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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Liftings And Covering Morphisms Of Crossed Modules In Group-Groupoids, Serap Demi̇r Karakaş, Osman Mucuk Jan 2021

Liftings And Covering Morphisms Of Crossed Modules In Group-Groupoids, Serap Demi̇r Karakaş, Osman Mucuk

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this work we introduce lifting and covering of a crossed module in the category of group-groupoids; and then we prove the categorical equivalence of horizontal actions of a double group-groupoid and lifting crossed modules of corresponding crossed module in group-groupoids. These allow us to produce more examples of double group-groupoids.


A Short Note On Generic Initial Ideals, Beki̇r Daniş Jan 2021

A Short Note On Generic Initial Ideals, Beki̇r Daniş

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The definition of a generic initial ideal includes the assumption $x_1>x_2> \cdots >x_n$. A natural question is how generic initial ideals change when we permute the variables. In the article [1, §2], it is shown that the generic initial ideals are permuted in the same way when the variables in the monomial order are permuted. We give a different proof of this theorem. Along the way, we study the Zariski open sets which play an essential role in the definition of a generic initial ideal and also prove a result on how the Zariski open set changes after a …


Certain Subclasses Of Spirallike Univalent Functions Related To Poisson Distribution Series, Lakshminarayanan Vanitha, Chellakutti Ramachandran, Teodor Bulboaca Jan 2021

Certain Subclasses Of Spirallike Univalent Functions Related To Poisson Distribution Series, Lakshminarayanan Vanitha, Chellakutti Ramachandran, Teodor Bulboaca

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The aim of the present study is to find the essential properties for some subclasses of analytic functions which are related to Poisson distribution that are member of the classes of spiral-like univalent functions. Further, we studied inclusion relations for such subclasses, and also we determined some properties of an integral operator related to Poisson distribution series. Several corollaries and consequences of the main results are also considered.


Fundamental Group Of Galois Covers Of Degree 5 Surfaces, Meirav Amram, Cheng Gong, Mina Teicher, Wan-Yuan Xu Jan 2021

Fundamental Group Of Galois Covers Of Degree 5 Surfaces, Meirav Amram, Cheng Gong, Mina Teicher, Wan-Yuan Xu

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $X$ be an algebraic surface of degree $5$, which is considered a branch cover of $\mathbb{CP}^2$ with respect to a generic projection. The surface has a natural Galois cover with Galois group $S_5$. In this paper, we deal with the fundamental groups of Galois covers of degree $5$ surfaces that degenerate to nice plane arrangements; each of them is a union of five planes such that no three planes meet in a line.


Generalized Stevi\'C-Sharma Type Operators From Hardy Spaces Into $N$Th Weighted Type Spaces, Ebrahim Abbasi, Yongmin Liu, Mostafa Hassanlou Jan 2021

Generalized Stevi\'C-Sharma Type Operators From Hardy Spaces Into $N$Th Weighted Type Spaces, Ebrahim Abbasi, Yongmin Liu, Mostafa Hassanlou

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, some characterizations for boundedness, essential norm and compactness of generalized Stevic-Sharma type operators from Hardy spaces into $n$th weighted type spaces are given.


B-Property Of Sublattices In Vector Lattices, Ömer Şafak Alpay, Svetlana Gorokhova Jan 2021

B-Property Of Sublattices In Vector Lattices, Ömer Şafak Alpay, Svetlana Gorokhova

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We study $b$-property of a sublattice (or an order ideal) $F$ of a vector lattice $E$. In particular, $b$-property of $E$ in $E^\delta$, the Dedekind completion of $E$, $b$-property of $E$ in $E^u$, the universal completion of $E$, and $b$-property of $E$ in $\hat{E}(\hat{\tau})$, the completion of $E$.


