Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Emisja Zanieczyszczeń Powietrza Z Procesu Grafityzacji Wyrobów Drobnych, Marian Mazur, Robert Oleniacz, Marek Bogacki, Przemysław Szczygłowski

Robert Oleniacz

The paper presents the research results of the air pollutant emissions from the graphitising process of fine carbon products in the Acheson furnace (discharge capacity 5,5 Mg). Research was performed for two kinds of raw material inputs (based on petroleum coke and pitch coke). Approximately 40-hours measurement series were carried out for each material including mainly such substances like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylenes, total dust, tar substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Both average and maximum concentrations and mass streams in the flue gases and average emission factors were presented …

Cooperative Conservation: Increasing Capacity Through Community Partnerships - Interagency Volunteer Program: Quarterly Progress Report, Period Ending September 30, 2006, Margaret N. Rees

Get Outdoors Nevada

• Volunteer database increased 9.5% over last quarter. Database now contains 2,698 records.
• Website activity decreased, recording an average of 42,488 hits per month, with an average of 4,435 pages viewed per month (3.6% decrease in pages viewed).
• Volunteer recognition ceremony scheduled for November 4 at the Renaissance Hotel, Las Vegas.
• Fall 2006 volunteer training schedule finalized.
• National Public Lands Day volunteer projects successfully executed at Red Rock Canyon NCA and Lake Mead NRA, with a total of 232 community volunteers contributing more than 1,000 hours toward clean-up and restoration of Southern Nevada’s public lands.
• Team charter presented to the federal …

Take Pride In America In Southern Nevada: Quarterly Progress Report, Period Ending September 30, 2006, Margaret N. Rees

Anti-littering Programs

• Team members have been meeting regularly with other interagency teams to plan for the upcoming messaging campaign roll-out event, set for October 12, 2006.

• The Interagency Anti-Litter Team recycled over a ton of paper this quarter.

• A task order modification request was completed, submitted, and approved this quarter. The request will make more funds available for the messaging campaign.

• A multi-pronged media buy for the messaging campaign has been planned this quarter and will be initiated in October.

• The Anti-Litter Team worked with the Nevada Division of Forestry to complete Phase Two of a clean-up …

Don’T Trash Nevada: An Anti-Litter Strategy For Southern Nevada, Public Lands Institute

Anti-littering Presentations

• Increase public awareness about the desert dumping and urban littering.
• Increase the media’s awareness of the dumping and littering problem.
• Over the life of the campaign, modify behavior to reduce littering and dumping by Clark County residents and visitors.

Community Engagement, Education & Research, Public Lands Institute

Presentations (PLI)

The Public Lands Institute is dedicated to strengthening the national fabric that is essential for the protection, conservation, and management of public lands.

Refuge Update – September/October 2006, Volume 3, Number 5

RefugeUpdate (USFWS-NWRS)

Table of Contents:

Birds On Every Refuge, page 5 New Refuge System Birding Initiative aims to help birders fully appreciate the importance of refuges in the lives of their favorite species.

Focus on . . Farm Bill, pages 10-16 America’s farmers and ranchers play a critical role in sustaining healthy fi sh and wildlife populations, making the Farm Bill an especially important issue.

Where Has All the Cordgrass Gone, page 21 Sudden wetland dieback is the rapid loss of vegetation in salt marshes. So, why does it happen?

Less Than “Purr-Fect” in the Wild, page 26 Feral cars threaten birds …

The Growing Together Guide: A Companion Resource To The New England Environmental Finance Center/Melissa Paly Film, New England Environmental Finance Center

Smart Growth

What local leader or public official wants to be faced with an SOS the “same old story” of public discord and confrontation over growth and development in one’s community? That situation has become a problem for efforts to promote smart growth. Investments are needed in the walkable, compact, traditional‐streetscape and mixed use neighborhoods and developments that are more sustainable and healthy than sprawl, for both people and the landscape. Yet attempts at such change all too often end up mired in costly public controversy and stalemate.

