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2015

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Articles 3271 - 3300 of 27645

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Using Priming To Study Social Categorization, Jerzy Karylowski, Harry Wallace, Michael Motes, Diana Liempd, Stephanie Eicher Oct 2015

Using Priming To Study Social Categorization, Jerzy Karylowski, Harry Wallace, Michael Motes, Diana Liempd, Stephanie Eicher

Harry M. Wallace

Do people spontaneously categorize stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine trait and job labels according to gender? The present experiment provided a methodologically stringent test of automatic gender-based categorization using a modification of a semantic priming methodology. Subjects processing goals were manipulated by asking questions about primes that either did or did not require semantic processing. Results provide support for a spontaneous gender-based categorization of trait labels regardless of the processing goals. However, semantic processing goals appear to be necessary for a spontaneous gender-based categorization of job labels.

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Psychological Skills Do Not Always Help Performance: The Moderating Role Of Narcissism, Ross Roberts, Tim Woodman, Lew Hardy, Louise Davis, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

Psychological Skills Do Not Always Help Performance: The Moderating Role Of Narcissism, Ross Roberts, Tim Woodman, Lew Hardy, Louise Davis, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

Psychological skills are typically viewed as beneficial to performance in competition. Conversely, narcissists appear to thrive in competitive environments so should not need psychological skills to the same degree as less narcissistic individuals. To investigate this moderating hypothesis high-standard ice-skaters completed measures of narcissism, psychological skills, and anxiety before performing their competition routine during training. A week later, participants performed the same routine in competition. Performance was operationalized as the difference between competition and training scores. Moderated regression analyses revealed that narcissism moderated the relationship between psychological skills and performance. Psychological skill effectiveness depends on an individual's degree of narcissism.

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How Judgments Change Following Comparison Of Current And Prior Information, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, William Hart, Rick Brown Oct 2015

How Judgments Change Following Comparison Of Current And Prior Information, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, William Hart, Rick Brown

Harry M. Wallace

Although much observed judgment change is superficial and occurs without considering prior information, other forms of change also occur. Comparison between prior and new information about an issue may trigger change by influencing either or both the perceived strength and direction of the new information. In four experiments, participants formed and reported initial judgments of a policy based on favorable written information about it. Later, these participants read a second passage containing strong favorable or unfavorable information on the policy. Compared to control conditions, subtle and direct prompts to compare the initial and new information led to more judgment change …

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Spontaneous Gender-Stereotypical Categorization Of Trait Labels And Job Labels, Jerzy Karylowski, Michael Motes, Harry Wallace, Heather Harckom, Eric Hewlett, Stacy Maclean, John Parretta, Cherin Vaswani Oct 2015

Spontaneous Gender-Stereotypical Categorization Of Trait Labels And Job Labels, Jerzy Karylowski, Michael Motes, Harry Wallace, Heather Harckom, Eric Hewlett, Stacy Maclean, John Parretta, Cherin Vaswani

Harry M. Wallace

Do people spontaneously categorize stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine trait and job labels according to gender even when the task at hand has nothing to do with gender? The present experiment provided a methodologically stringent test of such spontaneous gender-stereotypical categorization using a modification of a semantic priming task. Participants made name/no name judgments for targets that included nonsensical letter strings as well as male and female first names. Half of the first names in each gender category were selected to indicate members of participants’ own generation (Younger Generation names) and the other half were selected to indicate members of …

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I Knew It All Along, Unless I Had To Work To Learn What I Know, Harry Wallace, Michelle Chang, Patrick Carroll, Jodi Grace Oct 2015

I Knew It All Along, Unless I Had To Work To Learn What I Know, Harry Wallace, Michelle Chang, Patrick Carroll, Jodi Grace

Harry M. Wallace

After receiving knowledge regarding some topic, people usually overestimate their prior topic knowledge. Two experiments investigated whether people would claim less prior knowledge if they worked to earn their present knowledge. In Study 1, students finishing a psychology course claimed less precourse psychology knowledge if they reported devoting more effort toward the course. In Study 2, the knew-it-all-along effect was stronger for participants who were simply given the answers to questions than for participants who studied for 20 minutes to learn the answers. Both cognitive and motivational factors can account for the observed effects of effort investment on retrospective knowledge …

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The Influence Of Attitudes On Beliefs: Formation And Change, Kerry Marsh, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

The Influence Of Attitudes On Beliefs: Formation And Change, Kerry Marsh, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

No abstract provided.

