Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Arts and Humanities (2175)
- Library and Information Science (1965)
- Anthropology (1845)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (1636)
- Sociology (1619)
-
- Education (1586)
- Communication (1462)
- Archaeological Anthropology (1403)
- Economics (1396)
- Psychology (1360)
- Political Science (1259)
- International and Area Studies (866)
- History (862)
- Law (832)
- Business (822)
- Higher Education (675)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (673)
- Sports Studies (625)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (622)
- Life Sciences (570)
- International Relations (500)
- Mass Communication (465)
- Journalism Studies (448)
- Social Work (398)
- Asian Studies (390)
- Public Policy (339)
- Peace and Conflict Studies (333)
- Religion (311)
- East Asian Languages and Societies (298)
- Institution
-
- Selected Works (1386)
- Kenyon College (1257)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (897)
- SelectedWorks (720)
- University of Wollongong (575)
-
- Cedarville University (549)
- Western Kentucky University (449)
- Purdue University (341)
- James Madison University (244)
- University of Central Florida (237)
- San Jose State University (214)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (200)
- College of the Holy Cross (198)
- Brigham Young University (185)
- Western Michigan University (184)
- Singapore Management University (173)
- Portland State University (159)
- Grand Valley State University (158)
- University of Northern Iowa (149)
- University of Texas at El Paso (147)
- Georgia State University (146)
- Kennesaw State University (145)
- Wright State University (141)
- Population Council (138)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (124)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (122)
- Louisiana State University (119)
- Georgia Southern University (115)
- University of Denver (112)
- Wayne State University (112)
- Keyword
-
- Cedarville (528)
- Athletics (520)
- 2008 (215)
- Hearing impaired (161)
- Church work with the deaf -- Catholic Church (160)
-
- Deaf -- Periodicals (160)
- Deaf culture (160)
- Pastoral care of people with disabilities (160)
- Newspaper (139)
- Student newspapers (139)
- Journal (137)
- English (124)
- Future (117)
- Mine Action (115)
- 2008(Vol.40) (111)
- Central Florida Future (111)
- Spartan Daily (111)
- CISR (109)
- Human rights (103)
- Oral History (103)
- Bracero (102)
- Labor History (102)
- University of Texas at El Paso. Institute of Oral History--interviews (102)
- JMU (97)
- Baseball (90)
- ERW (89)
- Newsletter (82)
- Education (80)
- Kentucky (78)
- Student newspaper (76)
- Publication
-
- Four Valleys Archive (1257)
- China Beat Blog: Archive 2008-2012 (287)
- Against the Grain (258)
- Theses and Dissertations (175)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (164)
-
- The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction (135)
- Faculty Publications (134)
- Masters Theses (125)
- Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) (122)
- Folklife Archives Finding Aids (121)
- Student Government Association (120)
- Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive) (117)
- Central Florida Future (111)
- Spartan Daily (School of Journalism and Mass Communications) (111)
- Global CWD Repository (106)
- Great Plains Quarterly (104)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (103)
- Theses Digitization Project (103)
- Combined Interviews (102)
- Human Rights & Human Welfare (92)
- Dissertations (90)
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive) (88)
- Georgia Library Quarterly (88)
- Theses, Dissertations, and Projects (88)
- Postville Project Documents (87)
- The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare (85)
- Reproductive Health (81)
- Faculty of Arts - Papers (Archive) (76)
- Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers (69)
- All Faculty Scholarship (67)
- Publication Type
Articles 14461 - 14490 of 15256
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Exploring Young Adult Conflict Management Skill Development, Pauline Marcoux
Exploring Young Adult Conflict Management Skill Development, Pauline Marcoux
Theses : Honours
This paper explores conflict management skill development of young adults. Although conflict management is a life-span issue, conflict management skills are of particular importance to young adults as they develop their identity and explore romantic relationships. The study of conflict management skills is complex and is underpinned by different theoretical approaches. These complexities and theories are presented. Findings from childhood to young adulthood are reviewed and summarised. Marital conflict, parent-child interactions, family-of-origin characteristics and attachment orientation are all factors that influence the development of conflict management skills. The family-of-origin characteristics seem to provide the most meaningful results in relation to …
A Phenomenological Study Of Foster Carers' Experiences Of Formal And Informal Support, Tara Cavazzi