Proceedings Of 8th Bird Strike Committee Usa/Canada Annual Meeting: 21-24 August 2006

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Includes abstracts of 26 papers and 12 poster sessions. Complete in one document (39 pages).

Reduction Of Risk: A Flight Crew Guide To The Avoidance And Mitigation Of Wildlife Strikes To Aircraft, Paul Eschenfelder, Steve Hull

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Each year the world’s airlines lose between $1 billion to $2 billion due to wildlife strikes to aircraft. This is roughly the same level of loss as the carriers pay out each year for lost luggage. One US airline cites its losses at $2 million a month due to engine ingestion alone. The last several years have seen both hull losses to air carrier aircraft and lesser damage caused by such actions as loss of control and runway excursions. Wildlife strike mitigation is a defense in depth: airplane certification/construction standards; action by airport operators to minimize wildlife on and around …

International Birdstrike Committee Minimum Best Practice Standards For Aerodrome Bird Control, John R. Allan

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Despite almost 40 years of research effort and operational experience, there remains very limited consensus concerning the best methods for managing the bird strike hazard at aerodromes. This is, in part, because the levels of risk, habitat type and bird species present at different aerodromes varies and the precise techniques that are successful at one site may not work at another. It is also partly due to differences in the levels of resources available at different airports and to differences in the attitude of airport managers and national regulators to the hazard posed by bird strikes. Following the implementation of …

Remote Sensing Of Birds Around Airports – Present Efforts In Germany, Wilhelm Ruhe, Reinhold Hill

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

As birds around airports and military airfields are a potential danger for air traffic, there are ongoing efforts, also in Germany, to monitor birds in conflicting airspaces. Besides other factors the spatial scale very much determines system demands and the resolution of detections. Based on the well known time lapse photography technique, digital video recording of radar screens is still used in long term (e.g. 2 years) bird monitoring studies at German airports. The technical equipment is easily installed and the remote controlled systems are working very reliable. However, data analysis is time consuming and needs a good deal of …

Lessons Learnt From Avian Radar Trial At Toronto Pearson International Airport, Tim J. Nohara

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

The paper reports on lessons learnt from an avian radar trial conducted at Toronto Pearson International Airport in November 2005. Toronto Pearson International Airport is Canada's largest airport and has unique requirements due to its proximity to metropolitan Toronto, a major urban center. The paper begins with an assessment of desirable application requirements that take into account current wildlife management practices. Application requirements include early warning of birds approaching the airfield; real-time tracking of birds and aircraft, rapid review of overnight bird movements to identify bird stopovers, and integration into wildlife management operations. Next, the paper examines special radar design …

The Use Of Radar To Augment Visual Observations In Wildlife Hazard Assesments, Robert C. Beason, Michael J. Begier

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Assessing wildlife hazards to aviation in the airport environment is typically initiated by conducting a Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA). Ecological relationships between wildlife populations and habitat are usually discerned through observations during the course of one annual cycle. Although proximate hazards, on the airport, are well defined during the WHA process, off-airport features also can attract wildlife. Wildlife species can transit airport property traveling to and from habitat attractants. During a WHA, common wildlife sampling techniques are employed to determine species, their approximate numbers, and through association an index of potentially attractive habitat. Continuous observations could provide a more complete …

An Acoustic / Radar System For Automated Detection, Localization, And Classification Of Birds In The Vicinity Of Airfields, Bruce Stewart, Sebastian Pascarelle, John Pinezich, T. Adam Kelly, Andreas Smith, Robert Maher

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Bird-aircraft collisions present a significant threat to military and commercial aircraft, and as bird populations and air traffic continue to grow, and airport/airbase operations continue to expand, the problem will steadily get worse. To help mitigate bird strike hazards, we propose a multi-sensor system consisting of ground radar and acoustic sensors that can directly monitor bird activity and provide an alert when a threat condition occurs. Radar offers a large detection range and the ability to detect in all weather conditions, while acoustic sensors allow the ability to detect targets in the midst of clutter and add the capability to …

