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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson Mar 1992

Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


As chair-elect for the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference it is my responsibility to provide the closing remarks for this conference. In achieving this objective I would like to accomplish three things: summarize the 15th conference, leave you with some thoughts to take home, and provide information and an invitation to the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference to be held in 1994.

At this conference, over the last three days, eighty-one papers have been presented. There were 327 registered participants representing eleven foreign countries and thirty-two states. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the individuals who have worked very …

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California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche Mar 1992

California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A field efficacy study was completed using Wilco Ground Squirrel Bait (containing 0.005% chlorophacinone) to control California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Madera County, California. Bait was applied in plastic stations at the rate of 2 lbs. per station. Two plots with buffer zones were treated (about 11.5 acres each). Visual and burrow counts were used as the census indices to determine field efficacy. Pretreatment and posttreatment census observations were conducted over three days pretest and three days posttreatment. Efficacy after 21 days was 94.4% for plot T-l and 100% on plot T-2 using visual counts. Burrow count …

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Impacts Of House Mouse Activity On Five Types Of Insulation, Scott E. Hygnstrom Mar 1992

Impacts Of House Mouse Activity On Five Types Of Insulation, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

House mice (mus musculus) cause a variety of problems with livestock, feed, and structures. Researchers have yet to discover an insulative material that is not susceptible to house mouse damage. In this study, house mice caused significant (P < 0.01) increases in the thermal conductance of 10.2-cm thick wall panels, insulated with cellotex, fiberglass, rockwool, styrofoam, and vermiculite. Mouse populations increased 3-to 4-fold inside the insulated panels during the 6-month study period.

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Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs Mar 1992

Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Many pesticide chemicals once used to control vertebrate pests are no longer registered in the U.S. Changes in pesticide laws and regulations have played a major role in the loss of vertebrate pesticides, but relatively few products, uses, or compounds have been lost because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that they were too hazardous to be registered. Most canceled products, use patterns, and chemicals have been lost because their registrants abandoned them, choosing not to pay the fees or data development costs necessary to maintain registrations. Pesticide users or other interested parties may be able to "save" a …

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Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane Mar 1992

Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Colony roosting species of blackbirds (Icterinae), including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), can be significant pests. The chemical avicide CPT has been applied experimentally in the U.S. and France to roosting blackbirds. However, apparent effective aerial application rates are high, 44-101 kg/ha (40-90 lbs/a), and the actual efficacy, expressed as percent mortality, is difficult to determine. We assessed CPT as a respirable aerosol for potential use as a roost avicide. Starlings exposed to 17 ppm CPT for 5.5 min received lethal doses. The birds appear very sensitive to CPT administered in this manner. The methods of CPT entry into …

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Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle Mar 1992

Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Aversive agents are proposed as potential additives to rodenticides to increase selectivity to the target species. Examples of various aversive agent categories are given, including odorants, tastants, and emetics, with examples of evaluations. Tastant additives have been found that do not interfere with rodenticidal efficacy. Denatonium benzoate (commercially available as Bitrex®) is an intensely bitter but non-toxic substance, being increasingly used to adulterate common household materials to reduce the potential risks involved with accidental exposures. No known prior research results have been published concerning the incorporation of Bitrex in rodenticides. Rate determination studies utilizing different rodenticidal formulations were conducted. A …

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The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino Mar 1992

The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The Secretariat for Rural Development of the State Government of Chiapas, southern Mexico, has been charged with conducting a campaign against the field rat which began in February 1991. Four areas were identified as key sites for the campaign benefiting 3,355 farmers in a total area of 8,000 ha and an initial budget of approximately $500m Mexican pesos (US $170,000). The major crops for which damage is reported are maize, sugar cane and cacao. The term “field rat” is a general one encompassing any rodent causing damage to field crops and in Chiapas probably covers a variety of species; no …

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Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle Mar 1992

Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Several small nesting colonies of the endangered California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) remain along the California coast. The largest of these is located on Camp Pendleton Marine Base in southern California. Many forms of disturbance have apparently contributed to the decline of this tern species, including corvid, primarily raven (Corvus corax), predation on the eggs. Efforts to eliminate corvid predation have primarily focused on shooting offending birds; this method is selective, but it has inherent public safety problems. In 1988, biologists from the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) and the U.S. Navy, in cooperation with …

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Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie Mar 1992

Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Anticoagulant rodenticides act at the hepatic level where they are more or less fixed according to their lipophilic nature. The studies on kinetics and metabolism carried out with no toxic doses are useful to know how products act but do not allow to anticipate the toxicity risks for non target species, because of low residual contents. These risks can only be assessed after the administration of toxic doses taking into account the residue levels. The use of half-life to express the results is not sufficiently accurate and may lead to wrong conclusions. The studies involving the residue and secondary toxicity …

