a flawed survey of what it means to be Native American in the United States. It lacks a clear critical framework and races willy-nilly from one group to another, judging achievements on the basis of economic success or how the tribes fit into the hierarchical apparatus that runs the nation.

Bordewich is at his finest when dealing with the …


Review Of Women And Warriors Of The Plains; The Pioneer Photographs Of Julia E. Tuell By Dan Aadland, Richard Pearce-Moses Apr 1998

Review Of Women And Warriors Of The Plains; The Pioneer Photographs Of Julia E. Tuell By Dan Aadland, Richard Pearce-Moses

Great Plains Quarterly

Julia Ethel Toops Tuell was the wife of a schoolmaster on reservation schools where she taught home economics, served as a field nurse, and raised four children. She began taking photographs in 1906 on the Northern Cheyenne reservation at Lame Deer, Montana, and continued when she lived with the Sioux Indians on the Rosebud Reservation east of the Black Hills in South Dakota. Although a sideline, she made numerous photographs of Native American life for more than two decades.

Tuell used an eight-by-ten-inch glass-plate camera, an unusual choice given its bulk, heavy weight, and cumbersomeness. Smaller cameras had been around …


Review Of Bring Back The Buffalo!: A Sustainable Future For America's Great Plains By Ernest Callenbach, Ken Zontek Apr 1998

Review Of Bring Back The Buffalo!: A Sustainable Future For America's Great Plains By Ernest Callenbach, Ken Zontek

Great Plains Quarterly

"This book attempts to make a constructive contribution," writes Ernest Callenbach in Bring Back the Buffalo! The author hopes his work will assist in an unprecedented transformation of the Great Plains from "net-energy negative agriculture" to "net-energy-positive agriculture" that will produce a sustainable future for the area currently suffering from population loss, reliance on government subsidies, corporate consolidation of family farms, and environmental degradation. Such change remains contingent upon bison and wind power. Callenbach presents his argument in three parts. First, he recounts the remarkable productivity achieved on the bison-rich Plains prior to Euro-American intervention and its subsequent alteration. The …


A Cultural Duet Zitkala Ša And The Sun Dance Opera, P. Jane Hafen Apr 1998

A Cultural Duet Zitkala Ša And The Sun Dance Opera, P. Jane Hafen

Great Plains Quarterly

In 1913 Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala Ša, 1876-1938) collaborated with local Duchesne, Utah, music teacher William F. Hanson to produce and stage a spectacle that combined the musical style of operetta, a melodramatic love triangle, and traditional Plains Indian ritual. In regional performances, The Sun Dance Opera provided a stage for Bonnin and other Native American singers and dancers to participate in rituals whose practice was forbidden by the United States government. Twenty-five years later, just months after Bonnin's death in 1938, the opera was selected and presented by the New York Opera Guild as opera of the year.

The …


Review Of The Mormon Trail: Yesterday And Today By William E. Hill, James B. Allen Apr 1998

Review Of The Mormon Trail: Yesterday And Today By William E. Hill, James B. Allen

Great Plains Quarterly

From 1839 to the beginning of 1846, the Mormons made their headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois. Continuing persecution, however, forced them to leave, seeking a refuge in the West. By the end of 1846 migrating Mormons found themselves scattered across Iowa and other parts of the country, with headquarters at Winter Quarters, now Florence, Nebraska. On 5 April 1847, under the leadership of Brigham Young, the vanguard company set out from Winter Quarters, arriving in the Salt Lake Valley on 22 July.

The Mormon Trail: Yesterday and Today appeared, significantly, in 1996, just a year before the sesquicentennial anniversary of that …


Review Of American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters And Continental Conquest By Gregory H. Nobles, Kirk Bane Apr 1998

Review Of American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters And Continental Conquest By Gregory H. Nobles, Kirk Bane

Great Plains Quarterly

Gregory H. Nobles has produced a thoughtful, clearly written, thoroughly researched survey offering "an interpretive synthesis of recent [frontier] scholarship." Using the studies of such scholars as J ames Axtell, Alfred W. Crosby, John Mack Faragher, Julie Roy Jeffrey, Robert M. Utley, and Patricia Limerick, Nobles proposes "to summarize and synthesize this remarkable new research, to connect the frontier histories of the East and West ... and, above all, to put it all into a coherent, accessible narrative." The author admirably accomplishes his aim.