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When People Evaluate Others, The Level Of Others’ Narcissism Matters Less To Evaluators Who Are Narcissistic, Harry Wallace, Andrew Grotzinger, Tyler Howard, Nousha Parkhill Oct 2015

When People Evaluate Others, The Level Of Others’ Narcissism Matters Less To Evaluators Who Are Narcissistic, Harry Wallace, Andrew Grotzinger, Tyler Howard, Nousha Parkhill

Harry M. Wallace

Prior studies have documented how people in general respond to others’ narcissism, but existing research offers few clues about whether and how evaluator narcissism influences judgments of traits associated with narcissism. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and then evaluated hypothetical target persons. Target narcissism was conveyed through a single trait description (Study 1), a list of traits (Study 2), or Facebook content (Study 3). Narcissistic qualities were reliably viewed unfavorably, but narcissistic participants were comparatively less bothered by target narcissism and less positive in their judgments of targets without narcissistic qualities. In each study, symptoms of the presence or …

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The Reflected Self: Creating Yourself As (You Think) Others See You, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

The Reflected Self: Creating Yourself As (You Think) Others See You, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

No abstract provided.

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The Performance Of Narcissists Rises And Falls With Perceived Opportunity For Glory, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister Oct 2015

The Performance Of Narcissists Rises And Falls With Perceived Opportunity For Glory, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister

Harry M. Wallace

Narcissists consider themselves to be exceptional performers, but past research has found no consistent relationship between narcissism and performance. The present research tested the hypothesis that the relationship between subclinical narcissism and performance is moderated by a motivational factor: perceived self-enhancement opportunity. Four experiments were conducted, each using different manipulations of self-enhancement opportunity and different performance tasks. In each study, narcissists performed better when self-enhancement opportunity was high rather than low. In contrast, the performance of participants with low narcissism was relatively unaffected by self-enhancement opportunity. Other findings suggested that narcissists' self-enhancement motivation stems more from a desire to garner …

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Reflected Appraisal Through A 21st-Century Looking Glass, Harry M. Wallace, Dianne M. Tice Oct 2015

Reflected Appraisal Through A 21st-Century Looking Glass, Harry M. Wallace, Dianne M. Tice

Harry M. Wallace

The concept of reflected appraisal—also known as reflected self-appraisal or the looking-glass self—refers to the processes by which people's self-views are influenced by their perceptions of how others view them. Reflected appraisal is reflected in the metaphor that people use others as a mirror (i.e., looking glass) for judging themselves, and also in the sense that others' judgments are reflected in self-judgments. The concept refers simultaneously to person A's self-appraisal and person A's appraisal of person B's appraisal of person A. These appraisals exert reciprocal influence: Self-views affect judgments of others' views, and judgments …

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Persistence, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace, Andrew Harter Oct 2015

Persistence, Dianne Tice, Harry Wallace, Andrew Harter

Harry M. Wallace

Rockefeller’s story exemplifies persistence, an important human strength. He refused to quit when faced with disappointment and discouragement. He believed in himself when others did not, and his determination and positive mind-set allowed him to accomplish great things. Of course, perseverance does not guarantee success, but success is often unattainable without it. To achieve meaningful accomplishments, one must withstand setbacks. There are times when quitting is more prudent than persisting, but more often, it is the person who perseveres who is rewarded. In this chapter, we review psychological research on the predictors and consequences of human persistence.