Developing Protocols For Bird Strike Radar Performance Assessment, Edwin E. Herricks

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Over the past six years the Center of Excellence in Airport Technology (CEAT) has been supporting Federal Aviation Administration research in aircraft and airport safety. CEAT has conducted reviews of bird strike sensor technology, and has led validation testing of a radar developed specifically for bird detection at airports. This experience, which includes development of quality assurance plans and field validation of radar capabilities has led to the development of protocols for bird strike radar performance assessment. The protocols to be reviewed are based on a request made to bird radar vendors that asked for information in three areas: 1) …

Implementation And Distribution Of Bird Detection Radar And Bird Hazard Advisory Information For Military And Commercial Aviation, T. Adam Kelly

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Over the past five years, development of mobile bird detection radars for use as real-time aircraft bird strike avoidance systems has moved from research and development into active deployment as an operational technology. The MERLIN™ bird detection radar, with an update rate as frequent as once per second, is currently deployed as production-model technology with 15 systems operating in the U.S., Canada, Scotland, England and The Netherlands. Deployment challenges over the past two years have included “how” and “in what forms” to deliver the real-time and near real-time information to controllers, wildlife control units, pilots and decision makers so that …

Disposal Of Bio-Solids At Airports: Increased Wildlife Hazards To Aviation Or Not?, Michael J. Begier, Brian E. Washburn

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Airports often times employ different land uses on their airfields to generate or save funds. The application of bio-solids is one such use. Questions concerning this practice and its compatibility with safe aircraft operations arise; however, little information exists concerning this issue. FAA regulations and technical guidance do not currently prohibit this practice on airfields. Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, located in North Carolina, has applied treated bio-solids to portions of the airfield over the past 14 years; this program is anticipated to continue into the future. During 2003–2005, we conducted a study to compare plant community dynamics and …

Remote Sensing Technology And Ground-Based Observations For Evaluating A Proposed Airport Site In Conway, Arkansas, Russell P. Defusco, Ronald L. Merritt

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

The city of Conway Arkansas has proposed a replacement for its existing airport with a larger, more modern facility. Site selection and architectural design began eleven years ago with a preferred location selected near the Arkansas River. After nearly completing the architectural plans for construction, preliminary approval was granted from the FAA regional office pending final coordination from their headquarters. The FAA asked their Staff Wildlife Biologist to evaluate and endorse the proposed location. Concerns over local land uses and the proximity to a potential major flyway led the FAA to withhold support for the site pending further study. The …

Potential Wildlife Control Through Use Of A Plant Growth Regulator, Thomas W. Seamans, Brian E. Washburn

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Habitat management techniques that reduce wildlife use of habitats on and around airports are critical for safe airport operations. Herbaceous vegetation comprises the main habitat type at airports and vegetation can be managed by various methods. The objective of this study was to compare bird and mammal use of grassland habitat managed either by mechanical (mowing) or chemical (plant growth regulator) methods. We monitored vegetation growth, plant community composition, and wildlife activity each week during May – October 2003 in study plots located in Erie County, Ohio. Vegetation was taller (P < 0.01) and denser (P < 0.01) in unmanaged plots than in managed (mowed or growth regulator) plots. Plots sprayed with growth regulator had lower forb/legume cover and higher grass cover than unmanaged or mowed plots. We observed more (P < 0.001) birds (× ± SE) per 5-minute survey on the ground in or perched on vegetation in unmanaged (3.0 ± 0.3) than mowed (1.5 ± 0.2) or growth regulator (1.5 ± 0.3) plots. More (P < 0.001) white-tailed deer were observed in mowed plots (4.3 ± 0.5) than either unmanaged (2.2 ± 0.6) or growth regulator (1.6 ± 0.3) plots. Fifteen small animals were captured in control plots, whereas no animals were captured in managed plots. Applying plant growth regulator did not maintain desired vegetation height and thus is not a costeffective alternative to mowing in plant communities of mixed composition. Managing vegetation height reduced wildlife use of grassland habitats. Removal of forbs and legumes by the growth regulator might explain the reduction in deer use in these plots. Reducing forbs and legumes might also make grasslands less attractive to small mammals. By simplifying herbaceous communities and encouraging plants less desirable to wildlife, it may be possible to reduce the attractiveness of airfields to wildlife species hazardous to aviation.