His introduction provides an excellent discussion of Frederick Jackson Turner and the frontier thesis. While the …


Review Of Visions And Voices: Native American Painting From The Philbrook Museum Of Art. Edited By Lydia L. Wyckoff, Janet Catherine Berlo Apr 1998

Review Of Visions And Voices: Native American Painting From The Philbrook Museum Of Art. Edited By Lydia L. Wyckoff, Janet Catherine Berlo

Great Plains Quarterly

The Philbrook Museum in Tulsa has long been recognized as one of the major forces in the shaping of twentieth-century Native American painting, as well as one of the major repositories of such paintings, many of them winning entries in the well-known Philbrook Annual juried exhibit, which began in 1946. With the publication of the lavishly illustrated Visions and Voices, reproductions of 484 pieces from the collection, most of them painted by artists of Plains or Southwestern tribes, are now readily available, many in color. In works by such well-known figures as James Auchiah, Tonita Pena, Joe Herrera, and …


Review Of Myths And Traditions Of The Arikara Indians By Douglas R. Parks, Tressa Berman Apr 1998

Review Of Myths And Traditions Of The Arikara Indians By Douglas R. Parks, Tressa Berman

Great Plains Quarterly

Once again, Douglas Parks has offered an unsurpassed account of Arikara oral traditions by carefully selecting and elaborating upon his earlier, though less accessible, Traditional Narratives of the Arikara Indians (University of Nebraska Press, 1991, in four volumes). Parks's careful English translations of a range of Arikara narratives fulfill the interests of specialists and non-specialists alike through detailed descriptions of both stories and storytellers. Old stories become infused with new life as we learn more about the narrators themselves and the various performative contexts in which stories get told. If this was an attempt on Parks's part to bring the …


Review Of After Wounded Knee: Correspondence Of Major And Surgeon John Vance Lauderdale While Serving With The Army Occupying The Pine Ridge Reservation, 1890-1891 Edited By Jerry Green, Michael D. Berndt Apr 1998

Review Of After Wounded Knee: Correspondence Of Major And Surgeon John Vance Lauderdale While Serving With The Army Occupying The Pine Ridge Reservation, 1890-1891 Edited By Jerry Green, Michael D. Berndt

Great Plains Quarterly

When scholars have covered events like the Wounded Knee Massacre comprehensively, the record of an unlikely observer or indirect participant can provide a fresh and valuable perspective. The correspondence of John Vance Lauderdale offers the views of one surgeon at the Pine Ridge Reservation whose participation in the Native American stereotypes of the time is complicated by his involvement in the aftermath of the Massacre and his personal interaction with individual Lakota.

To reconstruct Lauderdale's situation, Jerry Green offers an extensive introduction divided into three sections dealing with the surgeon's personal background, the medical department's practices, and the conditions on …


Review Of Frederic Remington And Turn-Of-The-Century America By Alexander Nemerov, H.W. Brands Apr 1998

Review Of Frederic Remington And Turn-Of-The-Century America By Alexander Nemerov, H.W. Brands

Great Plains Quarterly

Readers of this book will learn a great deal about contemporary art criticism, a modest although unquantifiable (and mostly unverifiable) amount about Frederic Remington, and very little about the American West. The author, an art historian, applies a postmodernist, Freudian analysis to the work of the popular painter, sculptor, and illustrator. He concedes that the multiple meanings he reads into Remington's work probably escaped the consciousness of the artist himself. But not to worry: "The meanings of which the artist is not conscious are often those that are most powerfully revelatory of the work's historical moment."