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Impact Of Situational Threat On The Behavioral Activation System, Paige Naylor, Kaileigh Byrne, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

Impact Of Situational Threat On The Behavioral Activation System, Paige Naylor, Kaileigh Byrne, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

Previous research has indicated that individuals respond differently to difficult tasks, depending on whether the situational factors surrounding the task make the individual perceive it as a challenge or a threat. Distinct response patterns between these two stress responses have been identified and vary based on an individual’s personality traits. In keeping with this research, the current study examined how performance pressure-induced threat impacts the relationship between trait approach motivation and prefrontal cortex activation utilizing a simple line bisection task. Participants completed line bisection tasks before and after performing a difficult motor skill task under pressure intended to provoke a …

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Survival And Change In Judgments: A Model Of Activation And Comparison, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, Laura Glasman Oct 2015

Survival And Change In Judgments: A Model Of Activation And Comparison, Dolores Albarracin, Harry Wallace, Laura Glasman

Harry M. Wallace

A model of judgment maintenance and change is proposed that specifies the various processes that take place at the time of making a judgment on the basis of memory-based and online information. This model proposes that attitude maintenance and change depend on three processes: recalling a prior attitude, recalling or receiving other attitude-related information, and comparing the prior attitude with attitude-related information. Unlike prior models, the activation/comparison model assumes that all three processes can elicit attitude change and maintenance under different conditions. For instance, the mere activation of attitude-related information that is consistent with a prior attitude will favor stability, …

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Coping And Ego Depletion: Recovery After The Coping Process, Roy Baumeister, Jon Faber, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

Coping And Ego Depletion: Recovery After The Coping Process, Roy Baumeister, Jon Faber, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

In this chapter, we combine a new approach to the self with a traditional, standard idea about coping in order to understand the coping process. The central idea is that many operations of the self involve the consumption of a limited resource. This resource is used in volition (e.g., choice, responsible decision-making, and active responses) and self-control. Stress makes severe demands on this resource, because people must engage in active responding and must regulate themselves so as to adapt to difficult circumstances. One major consequence of stress is that the resource becomes depleted. This will impair the person's functioning across …

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Home-Field Advantage And Disadvantage, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

Home-Field Advantage And Disadvantage, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

The home-field advantage refers to the tendency for sports performers to win more often when competing at their home facility. Studies of professional, collegiate, and high school sports have consistently found that home performers defeat visiting performers in more than half of total games played. The aggregated winning percentages of home performers vary between sports and across eras, but they typically range from just above 50% to as high as 70%. Home-field advantage effects are common in team sports like baseball, basketball, and football as well as in individual sports such as tennis and wrestling.

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Audience Support And Choking Under Pressure: A Home Disadvantage?, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Vohs Oct 2015

Audience Support And Choking Under Pressure: A Home Disadvantage?, Harry Wallace, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Vohs

Harry M. Wallace

This paper highlights the not-so-obvious but compelling reasons why the same supportive audiences that can help performers attain their highest potential also may increase performers' risk of choking under pressure. Drawing primarily from social psychology research and theory, we conclude that audience support magnifies performance pressure and induces performers to avoid failure rather than seek success during the most critical moments of performance contests. Although supportive audiences can inspire performers to excel when motivation would otherwise be lacking, audiences may also lead performers towards maladaptive self-monitoring and overcautiousness when the stakes are highest. The increased self-focus that supportive audiences induce …

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Interpersonal Consequences Of Forgiveness: Does Forgiveness Deter Or Encourage Repeat Offenses?, Harry Wallace, Julie Exline, Roy Baumeister Oct 2015

Interpersonal Consequences Of Forgiveness: Does Forgiveness Deter Or Encourage Repeat Offenses?, Harry Wallace, Julie Exline, Roy Baumeister

Harry M. Wallace

Benefits of forgiveness have been well documented, but past research has not directly addressed the crucial question of whether forgiveness deters or invites repeat transgressions. Our research indicates that expressing forgiveness typically discourages future offenses. In Study 1, participants playing a form of the prisoner’s dilemma game were more likely to repeat their transgressions against unforgiving victims than forgiving victims, especially when victims had no chance to retaliate. In response to a hypothetical scenario presented in Study 2, participants reported that they would be less likely to risk offending someone for a second time if that person had forgiven their …

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Narcissistic Self-Enhancement, Harry M. Wallace Oct 2015

Narcissistic Self-Enhancement, Harry M. Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