Cattle Grazing As Part Of An Integrated Management Program To Reduce Wildlife Hazards At Kansas City International Airport, Dan Mcmurtry

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Opening in 1972, the Kansas City International Airport (MCI) has had numerous issues concerning white-tailed deer. The first documented deer strikes at MCI were in 1979 and 1980. Between 1996 and 2000, airport operations entered 39 reports of deer inside the fence on the AOA, or 0.72 deer incursions per month, and 28 instances where deer were struck by vehicles on airport property. In one situation, a deer entered the airport terminal by breaking through a large glass window and injured three people. After a Wildlife Hazard Assessment was completed in 1997, Wildlife Services and MCI worked together closely to …

Bird Use Of Stormwater Management Ponds: Design Considerations Relative To Decreasing Strikes With Aircraft, Bradley F. Blackwell, Laurence M. Schafer

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Airports must control the movement of storm water away from runways, taxiways, and aprons to insure the safety of aircraft operations. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration recommends that such runoff be held for short periods, by use of detention ponds, so as to reduce use by wildlife (Advisory Circular No: 150/5200-33A; Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports). The purpose of our study was to quantify factors that potentially attract avian wildlife to stormwater management ponds so as to more efficiently direct resources toward management of hazards to aviation posed by these habitats, and provide critical input on the design …

The Airport Is Not A Wildlife Refuge!, Russell P. Defusco, Robert L. Dogan

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Airports must eliminate or minimize bird and other wildlife attractants to maintain safe operating conditions. Unfortunately, all too often this is not the case. Outside pressure, political or economic decisions, and lack of awareness of appropriate management practices lead to many airports becoming safe havens for wildlife by accident or incredibly, by design. Airport tenants, airlines, or other users are often at the mercy of the airport operator or owner and believe they have little control over the situation where they operate. Proper habitat management is the basis for any wildlife or bird strike reduction program. Vegetation management is at …

The Impacts Of Habitat Manipulation On The Ring-Necked Pheasant Population At Cck Air Force Base In Taiwan, Shaopin Yo, Kuo-Bin Lin

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Ring-necked pheasant is an endemic subspecies of Taiwan. The main habitat of the bird is the grass lands at the low elevation in Taiwan. The population has been threatened due to the fast agricultural development and human disturbance at their habitats in Taiwan. However, the airfield of CCK Air Force Base has maintained a healthy pheasant population due to the large scale of grass lands without much human disturbances. Several bird strikes occurred at CCK air force base due to the foraging activities of ring-necked pheasant across the runway of the airfield. The main purpose of this study is to …

Overhead Grid Line Systems To Exclude Waterfowl From Large Bodies Of Water, Tony Duffiney

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

The presence of birds at retention/detention basins on or adjacent to an airport increases the probability of experiencing a wildlife strike. Overhead gridline systems have proven effective for reducing the presence of birds on small water bodies. While there are several grid materials available to address bird hazards associated with small basins, the list of options decreases quickly as the distance to be spanned increases. The Michigan Wildlife Services program (WS) tested five types of grid material on three large detention basins to determine which materials could span up to 675 meters (2214.5 feet) without center supports. Additionally, the line …

Airport Canopies Become Starling Roosts – Two Airport Case Studies, Sharon Gordon, Randolph J. White