Theory And Numerical Approaches Of High Order Fractional Sturm-Liouville Problems, Tahereh Houlari, Mohammad Dehghan, Jafar Biazar, Alireza Nouri Jan 2021

Theory And Numerical Approaches Of High Order Fractional Sturm-Liouville Problems, Tahereh Houlari, Mohammad Dehghan, Jafar Biazar, Alireza Nouri

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, fractional Sturm--Liouville problems of high-order are studied. A simple and efficient approach is presented to determine more eigenvalues and eigenfunctions than other approaches. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of a fractional high-order differential equation with initial conditions is addressed as well as the convergence of the proposed approach. This class of eigenvalue problems is important in finding solutions to linear fractional partial differential equations (LFPDE). This method is illustrated by three examples to signify the efficiency and reliability of the proposed numerical approach.


Logarithmic Dimension And Bases In Whitney Spaces, Alexander Goncharov, Yasemi̇n Şengül Tezel Jan 2021

Logarithmic Dimension And Bases In Whitney Spaces, Alexander Goncharov, Yasemi̇n Şengül Tezel

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We give a formula for the logarithmic dimension of the generalized Cantor-type set $K$. In the case when the logarithmic dimension of $K$ is smaller than $1$, we construct a Faber basis in the space of Whitney functions $\mathcal{E}(K)$.


On Congruences Related To Trinomial Coefficients And Harmonic Numbers, Neşe Ömür, Si̇bel Koparal, Laid Elkhiri Jan 2021

On Congruences Related To Trinomial Coefficients And Harmonic Numbers, Neşe Ömür, Si̇bel Koparal, Laid Elkhiri

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we establish some congruences involving the trinomial coefficients and harmonic numbers. For example, for any prime $p>3,$ \begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{k=0}^{p-1}\left( -1\right) ^{k}\binom{p-1}{k}_{2}H_{k}\equiv 0 \ \pmod {p}. \end{equation*}


Relative Conics And Their Brianchon Points, Magdalena Lampa-Baczynska, Daniel Wojcik Jan 2021

Relative Conics And Their Brianchon Points, Magdalena Lampa-Baczynska, Daniel Wojcik

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The purpose of this paper is to study some additional relations between lines and points in the configuration of six lines tangent to the common conic. One of the most famous results concerning with this configuration is Brianchon theorem. It says that three diagonals of a hexagon circumscribing around conic are concurrent. They meet in the so called Brianchon point. In fact, by relabeling the vertices of hexagon, we obtain $60$ distinct Brianchon points. We prove, among others, that, in the set of all intersection points of six tangents to the same conic, there exist exactly $10$ sextuples of points …


A Refinement Of The Bergström Inequality, Gülteki̇n Tinaztepe, İlknur Yeşi̇lce, Gabi̇l Adi̇lov Jan 2021

A Refinement Of The Bergström Inequality, Gülteki̇n Tinaztepe, İlknur Yeşi̇lce, Gabi̇l Adi̇lov

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, the Bergstrom inequality is studied, and a refinement of this inequality is obtained by performing the optimality conditions based on abstract concavity. Some numerical experiments are given to illustrate the efficacy of the refinement.


Ranks Of Nilpotent Subsemigroups Of Order-Preserving And Decreasing Transformation Semigroups, Emrah Korkmaz, Hayrullah Ayik Jan 2021

Ranks Of Nilpotent Subsemigroups Of Order-Preserving And Decreasing Transformation Semigroups, Emrah Korkmaz, Hayrullah Ayik