A Phenomenological Study Of Foster Carers' Experiences Of Formal And Informal Support, Tara Cavazzi
Theses : Honours
Foster children are showing a higher prevalence of maladaptive physical and psychosocial issues than ever before. The presence of these issues is predictive of foster placement instability, which is compounded by the inability to recruit and retain foster carers. As placement disruption can have numerous consequences, the factors that influence placement stability have been reviewed. Carer strain is a widespread destabilizing factor, which is augmented by many factors including the perceived level of practical and emotional support from both formal and informal networks. Formal support is linked to placement stability, although carers generally feel undervalued and unappreciated by formal networks. …
The Role Of Sex, Gender Role, And Extraversion-Introversion In Explaining The Experience, Expression And Control Of Anger, James Oliver
The Role Of Sex, Gender Role, And Extraversion-Introversion In Explaining The Experience, Expression And Control Of Anger, James Oliver
Theses : Honours
Anger is a frequently experienced emotion that has been shown to influence perceptions, beliefs, ideas, reasoning, and ultimately choices and actions. It has the potential to become a serious problem if it reaches dysfunctional levels. This study examines the role of biological sex, gender role, and extraversion-introversion in the expression, experience and control of anger. A sample of 110 persons drawn from the Australian community were administered the Staxi-2, EPQ-R and the BSRI. Results showed that extraversion-introversion accounted for most variance associated with anger expression, while gender role accounted for most variance associated with anger control. Biological sex was not …
Self-Efficacy, Sense Of Belonging And Social Support As Predictors Of Resilience In Adolescents, Anna Nowicki
Self-Efficacy, Sense Of Belonging And Social Support As Predictors Of Resilience In Adolescents, Anna Nowicki
Theses : Honours
Adolescence has been described as a period of many physical, cognitive and psychosocial changes. During such a tumultuous time some adolescents cope better than others with life stressors, and these individuals can be considered resilient. The degree to which a person is resilient can be influenced and determined by protective factors, including social support, sense of belonging and self-efficacy. Positive social support has been identified as a buffer that protects individuals from the negative effects of stressful life situations. A strong sense of belonging has positively reflected adolescents' motivation, participation and ability to relate to their environment. Self-efficacy has also …
Cross-Cultural Transition, Coping, And Social Support: Relationships Among Psychological Outcomes Among British Migrants In Australia, Samantha Shooter
Cross-Cultural Transition, Coping, And Social Support: Relationships Among Psychological Outcomes Among British Migrants In Australia, Samantha Shooter
Theses : Honours
This review examines the relationships among coping strategies, social support, and migrant adjustment. Research suggests that due to losses of the homeland, such as loss of family, friends and community, and adjustment difficulties in the new country, migration can be a difficult experience. Several key findings in the literature however, revealed that particular coping strategies and social support are two key factors that can ameliorate the negative effects of migration. Research has typically found an association between coping strategies and psychological outcomes, such that, problem-focused or active coping strategies, whereby migrants take direct action to solve the problem, are typically …
What Role Can Indigenous Child Care Training Play In Ameliorating Disadvantage For Indigenous People?, Susan Teather
What Role Can Indigenous Child Care Training Play In Ameliorating Disadvantage For Indigenous People?, Susan Teather
Theses : Honours
The early years of children's lives are vitally important to their long term outcomes. Yet, in Australian, not all children have access to the same opportunities to enhance their development and achieve their fullest potential, as Australian Indigenous children experience considerable disadvantage in comparison to other Australian children. The multifaceted approach required to eliminate this disadvantage, and the associated oppression, has education central to it. Emancipatory education is powerful as it assists learners to develop skills and, within the context of the educational philosopher Freire, also develop their ability to confront their oppression. This research paper explores Indigenous child care …
An Exploration Of Generation Y'S Experiences Of Offshore Fly-In/Fly-Out (Fifo) Employment, Tayla Carter
An Exploration Of Generation Y'S Experiences Of Offshore Fly-In/Fly-Out (Fifo) Employment, Tayla Carter
Theses : Honours