Self-enhancement encompasses motives and self-directed effort to increase the positivity of one’s self-concept or public image. Self-enhancement concerns are often distinguished from orientations toward self-assessment—seeking either diagnostic self-related information (flattering or otherwise), and self-verification—seeking confirmation of existing self-views (e.g., Sedikides,1993; Swann, 1990). Distinctions are also typically drawn between self- enhancement and self-improvement motives. Although identifying and addressing one’s personal shortcomings could improve long-term self-enhancement prospects, the self-enhancement label is usually reserved for circumstances in which priority is placed on enhancing the status of one’s present self rather than one’s future self (e.g., Taylor, Neter, & Wayment, 1995). Self-enhancement striving is …

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Conquest By Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory Of Rape And Sexual Coercion, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Catanese, Harry Wallace Oct 2015

Conquest By Force: A Narcissistic Reactance Theory Of Rape And Sexual Coercion, Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Catanese, Harry Wallace

Harry M. Wallace

Men's efforts to force women to engage in unwanted sexual activity can be explained by a combination of reactance theory and narcissism. Reactance theory suggests that deprivation of specific sexual options will cause men to desire them more, to try to reclaim them by forcing sex and by aggressing against the woman who has refused them, and assorted findings support this analysis. Narcissism is proposed to moderate the link, especially because coercion is relatively rare in response to sexual refusals. Evidence about sexually coercive men supports the narcissism hypothesis, such as by showing self-serving cognitive distortions, an excessive concern with …

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The Use Of Social Media For Citizen Engagement: The Case Of Sapas In La Paz, Mexico, Victoria Basolo, Anaid Yerena Oct 2015

The Use Of Social Media For Citizen Engagement: The Case Of Sapas In La Paz, Mexico, Victoria Basolo, Anaid Yerena

Anaid Yerena

In this paper, we explore a local government water department's adoption of social media to engage with citizens. Specifically, we describe the use of a Facebook page, created by the Organismo Operador Municipal del Sistema de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado, y Saneamiento (SAPAS) in La Paz, B.C. Mexico, during its initial eighteen months of operation. Based on an analysis of the page posts, we note an increase in total posts over the study period. The dominant type of post (SAPAS and citizens combined) was announcement and this type of post was unevenly distributed with peaks at the beginning and end of …

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Exploring Bridge-Engine Control Room Collaborative Team Communication, Aditi Kataria, Eric Holder, Gesa Praetorius, Michael Baldauf, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs Oct 2015

Exploring Bridge-Engine Control Room Collaborative Team Communication, Aditi Kataria, Eric Holder, Gesa Praetorius, Michael Baldauf, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs

Gesa Praetorius

The EC funded CyClaDes research project is designed to promote the increased impact of the human element in shipping across the design and operational lifecycle of ships. It addresses the design and operation of ships and ship systems. One of the CyClaDes’ tasks is to create a crew‐centered design case‐study examination of the information that is shared between the Bridge and Engine Control Room (ECR) that helps the crew coordinate to ensure understanding and complete interconnected tasks. This information can be provided in various ways, including communication devices or obtained from a common database, display, or even the ship environment …

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Introducing The Concept Of Resilience Into Maritime Safety, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs Phd, Gesa Praetorius, Armando Graziano, Aditi Kataria, Michael Baldauf Oct 2015

Introducing The Concept Of Resilience Into Maritime Safety, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs Phd, Gesa Praetorius, Armando Graziano, Aditi Kataria, Michael Baldauf

Gesa Praetorius

The maritime industry is still characterized by prescriptive standards and reactive approaches in relation to safety and risk management to a large extent. For a very long time, responses to maritime accidents have been in terms of automation, regulation and training. While this as such is not wrong, it does not offer the full potential that concepts of resilience seem to suggest. The typical question that is predominately asked is still why things go wrong when accidents occur and search for causes and explanations is undertaken. An evaluation of the safety level achieved system and a focus on system components …

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On Common Ground At Sea: The Proactive Negotiation For Channel Navigation, Aditi Kataria, Gesa Praetorius Oct 2015

On Common Ground At Sea: The Proactive Negotiation For Channel Navigation, Aditi Kataria, Gesa Praetorius

Gesa Praetorius

The Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) provides support to marine traffic in congested waters to ensure safe and smooth vessel movement in the waters under its purview. The VTS operators monitor the traffic with the decision support system at hand and talk to the ships on the Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Safe channel navigation is proactively achieved by interaction and communication on the radio. Thus traffic management within the VTS domain is a complex joint activity, in which diverse stakeholders (bridge teams, VTS operators, pilots etc.) adopt one or more available communicative roles within technologically-mediated interactions to achieve safe and …

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Remarks For True Success Dinner, Delivered On October 21, 2015, Arend D. Lubbers Oct 2015

Remarks For True Success Dinner, Delivered On October 21, 2015, Arend D. Lubbers

Presidential Speeches

Remarks for True Success Dinner, delivered on October 21, 2015 by Arend D. Lubbers, who served as President of Grand Valley from 1969-2001.