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $\mathcal{C}_{n}$ be the semigroup of all order-preserving and decreasing transformations on $X=\{1,\ldots ,n\}$ under its natural order, and let $N(\mathcal{C}_{n})$ be the subsemigroup of all nilpotent elements of $\mathcal{C}_{n}$. For $1\leq r \leq n-1$, let \begin{eqnarray*} N(\mathcal{C}_{n,r})&=&\{ \alpha\in N(\mathcal{C}_{n}) : \lvert im(\alpha)\rvert \leq r\} ,\\ N_{r}(\mathcal{C}_{n})&=&\{\alpha\in N\mathcal({C}_{n}):\alpha\mbox{ is an } m\mbox{-potent for any } 1\leq m\leq r\} . \end{eqnarray*} In this paper we find the cardinality and the rank of the subsemigroup $N(\mathcal{C}_{n,r})$ of $\mathcal{C}_{n}$. Moreover, we show that the set $N_{r}(\mathcal{C}_{n})$ is a subsemigroup of $N(\mathcal{C}_{n})$ and then, we find a lower bound for the rank of $N_{r}(\mathcal{C}_{n})$.


On The Spectra Of Generalized Fibonomial And Jacobsthal-Binomial Graphs, Hati̇ce Topcu, Nurten Yücel Jan 2021

On The Spectra Of Generalized Fibonomial And Jacobsthal-Binomial Graphs, Hati̇ce Topcu, Nurten Yücel

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this work, we first give a more general form of the binomial, Fibonomial, and balance-binomial graphs that is called generalized Fibonomial graph. We also argue the spectra of generalized Fibonomial graph. Next, we introduce a new type of graph on Jacobsthal numbers that is called Jacobsthal-binomial graph and denoted by $JB_{n}$. We obtain the adjacency, Laplacian and signless Laplacian characteristic polynomials of $JB_{n}$, respectively. We lastly give inequalities for the adjacency, Laplacian and signless Laplacian energies of $JB_{n}$.


Decompositions Of Complete Symmetric Directed Graphs Into The Oriented Heptagons, Uğur Odabaşi Jan 2021

Decompositions Of Complete Symmetric Directed Graphs Into The Oriented Heptagons, Uğur Odabaşi

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The complete symmetric directed graph of order $v$, denoted by $K_{v}$, is the directed graph on $v$~vertices that contains both arcs $(x,y)$ and $(y,x)$ for each pair of distinct vertices $x$ and~$y$. For a given directed graph $D$, the set of all $v$ for which $K_{v}$ admits a $D$-decomposition is called the spectrum of~$D$-decomposition. There are 10 nonisomorphic orientations of a $7$-cycle (heptagon). In this paper, we completely settled the spectrum problem for each of the oriented heptagons.


Conformal Bi-Slant Submersions, Sezi̇n Aykurt Sepet Jan 2021

Conformal Bi-Slant Submersions, Sezi̇n Aykurt Sepet

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we study conformal bi-slant submersions from almost Hermitian manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds as a generalized of conformal anti-invariant, conformal semi-invariant, conformal semi-slant, conformal slant, and conformal hemi-slant submersions. We investigate the integrability of distributions and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the maps to have totally geodesic fibers. Also, we consider some decomposition theorems for the new submersion and study the total geodesicity of such maps. Finally, we find curvature relations between the base space and the total space.


Global Attractivity Of Delay Difference Equations In Banach Spaces Via Fixed-Point Theory, Abdullah Kalkan Jan 2021

Global Attractivity Of Delay Difference Equations In Banach Spaces Via Fixed-Point Theory, Abdullah Kalkan

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We formulate initial value problems for delay difference equations in Banach spaces as fixed-point problems in sequence spaces. By choosing appropriate sequence spaces various types of attractivity can be described. This allows us to establish global attractivity by means of fixed-point results. Finally, we provide an application to delay integrodifference equations in the space of continuous functions over a compact domain.


A Regularized Trace Formula For "Weighted" Sturm-Liouville Equation With Point Delta-Interaction, Manaf Manafli Jan 2021

A Regularized Trace Formula For "Weighted" Sturm-Liouville Equation With Point Delta-Interaction, Manaf Manafli

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this study, we obtain a formula for the regularized trace formula for "weighted" Sturm--Liouville equation with point $\delta $- interaction. At the begining, for the correct determination of solutions of analyzed equation at the point of discontinuty, the matching conditions are required. As a result, an equation is derived for the eigenvalues of the differential operator given in this study.