Australia is currently experiencing an ageing of its population, which has the potential to significantly impact on society, namely, employment. With the entry of Generation Y (Gen Y), the Australian workforce consists of four generations who are working increasingly longer hours. Extended working hours has been recognised as a risk factor for several undesirable consequences and is distinctive of fly in/fly out (FIFO) employment. The purpose of the review is to explore the literature which addresses the impact of FIFO employment with a following emphasis on issues surrounding Gen Y. A range of published work was incorporated from the fields …
An Exploration Of Social Engagement To Promote Quality Of Life For People With A Spinal Cord Injury: Exploring The Need For A Virtual Community, Leah Bulloch
Theses : Honours
A spinal cord injury (SCI) can significantly alter a person's lifestyle and choices in both the short and long term. An essential area of a person's quality of life (QOL) is that of social engagement, which according to Bath and Gardiner (2005) is made up of social support, social participation and social networks. Studies have shown that although the Internet and virtual communities have the ability to provide social engagement there is little literature covering the area of how they can be used to aid the development of social engagement amongst people living with an SCI post rehabilitation. The aim …
Democratic Pr? : Relationship-Building Between Members Of Parliament And Their Constituents, Andrea Urbinati
Democratic Pr? : Relationship-Building Between Members Of Parliament And Their Constituents, Andrea Urbinati
Theses : Honours
This paper puts forward the proposition that relationship-building public relations could facilitate a more genuine engagement between Members of Parliament and their constituents. Much has been written about Grunig and Hunt's (1984) two-way symmetric public relations and its role in establishing, building and maintaining a sense of community between an organisation and its publics. Previous work has extended the relationship management paradigm to various sub contexts such as the non-for profit sector. However, the majority of literature provides an organisation-centric perspective. This paper takes the Grunigian notion of symbiotic relationship building and applies it to the political context. This study …
Pr For Pollutant Corporations : Does Ethical Environmental Pr Exist And Could It Make A Difference?, Chloe Holland
Pr For Pollutant Corporations : Does Ethical Environmental Pr Exist And Could It Make A Difference?, Chloe Holland
Theses : Honours
Environmental issues have regained a prominent place on the public agenda in Australia over the past 18 months because of extensive media coverage and the growing trends of environmentalism and communitarianism. The public's protest for pollutant corporations to be held environmentally accountable has become vocal. They are now regularly inclined to seek out media attention to expose or highlight pollutant corporations' unethical practices. Pollutant corporations now have the choice of cleaning up their act and ensuring they become more ethical in communications with their publics or be constantly attacked by activist groups and the media, lose stakeholder and community support …
Unmasking Albany : Addressing Social Issues Through Mask-Work With Young People In A Western Australian Regional Centre, Fleur Hockey
Unmasking Albany : Addressing Social Issues Through Mask-Work With Young People In A Western Australian Regional Centre, Fleur Hockey
Theses : Honours
My research looked at whether mask-work could be used to address social issues affecting young people in a Western Australian regional centre. It consisted of a case study, where I ran a six day workshop series in two Albany primary schools, with students who had been selected by their school to participate. Throughout the workshops, the young participants each made a full expressive mask, learnt how to perform in different mask styles, developed a character and took part in a small performance at their school. I employed a performance ethnography methodology and utilised methods such as participant observation, structured interviews …
The Relationship Between Normative Beliefs And Tobacco Smoking : A Social Psychological Perspective, Wendy Cannon
The Relationship Between Normative Beliefs And Tobacco Smoking : A Social Psychological Perspective, Wendy Cannon
Theses : Honours
Tobacco smoking has been classified as the single most preventable cause of death and disease in Australia. It has been estimated that 19,000 Australians die each year as a result of smoking tobacco. The highest level of smoking prevalence in Australia is among young adults aged between 20 and 29 years. While the pleasurable short-term effects of nicotine help to reinforce smoking behaviour, the long-term effects of the harmful chemicals in tobacco pose significant health hazards. This review provides background information on the effects of smoking and nicotine dependence, and discusses the individual and social costs related to tobacco smoking. …