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Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study of 68 Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) was carried out to compare the preference for 20 different nontoxic baits and the preference and efficacy of 14 different toxic baits. All baits were designed to be more durable (i.e., longer lasting) than loose grain baits to increase the chance that one baiting might successfully control any new gopher invader that moved into an unoccupied burrow system. Bait types ranged from pure paraffin cubes, polyethylene bags of grain bait (plain or coated with paraffin and carrot powder), and paraffin grain baits (3.4 g and 10 g). Wide …

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Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham Mar 1992

Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


A portable 12-v battery-operated coyote frightening device was developed for reducing coyote predation on sheep and evaluated on fenced pasture farm flock operations (1979-1982). In 1986, the final experimental model consisted of a PVC case, a timer, a blinking strobe light, and a warbling type siren that was activated for 7-10 seconds at about 6-7 minute intervals throughout the night. The devices were generally suspended about 2 m above the ground and were activated at dusk by a photocell and turned off about 2 hours after dawn by a timer. Here we report tests on high mountain summer sheep ranges …

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Progress On Managing Cattail Marshes With Rodeo® Herbicide To Disperse Roosting Blackbirds, George M. Linz, David L. Bergman, William J. Bleier Mar 1992

Progress On Managing Cattail Marshes With Rodeo® Herbicide To Disperse Roosting Blackbirds, George M. Linz, David L. Bergman, William J. Bleier

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In August and September 1989 and 1990, we aerially sprayed 8 cattail (Typha spp.) marshes with Rodeo® herbicide to begin evaluating its use for fragmenting dense cattail stands used by roosting blackbirds (Icterinae). Treated marshes were effectively eliminated as roost sites for blackbirds. After 2 years, cattail densities in 4 marshes treated with Rodeo® at 5.8 - 7.0 L/ha were 87% lower than pretreatment densities (P = 0.0001). In 1990, we treated 4 marshes with Rodeo® at 4.7 L/ha. One year later, 6% of the cattails survived in the sprayed areas. Of 7 groups of "indicator birds," only marsh …

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Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Scarecrows and raptor models are fairly common traditional methods of attempting to frighten unwanted birds. Their effectiveness depends on the conditions under which they are used and the unwanted bird species involved. Best results are obtained from those that are most lifelike and have motion. When coupled with loud startling sounds or recorded distress calls their effectiveness is generally enhanced. Habituation by at least some birds is inevitable so the duration of effectiveness diminishes with time. It is essential to know what works best in a given situation so those methods can be employed to achieve maximum efficiency. An understanding …

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Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodenticide options for pocket gopher control are more limited now than anytime in the last 40 years. Strychnine remains the most economical and efficacious of the rodenticides available for use in production agriculture and forestry. The anticoagulant rodenticides, diphacinone and chlorophacinone, provide the best alternative to strychnine where the latter is thought inappropriate (e.g., school grounds, parks, etc.). The development of a behavioral type resistance to strychnine baits is currently jeopardizing control on certain ranches. Perishable baits (e.g., cubed raw carrots) are no longer an option because technical or concentrated strychnine is no longer registered for such uses. The development …

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Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark Mar 1992

Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Repellents substances and devices cause pest species to avoid otherwise attractive or palatable materials. For birds, repellents can be visual, auditory, pyrotechnic, tactile, chemosensory, physiologic, or physical. Here, we consider chemical agents only. Few substances are registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and thus legally available for use. This lack of available bird repellent technology reflects the small demonstrable economic impact of many agricultural bird damage problems. Accurate information about damage and market size is virtually nonexistent, and private companies are reluctant to invest resources in the unknown. To successfully commercialize new repellents, clearly lucrative markets must be …

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Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen Mar 1992

Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


The black rat (Rattus rattus) has global distribution with 570 forms (Walker 1940). However, in India it is represented by 16 sub-species (Biswas and Tiwari 1969) with R.r. rufescens as most common commensal rodent (Barnett and Prakash 1975). It distinctly occupies rural and urban areas in Rajasthan. Besides infesting human dwellings rats occupy poultry farms, godowns, shops, flour mills, etc. With increase in poultry farming the rat problem has become critical and so is the fate of farm produce being stored at farmers’ godowns which are small, non-scientifically constructed and nonrodent proof.