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

For aesthetic purposes and to protect passengers from weather, airports often construct glass canopies over roadways. These structures can provide roosting opportunities for large numbers of European starlings, which can pose a significant strike hazard to aircraft. Both Portland International Airport (Oregon) and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (Ohio) have recently had to address this problem, using different methods to find an effective solution. Portland installed 200,000 square feet of exclusion netting in its large canopy structure while Cleveland Hopkins used a combination of tree removal and harassment to disperse their starling roost. These two cases demonstrate the importance of considering …

Response Of Birds To Aircraft Lighting: Implications For Reducing Bird-Aircraft Collisions, Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Scott Philiben

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Is there a means by which birds might better discern aircraft position and speed, so as to reduce collisions? Vision is a primary and highly developed sensory pathway in birds, and recent work has shown that light can be an effective tool as a repellent and, potentially, as an alert. Given that bird-aircraft collisions (hereafter referred to as bird strikes) cost the commercial aviation industry world-wide in excess of $1.28 billion annually (U.S. $), the incorporation of ecologically salient light cues into the design of aircraftmounted lighting is one means by which airlines might reduce bird strikes. We will report …

Using Bird Strike Data To Monitor Bird-Hazard Control, Thomas C. Kelly, Ray Bolger, Gavin Fennessy, Michael J. A. O’Callaghan, Sorcha Sheehy, Patrick D. Bourke

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

An effective definition of a bird strike is the basis for quantifying the scale of bird hazard problems. Here we present a working definition of a bird strike, which in turn forms the basis of an analysis of 32 years’ data collected at Dublin Airport, Ireland. A variety of datasets are analysed including the number of bird strikes per ten thousand aircraft movements, the mass of the bird species being struck, the time of year at which bird strikes occur and the dimensions of the aircraft utilising the airfield. In addition, we have analysed the mean number of strikes per …

Prey Manipulation As A Management Strategy At An Inland South African Airport, Ordino Kok

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Prey manipulation was investigated as a means of reducing the bird hazard at the Bloemfontein airport, central South Africa. From January 1985 to December 2005 approximately 7,000 individuals representing 55 bird species which, potentially, posed a threat to aviation, were collected at the airport. Numerically the crowned plover (Vanellus coronatus), blacksmith plover (V. armatus), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), white-winged korhaan (Eupodotis afraoides) and double-banded courser (Smutsornis africanus) in order of importance constituted more than 90% of the total sample. Based on stomach analyses harvester termites (Hodotermes mossambicus) comprise the dominant food source of all five species concerned. Experimentally a significant …

Dna Identification Of Birdstrike Remains – Progress Report, Carla J. Dove, Marcy Heacker, Lee Weigt

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

The FAA (William J. Hughes Technical Center), U.S. Air Force, and the Smithsonian Institution signed a five year Interagency Agreement in 2003 to develop a multi-level DNA-based identification method for bird strike remains. The tasks to be achieved include: establishment of a database of mitochondrial DNA sequences (12s, 16s, CytB and COI) for 300 species of birds; testing and refining DNA-based techniques for forensic samples; and development of user-friendly methods of collecting ‘snarge’. A separate collaboration between the Smithsonian and the University of Guelph (Canada) began in 2004 to sequence one of these target genes (COI, ‘barcode’) for all birds …

The Effect Of Harassment By Dogs On Ground-Nesting Birds In Airfields, Shlomi Brandwine, Nicholas B. Carter

Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 8th (2006)

Ground-nesting birds like lapwings and sandpipers constitute a major hazard at airports. Preliminary observations with the Israeli Air Force showed that stone curlew (Burhinusoedicnemus, (Burhinidea)) were involved in 33% of all bird strikes in 2003 at Hatzor Air Force base in central Israel, most of which occurred during the nesting season. The ultimate reduction of curlew populations near the runways is dependent upon understanding the effect of predation risks on the curlew nesting behavior. In theory, true predation and artificial predation should have the same effect on bird behavior. We studied the effect of egg collection vs. egg collection complemented …