The Relationships Between Cyber And Non-Cyber Bullying And Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents In Western Australia, Mitch J. Read
The Relationships Between Cyber And Non-Cyber Bullying And Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents In Western Australia, Mitch J. Read
Theses : Honours
Much research has explored the nature, prevalence and impact that bullying behaviours have on children and adolescents. Correlations have been found between bullying behaviours and depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, loneliness, psychosomatic symptoms and conduct disorders. With a rapid increase in the availability and use of information and communication technologies young people are now able to bully others in a relatively anonymous, removed fashion, often referred to as cyber bullying. This paper provides a review of the research that has investigated the nature, prevalence and impact of cyber and non-cyber bullying. The bullying literature highlights the negative consequences this behaviour often …
The Impact Of Implementation Of Voip In Call Centres : A Western Australia Perspective, Syed Moniruzzoha
The Impact Of Implementation Of Voip In Call Centres : A Western Australia Perspective, Syed Moniruzzoha
Theses : Honours
By fostering the finalization of open standards and the convergence of voice, video and data, the internet protocol provides an ideal driver for the definition of the infrastructure of new multimedia and advanced communications applications (Adams & Bhalla, 2005). The key advantages of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoiP) for enterprises have been the promise of lower costs, infrastructure consolidation and increased flexibility. Carriers are also positioning VoiP as a cost-saving business solution. It is an application which seemed like a godsend to business and people alike who rely on telephony services (Blood, 2005). The aim of this study was to …
Understanding Children's Exposure To Domestic Violence: A Review Of The Literature; And, Situational-Contextual Factors That Mediate The Impact Of Exposure Of Domestic Violence On Children: A Retrospective Study Of Adult Women Residing In Perth, Kristy Lee O'Bryan
Theses : Honours
Based on the available theoretical and empirical research literature, this review examines the complexity of children's exposure to domestic violence. In addition to identifying numerous theories which have been used in the literature to help understand how exposure to domestic violence may affect children's adjustment and functioning, this review provides an in depth overview of the research investigating the short and long-term impact of domestic violence exposure on children and young people. Despite the consistent finding across studies that children's witnessing of domestic violence is associated with a host of psychological, social and behavioural problems, there is also evidence in …
An Economic Approach To Climate Change, Matt Bogard
An Economic Approach To Climate Change, Matt Bogard
Economics Faculty Publications
Economics is the study of choices, and how they are made compatible. The issue of global warming can be viewed in the context of a set of choices that lead to climate change. In a free society choices are made compatible via the price system. If prices do not reflect the true cost of carbon, then carbon intensive production and consumption choices may not be compatible given the choice sets across all members of society. For example, my choice to burn fossil fuels may be incompatible with your choice to live in a coastal area given certain climate change scenarios. …
Structural Bone Density Of Pacific Cod (Gadus Macrocephalus) And Halibut (Hippoglossus Stenolepis): Taphonomic And Archaeological Implications, Ross E. Smith
Dissertations and Theses
Describing prehistoric human subsistence strategies and mobility patterns using archaeofaunal assemblages requires archaeologists to differentiate the effects of human behavior from natural taphonomic processes. Previous studies demonstrate that differences in bone density both within and between taxa contribute to variation in element representation in archaeofaunal assemblages. Measurements of contemporary Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) skeletal elements using Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA) and hydrostatic weighing revealed differences in bone volume density between elements and taxa.
Density values were highest in Pacific cod and halibut jaw elements; the lowest bone volume densities were measured in Pacific cod and …
Psychological Detachment As A Moderator In Work-Family Conflict Relationships, Lauren Ann Murphy
Psychological Detachment As A Moderator In Work-Family Conflict Relationships, Lauren Ann Murphy
Dissertations and Theses
Psychological detachment from work during off-job time has great significance in the field of Occupational Health Psychology because it affects the process of work recovery. Recovery from work helps people to achieve a work-life balance that leads to psychological health and general well-being.