Some Properties Of The Semigroup $Pg_Y(X)$: Green's Relations, Ideals, Isomorphism Theorems And Ranks, Worachead Sommanee Jan 2021

Some Properties Of The Semigroup $Pg_Y(X)$: Green's Relations, Ideals, Isomorphism Theorems And Ranks, Worachead Sommanee

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $T(X)$ be the full transformation semigroup on the set $X$. For a fixed nonempty subset $Y$ of $X$, let \begin{equation*} PG_Y(X) = \{\alpha\in T(X) : \alpha _Y\in G(Y)\} \end{equation*} where $G(Y)$ is the permutation group on $Y$. It is known that $PG_Y(X)$ is a regular subsemigroup of $T(X)$. In this paper, we give a simpler description of Green's relations and characterize the ideals of $PG_Y(X)$. Moreover, we prove some isomorphism theorems for $PG_Y(X)$. For finite sets, we investigate the cardinalities of $PG_Y(X)$ and of its subsets of idempotents, and we also calculate their ranks.


New Results On Derivatives Of The Shape Operator Of A Real Hypersurface In A Complex Projective Space, Juan De Dios Perez, David Pérez-López Jan 2021

New Results On Derivatives Of The Shape Operator Of A Real Hypersurface In A Complex Projective Space, Juan De Dios Perez, David Pérez-López

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We consider real hypersurfaces $M$ in complex projective space equipped with both the Levi-Civita and generalized Tanaka-Webster connections. For any nonnull real number $k$ and any symmetric tensor field of type (1,1) $L$ on $M$ we can define a tensor field of type (1,2) on $M$, $L^{(k)}_F$, related to both connections. We study symmetry and skewsymmetry of the tensor $A^{(k)}_F$ associated to the shape operator$A$ of $M$.


General Characteristics Of A Fractal Sturm-Liouville Problem, Fatma Ayça Çeti̇nkaya, Alireza Khalili Golmankaneh Jan 2021

General Characteristics Of A Fractal Sturm-Liouville Problem, Fatma Ayça Çeti̇nkaya, Alireza Khalili Golmankaneh

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we consider a regular fractal Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem. We prove the self-adjointness of the differential operator which is generated by the $F^\alpha$-derivative introduced in [32]. We obtained the $F^\alpha$-analogue of Liouville's theorem, and we show some properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We present examples to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the obtained results. The findings of this paper can be regarded as a contribution to an emerging field.


Half Inverse Problems For The Impulsive Quadratic Pencil With The Discontinouty Coefficient, Rauf Ami̇rov, Sevi̇m Durak Jan 2021

Half Inverse Problems For The Impulsive Quadratic Pencil With The Discontinouty Coefficient, Rauf Ami̇rov, Sevi̇m Durak

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we study the inverse spectral problem for the quadratic differential pencils with discontinuity coefficient on $\left[ 0,\pi\right] $ with separable boundary conditions and the impulsive conditions at the point $x=\dfrac{\pi}{2}$. We prove that two potential functions on the interval $\left[ 0,\pi\right] $, and the parameters in the boundary and impulsive conditions can be determined from a sequence of eigenvalues for two cases: (i) The potentials are given on $\left( 0,\dfrac{\pi}{4}\left( 1+\alpha\right) \right) ,$ (ii) The potentials are given on $\left( \dfrac{\pi}{4}\left( 1+\alpha\right) ,\pi\right) $, where $0


On Sense Of Yamakawa Family Of Meromorphic Bi-Univalent And Bi-Subordinate Functions, Fethi̇ye Müge Sakar Jan 2021

On Sense Of Yamakawa Family Of Meromorphic Bi-Univalent And Bi-Subordinate Functions, Fethi̇ye Müge Sakar