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Nimba Donates Signage To Andrews Trails: University Bike & Hike Trails Enhanced Even More Through Gift, Danni Francis Oct 2015

Nimba Donates Signage To Andrews Trails: University Bike & Hike Trails Enhanced Even More Through Gift, Danni Francis

Andrews Agenda: Campus News

The Northern Indiana Mountain Bike Association (NIMBA), a chapter of the International Mountain Bike Association, donated 35 signposts to the Andrews University Bike Trails.

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Ellen White Portrait Unveiling Oct. 26: Artist Reveals Companion Piece For James White Portrait In Library Lobby, Danni Francis Oct 2015

Ellen White Portrait Unveiling Oct. 26: Artist Reveals Companion Piece For James White Portrait In Library Lobby, Danni Francis

Andrews Agenda: Campus News

Recently, Larry Onsager, dean of libraries, commissioned a companion portrait of James White’s wife, Ellen G. White, painted by renowned portrait artist Harry Ahn, who painted James White Library's portrait of James White several years ago. The portrait of Ellen White was unveiled October 26, 2015.

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Speed Tinkering With The Albertsons Library, Deana Brown, Amy Vecchione Oct 2015

Speed Tinkering With The Albertsons Library, Deana Brown, Amy Vecchione

Deana Brown

Speed dating with technology provides the hands-on experience you’re looking for! In this session, you will rotate in groups through a variety of emerging technology stations where you will explore and brainstorm how you can incorporate each tool into your own curriculum. Each station focuses on a specific technology and will have an informational sheet that includes instructions and possible learning outcomes. We’ll conclude with a discussion on how to apply what we learned.

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The Dueling Influences On Stigma Toward Mental Illness: Effects Of Interpersonal Familiarity And Stigmatizing Mediated Portrayals Of Mental Illness On Attitudes, Bridget Rubenking, Cheryl C. Bracken Oct 2015

The Dueling Influences On Stigma Toward Mental Illness: Effects Of Interpersonal Familiarity And Stigmatizing Mediated Portrayals Of Mental Illness On Attitudes, Bridget Rubenking, Cheryl C. Bracken

Communication Faculty Publications

Popular media is both a common source for information about mental illness and notorious for its disproportionately negative and violent portrayals of those with mental illness. This research undertook an experiment (N = 92) to explore the competing influences of mass communication messages and interpersonal familiarity/ experience with people with mental illness on stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill. Results demonstrate that exposure to negative, violent mediated portrayals of the mentally ill increase stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill, while exposure to positive, sympathetic portrayals of the mentally ill relates to less stigmatizing attitudes toward the mentally ill. Greater interpersonal …

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The Anchor, Volume 129.07: October 21, 2015, Hope College Oct 2015

The Anchor, Volume 129.07: October 21, 2015, Hope College

The Anchor: 2015

The Anchor began in 1887 and was first issued weekly in 1914. Covering national and campus news alike, Hope College’s student-run newspaper has grown over the years to encompass over two-dozen editors, reporters, and staff. For much of The Anchor's history, the latest issue was distributed across campus each Wednesday throughout the academic school year (with few exceptions). As of Fall 2019 The Anchor has moved to monthly print issues and a more frequently updated website. Occasionally, the volume and/or issue numbering is irregular.

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The Guardian, October 21, 2015, Wright State University Student Body Oct 2015

The Guardian, October 21, 2015, Wright State University Student Body

The Guardian Student Newspaper

Twelve page issue of The Guardian, the official student-run newspaper for Wright State University. The Guardian has been published regularly since March of 1965.

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