Data Clustering For Fitting Parameters Of A Markov Chain Model Of Multi-Game Playoff Series, Christopher M. Rump
Data Clustering For Fitting Parameters Of A Markov Chain Model Of Multi-Game Playoff Series, Christopher M. Rump
Applied Statistics and Operations Research Faculty Publications
We propose a Markov chain model of a best-of-7 game playoff series that involves game-togame dependence on the current status of the series. To create a relatively parsimonious model, we seek to group transition probabilities of the Markov chain into clusters of similar game-winning frequency. To do so, we formulate a binary optimization problem to minimize several measures of cluster dissimilarity. We apply these techniques on Major League Baseball (MLB) data and test the goodness of fit to historical playoff outcomes. These state-dependent Markov models improve significantly on probability models based solely on home-away game dependence. It turns out that …
Molecular Characterization Of Dopamine Transporter Phosphorylation And Regulation, Balachandra Kumar Gorentla
Molecular Characterization Of Dopamine Transporter Phosphorylation And Regulation, Balachandra Kumar Gorentla
Theses and Dissertations
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a presynaptic membrane phosphoprotein that terminates dopaminergic synaptic transmission by clearing dopamine (DA) back into presynaptic neuron by a reuptake process. DAT is also a molecular target for psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) that increase DA synaptic levels either by blocking reuptake or by inducing DA efflux. DAT phosphorylation and transport down regulation are best demonstrated with the treatment of Protein kinase C (PKC) activators such as (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) PMA. Serine(s) and threonine(s) are known to be involved in DAT phosphorylation.
Pretreatment with psychostimulant substrates such as AMPH and METH …
Changes In Preservice Elementary Teachers' Personal Science Teaching Efficacy And Science Teaching Outcome Expectancies: The Influence Of Context, Richard P. Hechter
Changes In Preservice Elementary Teachers' Personal Science Teaching Efficacy And Science Teaching Outcome Expectancies: The Influence Of Context, Richard P. Hechter
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to investigate how retrospective-test/post-test perceptions of science teaching self-efficacy differ according to personalscience expectancy and science teaching outcome expectancy among preservice elementary teachers when exposed to a science teaching methods course. Preservice elementary teacher candidates (N=69) enrolled in Spring and Fall 2007 sessions of an elementary science methods class were asked to assess their science teaching self-efficacy using the Science Teaching Expectancy Belief Instrument (STEBI-B). The survey was administered three times using pre-test, post-test and retrospective-test methodology. The 23-item instrument contains a Likert-scale with a 1 to 5 range of "strongly disagree" to "strongly …
Assignment Of Meaning In The Male Breast Cancer Experience: A Phenomenological Study, Marlys Joy Bohn
Assignment Of Meaning In The Male Breast Cancer Experience: A Phenomenological Study, Marlys Joy Bohn
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain an understanding of the lived experience of being a male diagnosed with breast cancer. With almost 200,000 cases of breast cancer diagnosed annually in the United States, a fact often overlooked is that approximately one percent of the newly-diagnosed patients are male. Because of their small numbers, however, very little is known about how males are affected by a diagnosis of breast cancer. In order to provide holistic nursing care to affected men and their families, it is important that nurses have an understanding of the male experience with breast cancer. …
Major Arteries And Motor Vehicle Theft: Investigating The Spatial Distribution Of Mvt In The Lower Mainland District, Kathryn Wuschke
Major Arteries And Motor Vehicle Theft: Investigating The Spatial Distribution Of Mvt In The Lower Mainland District, Kathryn Wuschke
Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications and Presentations
Vehicle theft, like most crime types, is spatially concentrated, with more than one quarter of these crimes occurring within fifty meters of a major roadway. Spatial analysis and mapping of all motor vehicle thefts (MVT) occurring in the PIRS system for the Lower Mainland District in 2004 and 2005 emphasize clear clustering around major roads. This map also reveals hotspots of MVT intensity occurring in specific point locations across the landscape. Future fact sheets will analyze these activity nodes to determine the specific land uses around which MVT events tend to cluster.