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

This study offers three different univalent function families of bi-meromorphic and bi-subordinate functions defined on $\Delta=\{z:z\in\mathbb{C}, 1


Normalized Null Hypersurfaces In Non-Flat Lorentzian Space Forms Satisfying $L_R X =\Mathcal U X +B$, Hans Fotsing Tetsing Jan 2021

Normalized Null Hypersurfaces In Non-Flat Lorentzian Space Forms Satisfying $L_R X =\Mathcal U X +B$, Hans Fotsing Tetsing

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In the present work, we classify normalized null hypersurfaces $x:(M,g,N)\to Q^{n+2}_1(c)$ immersed into one of the two real standard nonflat Lorentzian space-forms and satisfying the equation $L_r x=\mathcal U x+b$ for some field of screen constant matrices $\mathcal U$ and some field of screen constant vectors $b\in\mathbb{R}^{n+2}$, where $L_r$ is the linearized operator of the $(r+1)-$mean curvature of the normalized null hypersurface for $r=0,...,n$. We show that if the immersion $x$ is a solution of the equation $L_r x=\mathcal U x+b$ for $1\leq r\leq n$ and the normalization $N$ is quasi-conformal, then $M$ is either an $(r+1)-$maximal null hypersurface, or …


A Contiguous Extension Of Dixon's Theorem For A Terminating ${}_4f_3(1)$ Series With Applications, Mohammad Idris Qureshi, Richard Bruce Paris, Shakir Hussain Malik Jan 2021

A Contiguous Extension Of Dixon's Theorem For A Terminating ${}_4f_3(1)$ Series With Applications, Mohammad Idris Qureshi, Richard Bruce Paris, Shakir Hussain Malik

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We derive a summation formula for the terminating hypergeometric series \[{}_4F_3\left[\!\!\begin{array}{c}-m,a,b,1+c\\1+a+m,1+a-b,c\end{array}\!\!;1\right],\] where $m$ denotes a nonnegative integer. Using this summation formula, we establish a reduction formula for the Srivastava-Daoust double hypergeometric function with arguments $z$ and $-z$. Special cases of this reduction formula lead to several reduction formulas for the hypergeometric functions ${}_{p+1}F_p$ with quadratic arguments when $p=2,3$ and 4 by employing series rearrangement techniques. A general double series identity involving a bounded sequence of arbitrary complex numbers is also given.


2-Absorbing $\Phi$-$\Delta$-Primary Ideals, Sanem Yavuz, Serkan Onar, Bayram Ali̇ Ersoy, Ünsal Teki̇r, Suat Koç Jan 2021

2-Absorbing $\Phi$-$\Delta$-Primary Ideals, Sanem Yavuz, Serkan Onar, Bayram Ali̇ Ersoy, Ünsal Teki̇r, Suat Koç

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

This paper aims to introduce 2-absorbing $\phi$-$\delta$-primary ideals over commutative rings which unify the concepts of all generalizations of 2-absorbing and 2-absorbing primary ideals. Let $A $be a commutative ring with a nonzero identity and $\mathcal{I(A)}$ be the set of all ideals of $A$. Suppose that $\delta:\mathcal{I(A)}\rightarrow\mathcal{I(A)}$ is an expansion function and $\phi:\mathcal{I(A)}\rightarrow\mathcal{I(A)}% \cup\left\{ \emptyset\right\} $ is a reduction function. A proper ideal $Q\ $of $A\ $is said to be a 2-absorbing $\phi$-$\delta$-primary if whenever $abc\in Q-\phi(Q)$,\ where $a,b,c\in R,\ $then either $ab\in Q$ or $ac\in\delta(Q)$ or $bc\in\delta(Q). $Various examples, properties, and characterizations of this new class of ideals are …


Weak C-Ideals Of A Lie Algebra, Zeki̇ye Çi̇loğlu Şahi̇n, David Anthony Towers Jan 2021