Readers who can get …


Review Of Field Of Vision By Lisa Knopp, Donald B. Cunningham Apr 1998

Review Of Field Of Vision By Lisa Knopp, Donald B. Cunningham

Great Plains Quarterly

In Field of Vision, Lisa Knopp, like many nature essayists, explores and explicates both interior and exterior landscapes; unlike many less skillful writers, she negotiates the difficult terrain between the two, with its uncertain borders, tangled undergrowth, and hidden precipices, with delicate balance and a sure step. The sixteen essays in the collection, written between 1989 and 1995, range over a wide variety of subjects-a possum's tail, a heron's eye, the plover's name, a cricket's chirp, the crumpled wings of the mayfly nymph-but share a common theme: the naturalist's search for the boundary-or for some assurance that there is …


Review Of The Fort That Became A City: An Illustrated Reconstruction Of Fort Worth, Texas, 1849- 1853 By Richard F. Selcer, Robert Duncan Apr 1998

Review Of The Fort That Became A City: An Illustrated Reconstruction Of Fort Worth, Texas, 1849- 1853 By Richard F. Selcer, Robert Duncan

Great Plains Quarterly

Fort Worth, the northern most outpost west of Dallas and part of a chain of forts establishing a general line from the Rio Grande north constructed during the 1850s, is the subject of this book. The forts included in the line Graham, Gates, Croghan, Martin Scott, Inge, and Merrill-covered some three hundred miles from north to south and were built as a defensive system to control the interior of Texas and promote settlement. Fort Worth's origins were at best "humble." It began as an "outpost" for Fort Graham and was named after the estimable General William Jenkins Worth. Its garrison, …


Review Of High Plains Farm Photographs And Text By Paula Chamlee, Bill Ganzel Apr 1998

Review Of High Plains Farm Photographs And Text By Paula Chamlee, Bill Ganzel

Great Plains Quarterly

The Great Plains is a unique, difficult landscape, and those who live here have to learn to adapt to it. Paula Chamlee grew up on a farm on the High Plains of the Texas Panhandle near Adrian. She left "less than a month after high school graduation" and became a fine art photographer. Three decades later, she returned to photograph the farm "while my parents are still active." What she has produced is a beautiful book that quietly tells the story of lives lived on the edge of possibility. Yet, for me, the story is incomplete.

If you have traveled …


Review Of The Fatal Confrontation: Historical Studies Of American Indians, Environment, And Historians By Wilbur Jacobs, Patrick Goines Apr 1998

Review Of The Fatal Confrontation: Historical Studies Of American Indians, Environment, And Historians By Wilbur Jacobs, Patrick Goines

Great Plains Quarterly

Throughout his long, distinguished career Wilbur Jacobs has been a fervent and consistent advocate for a more inclusive approach to the study of American history. Using the implements of the ethnographer, demographer, and environmentalist, he has not simply painted our historical landscape with a broader brush; more importantly, he has added clarity and texture to the canvas.

The ten essays reprinted here show the breadth and depth of Jacobs's scholarship and remind us of his profound influence on the succeeding generation of historians. Spanning almost forty years, they not only trace Jacobs's intellectual development, but also show our historiographical evolution. …


Review Of The Black Hills Journals Of Colonel Richard Irving Dodge Edited By Wayne R. Kime, Paul L. Hedren Apr 1998

Review Of The Black Hills Journals Of Colonel Richard Irving Dodge Edited By Wayne R. Kime, Paul L. Hedren

Great Plains Quarterly

Formal exploration of the Black Hills was long thwarted by their remoteness in northern Indian country and then by their inclusion in the Great Sioux Reservation created by the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. Changing national circumstances by 1874, however, led to Custer's well-publicized Black Hills survey where gold was discovered, as he reported, among the roots of the grass. Though several practical miners traveled with Custer, his expedition's pronouncements were not scientifically grounded, and doubt shrouded his discovery.

Across the nation the prospect of a new El Dorado grew irresistible, and the federal government soon authorized a formal scientific study …