Often it is recommended that poultry …

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Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman Mar 1992

Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study was conducted in which tissues from zinc phosphide-killed black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were fed to domestic ferrets (Mustelaputorius). Prairie dogs were fed a 2.03% zinc phosphide bait and upon death, two tissue complexes were prepared: stomach, liver, and intestines, and the remaining carcass. Five male and five female ferrets were each fed one of the two treated tissue complexes. A similar number of ferrets were each fed one of the two control tissue complexes. No poisoning symptoms or emesis were observed and no ferret mortality occurred. Zinc phosphide residue was determined in …

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The Effect On Australian Animals Of 1080-Poisoning Campaigns, John C. Mcilroy Mar 1992

The Effect On Australian Animals Of 1080-Poisoning Campaigns, John C. Mcilroy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Animals in Australia vary greatly in their sensitivity to 1080 poison, with known LD50’s ranging from 0.11 to over 800 mg kg -1. Many native species, particularly in western Australia, have evolved tolerances to 1080 through ingestion of native plants that contain fluoroacetate or prey that consume those plants. Despite this, some native species, particularly a few herbivorous mammals, birds and rodents, could be poisoned during control campaigns against vertebrate pests. Field studies indicate that poisoning campaigns are not significantly affecting populations of common non-target animals, but further impact studies are required on vulnerable, rare, endangered, or uncommon …

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The Development Of Long Term Management Plans For Bovine Tb Possum Control, Peter C. Nelson Mar 1992

The Development Of Long Term Management Plans For Bovine Tb Possum Control, Peter C. Nelson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

In parts of New Zealand the beef and dairy industry is being threatened by possums spreading bovine tuberculosis to cattle. As a result new strategies for the long term control of possum populations have been developed. For these strategies, management plans are prepared which detail the control program for each area. New control strategies are being developed which include long term annual control to reduce infestation of treated areas. Research is being increased in an attempt to find long term answers with improved control techniques and more importantly the possibilities of biological control. Central and Local Government are providing long …

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Jerry P. Clark, Ross A. O'Connell Mar 1992

Jerry P. Clark, Ross A. O'Connell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Acrolein (Magnacide® H) is currently registered in California as an aquatic herbicide. Field tests were conducted to evaluate its efficacy as a ground squirrel burrow fumigant. Treatments consisted of applying either 20 cc or 40 cc of acrolein (92%) per burrow opening with a specially constructed probe connected to a hose which ran to a cylinder mounted on a pickup truck. The burrow opening was plugged at the time of the application. Burrows in the control plot were plugged in the same manner. Dig-outs and open burrows overlooked during the initial application were re-treated the following day. Both rates of …

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Endangered Species In The Pacific Islands: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Tim J. Ohashi, J. Gary Oldenburg Mar 1992

Endangered Species In The Pacific Islands: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Tim J. Ohashi, J. Gary Oldenburg

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

With the establishment of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's, Animal Damage Control operational program in Hawaii, the agency has expanded its activities to include protecting endangered species in Hawaii, American Samoa, and may soon be operating in Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas. Endangered species recovery plans and technical reports of species in the Pacific Islands outline a role for the Animal Damage Control program in recovery efforts.

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Control Methods Research Priorities For Animal Damage Control, C. Joe Packham, Guy Connolly Mar 1992

Control Methods Research Priorities For Animal Damage Control, C. Joe Packham, Guy Connolly

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A national survey of Animal Damage Control (ADC) method research needs was conducted in 1990. ADC program State Directors provided responses for each state. Individual state data was aggregated into a national ranking list of ADC program priorities for directing future wildlife damage control methods research. Species groups ranking highest, nationally, included: blackbird/starling, waterfowl, coyote/fox/dog, wading bird/cormorant and ungulate groups. Species groups ranking lowest, nationally, included: swallow, crane, rabbit, porcupine, and hog groups.

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The Pocatello Supply Depot: Brief History, Current Functions, Supplies Available, And Annual Output, C. Joe Packham Mar 1992

The Pocatello Supply Depot: Brief History, Current Functions, Supplies Available, And Annual Output, C. Joe Packham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The Pocatello Supply Depot (Depot or PSD), established in 1933, descended from the U.S. Biological Survey Bait (USBS) Mixing Station which originated in 1930 in McCammon, Idaho. The Depot was approved by a Congressional Resolution signed by the President in 1936. The Depot has functioned since 1937 under a Cooperative Service Agreement with the Greater Pocatello Chamber of Commerce who serves as trustee to the ""Depot Revolving Fund." The mission of the PSD is to provide specialized products and services for the Animal Damage Control (ADC) program and others engaged in wildlife damage management programs. The PSD fills a very …

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A Microcomputer Model For Predicting The Spread And Control Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Feral Pigs, R.P. Pech, J.C. Mcilroy, M.F. Clough, D.G. Green Mar 1992

A Microcomputer Model For Predicting The Spread And Control Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Feral Pigs, R.P. Pech, J.C. Mcilroy, M.F. Clough, D.G. Green