Weak C-Ideals Of A Lie Algebra, Zeki̇ye Çi̇loğlu Şahi̇n, David Anthony Towers

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

A subalgebra $B$ of a Lie algebra $L$ is called a weak c-ideal of $L$ if there is a subideal $C$ of $L$ such that $L=B+C$ and $B\cap C\leq B_{L} $ where $B_{L}$ is the largest ideal of $L$ contained in $B.$ This is analogous to the concept of weakly c-normal subgroups, which has been studied by a number of authors. We obtain some properties of weak c-ideals and use them to give some characterisations of solvable and supersolvable Lie algebras. We also note that one-dimensional weak c-ideals are c-ideals.


Bilinear Multipliers Of Small Lebesgue Spaces, Öznur Kulak, Ahmet Turan Gürkanli Jan 2021

Bilinear Multipliers Of Small Lebesgue Spaces, Öznur Kulak, Ahmet Turan Gürkanli

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $G$ be a compact abelian metric group with Haar measure $\lambda $ and $% \hat{G}$ its dual with Haar measure $\mu $. Assume that$~1 < p_{i}


Some Qualitative Results For Functional Delay Dynamic Equations On Time Scales, Hali̇s Can Koyuncuoğlu Jan 2021

Some Qualitative Results For Functional Delay Dynamic Equations On Time Scales, Hali̇s Can Koyuncuoğlu

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $\mathbb{T}$ be a nonempty, closed, and arbitrary set of real numbers, namely a time scale, and consider the following delay dynamical equation% \[ x^{\Delta}\left( t\right) =a\left( t\right) x\left( t\right) +f\left( t,x\left( \mathbb{\vartheta}\left( t\right) \right) \right) ,\text{ }t\in\mathbb{T}, \] where $\mathbb{\vartheta}$ stands for the abstract delay function. The main goal of this study is three-fold: obtaining the existence of an equi-bounded solution, proving the asymptotic stability of the zero solution, and showing the existence of a periodic solution based on new periodicity concept on time scales for the given delayed equation under certain conditions. In our analysis, we propose an …


Some Applications Of Fractional Calculus For Analytic Functions, Nesli̇han Uyanik, Shi̇geyoshi̇ Owa Jan 2021

Some Applications Of Fractional Calculus For Analytic Functions, Nesli̇han Uyanik, Shi̇geyoshi̇ Owa

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

For analytic functions $f\left( z\right) $ in the class $A_{n},$ fractional calculus (fractional integrals and fractional derivatives) $D_{z}^{\lambda }f\left( z\right) $ of order $\lambda $ are introduced. Applying $% D_{z}^{\lambda }f\left( z\right) $ for $f\left( z\right) \in A_{n},$ we introduce the interesting subclass $A_{n}\left( \alpha _{m},\beta ,\rho ,\lambda \right) $ of $A_{n}.$ The object of this paper is to discuss some properties of $f\left( z\right) $ concerning $D_{z}^{\lambda }f\left( z\right) .$


Optimization Of Mayer Functional In Problems With Discrete And Differential Inclusions And Viability Constraints, Gülseren Çi̇çek, Eli̇mhan N. Mahmudov Jan 2021

Optimization Of Mayer Functional In Problems With Discrete And Differential Inclusions And Viability Constraints, Gülseren Çi̇çek, Eli̇mhan N. Mahmudov

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

This paper derives the optimality conditions for a Mayer problem with discrete and differential inclusions with viable constraints. Applying necessary and sufficient conditions of problems with geometric constraints, we prove optimality conditions for second order discrete inclusions. Using locally adjoint mapping, we derive Euler-Lagrange form conditions and transversality conditions for the optimality of the discrete approximation problem. Passing to the limit, we establish sufficient conditions to the optimal problem with viable constraints. Conditions ensuring the existence of solutions to the viability problems for differential inclusions of second order have been studied in recent years. However, optimization problems of second-order differential …