School Librarians Are Teachers Too!: University Of Northern Iowa Teacher Education Majors And Their Perceptions Of The Role Of The School Librarian, Colleen Nelson
Graduate Research Papers
The problem identified by this research is students in the University of Northern Iowa’s teacher education preparatory programs may not understand the role of the school librarian as a teacher and instructional partner. This research was a quantitative investigation into the perceptions of undergraduate students enrolled in the Teacher Education Program at the University of Northern Iowa regarding the role of the school librarian.
Discovering William Cook: Ten Sources For Reconstructing The Life Of A Lawyer, Margaret A. Leary
Discovering William Cook: Ten Sources For Reconstructing The Life Of A Lawyer, Margaret A. Leary
Articles
Ms. Leary uses a case study to describe ten categories of resources for reconstructing a Manhattan lawyer's life. These resources answer questions about his law practice, scholarship, personal life, personality, values, and philanthropy. The case study uses today's resources to look far back into the details of the life of William W. Cook, who gave his fortune to the University of Michigan Law School.
Mother-Daughter Communication And Media Influence On Self-Esteem And Body Image, Tori Austin
Mother-Daughter Communication And Media Influence On Self-Esteem And Body Image, Tori Austin
Dissertations and Theses @ UNI
Societal norms based on media venues influence the perception young females have of themselves; however, some literature indicates the mother daughter relationship can help minimize the possible negative effects. Young women are more susceptible to desire distorted media images of glamorous and thin women. As they make social comparisons with mediated images of womanhood, they may become disappointed in their own body image and possess lower self-esteem. The previous research has gaps when discussing mother daughter relationships, media's influence, and the impact on adolescent girls' self-esteem and body image. To determine predictors to young women's self-esteem and body image, 119 …
A Transnational Conversation On French Colonialism, Immigration, Violence And Sovereignty, Miriam Ticktin, Ruth Marshall, Paolo Bacchetta
A Transnational Conversation On French Colonialism, Immigration, Violence And Sovereignty, Miriam Ticktin, Ruth Marshall, Paolo Bacchetta
Publications and Research
This conversation was transcribed from a panel discussion that took place at The Scholar & Feminist Conference XXXII, “Fashioning Citizenship: Gender and Immigration,” held on March 24, 2007 at Barnard College.
The Instructor’S Role In Aquatic Education: Some Personal Observations, Leland Yarger, Steven P. Dalcher
The Instructor’S Role In Aquatic Education: Some Personal Observations, Leland Yarger, Steven P. Dalcher
International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education
No abstract provided.
Are We Over-Lawyering International Affairs, Philip C. Bobbitt, John D. Hutson, John C. Yoo, Philip D. Zelikow, Edwin D. Williamson
Are We Over-Lawyering International Affairs, Philip C. Bobbitt, John D. Hutson, John C. Yoo, Philip D. Zelikow, Edwin D. Williamson
Faculty Scholarship
This panel will discuss the role of lawyers — particularly government lawyers — in addressing questions of legal policy. We will discuss fundamental questions such as: Should lawyers decide legal policy? Or, is that best left to the policymakers? Should lawyers give advice as to legal policy, or should they stick to providing answers as to what the law is? How should lawyers respond to what a policymaker thinks is the legal question, but is really a question of legal policy? If lawyers find the law vague or lacking, should they fill in the gaps, advising as to what the …
Pigeons’ Memory For Time: Assessment Of The Role Of Subjective Shortening In The Duration Of Comparison Procedure, Patrick Van Rooyen
Pigeons’ Memory For Time: Assessment Of The Role Of Subjective Shortening In The Duration Of Comparison Procedure, Patrick Van Rooyen
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained with a 1-s baseline s-c delay in a duration comparison procedure to peck one key if a comparison duration (c) was 1-s shorter than a standard duration (s), and another key if c was 1-s longer than s. The duration pairs used prevented pigeons from relying on the absolute duration of c on some trials (comparison common) while on other trials they could rely on the absolute duration of c (comparison unique). Pigeons were then tested with equal duration pairs at extended s-c delays of 1, 2, 4, and …