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A microcomputer software package (AUSPLAGUE) is being constructed for development and testing of management plans for eradicating an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It will indicate when and where control of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) is necessary to contain and eradicate, the disease. The software simulates the distribution and prevalence of FMD in feral pigs from the start of an outbreak and throughout the subsequent eradication campaign. The procedure is to integrate landscape data, the distribution and social behavior of feral pigs, a model of disease dynamics, and appropriate control …

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Field Evaluation Of Three Types Of Coyote Traps, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Gary J. Dasch Mar 1992

Field Evaluation Of Three Types Of Coyote Traps, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Gary J. Dasch

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A field study to evaluate the performance of 3 types of coyote traps (No. 3 Soft-Catch® coil-spring, No. 3 NM long-spring, No. 4 Newhouse long-spring) was conducted in south Texas in January and February 1991. Tests were designed to determine capture efficiency, extent of injury and effectiveness in excluding nontarget species. Results showed a capture rate of 100% for the 3 NM and No. 4 Newhouse, and 95% for the Soft-Catch. Soft-Catch traps caused the least injury to captured coyotes. All trap types were equipped with pan tension devices and were successful in excluding most small nontarget species.

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Feral Goat Commercialisation: The Beginning Of The End Of Eradication?, Greg S. Pickles Mar 1992

Feral Goat Commercialisation: The Beginning Of The End Of Eradication?, Greg S. Pickles

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The goat (Capra hircus) was first introduced into Western Australia (WA) over 100 years ago and since this time have been liberated and become feral. Feral goats are now found over much of the semi-arid and arid pastoral areas of the State and as uncontrolled grazers cause significant damage to the rangeland. The use of commercialisation as a control strategy to induce landholders to reduce feral goats has been used. This strategy is appealing for several reasons. It requires little government involvement from agencies responsible for pest control, resulting in low public costs. It returns immediate, tangible profits …

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How Glp Provisions Influence Costs Of Rodenticide Field Evaluations, Richard M. Poche Mar 1992

How Glp Provisions Influence Costs Of Rodenticide Field Evaluations, Richard M. Poche

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines were implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in August 1989. The purpose of the standards are to ensure the integrity of laboratory and field studies which are conducted in support of FIFRA permits and pesticide registrations. Since the advent of GLP requirements, the cost of conducting field trials has increased 40 to 200%, depending upon the type of study. The increased expenses associated with laboratory and field testing, coupled with reregistration expenses, and annual EPA and state registration maintenance fees, have placed a tremendous burden on smaller companies in the U.S.

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Calciferols And Bait Shyness In The Laboratory Rat, C.V. Prescott, Vusa El-Amin, R.H. Smith Mar 1992

Calciferols And Bait Shyness In The Laboratory Rat, C.V. Prescott, Vusa El-Amin, R.H. Smith

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodenticides with delayed action are generally more effective than fast-acting compounds because of the phenomenon of bait shyness. Calciferols have a stop-feed effect quite soon after dosing, and physiological effects are measurable within one day of dosing. We investigated whether bait shyness might result from these fairly rapid effects in the laboratory rat. We found evidence of bait shyness following recovery from sub-lethal dosing with two forms of calciferol. Use of intubation as well as feeding showed that the response was to the bait carrier rather than to detection of calciferols per se.

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Back To The Future For Aphis's Vertebrate Pesticides, Craig A. Ramey, Edward F. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Steve D. Palmateer Mar 1992

Back To The Future For Aphis's Vertebrate Pesticides, Craig A. Ramey, Edward F. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Steve D. Palmateer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Many vertebrate pesticides used by the Bureau of Biological Survey at the turn of the century were registered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) beginning in 1960 with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). A review of archives and other documents at the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) has shown that a total of 72 federal registrations were established by the USFWS between 1960 and 1985. Because of increased regulation by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), selective transfers from USFWS to USDA, voluntary cancellations, conversions to state local need registrations, and a reduced development pace, there are …

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A Review Of Chemical And Particle Marking Agents Used For Studying Vertebrate Pests, Peter J. Savarie, Brad E. Johns, Stanley E. Gaddis Mar 1992

A Review Of Chemical And Particle Marking Agents Used For Studying Vertebrate Pests, Peter J. Savarie, Brad E. Johns, Stanley E. Gaddis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A wide variety of chemicals including dyes, stains, inks, drugs, fluorescent and non-fluorescent particles, and radioisotopes have been used as markers to identify free-ranging mammals and birds. Markers are useful for studying: (1) home ranges, migration patterns, and population dynamics; (2) bait acceptance, palatability, and exposure of target animals via different baiting techniques for delivering toxicants, chemosterilants, or vaccines; and (3) exposure of non-target animals to control techniques. Five general classes of markers with specific marking capabilities are available for use: (1) dyes, stains, and inks that may be either fluorescent or non-fluorescent which stain the gastro-intestinal tract and …

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