Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Foreword [1983], Garry D. Lacefield

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

This is the front matter of the proceedings.

Effect Of Fertilizer Salts On Crop Production, V. P. Evangelou

Soil Science News and Views

Soil consists largely of mineral and organic matter, air, and water. Plants obtain nutrients from mineral and organic matter, oxygen from air, and they use water as a carrier of nutrients from the soil into the root and to the above ground portion of plants.

Since soil water functions as a carrier of nutrients from solid fractions of soil into and through plants, it plays a very important role in plant nutrition. Because of this importance, correct chemical balance of the soil solution is necessary for best crop performance. This means that pH of the solution should be in the …

Seedbed Preparation For Pasture Renovation, Harold B. Rice

Soil Science News and Views

In Kentucky renovation has come to mean the re-establishment of legumes in grass pastures and meadows. Many acres of grassland do not contain enough legumes to fill the amount of nitrogen needed and to improve the nutritional value of the forage. A good stand of white clover, for example, has the capacity to fix about 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Because of this, pastures containing around 40 percent clover can produce about as much meat or milk as grass pastures fertilized with 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre. For best results in seeding clovers into grass sods, fields should …

Geologic Descriptions And Coal Analyses For 1982 Coal Drilling In The Daniel Boone National Forest, Eastern Kentucky, Raymond R. Bergeron, James C. Cobb, Ernie R. Slucher, Richard A. Smath

Information Circular--KGS

This report contains core descriptions, lithologic logs, and analyses of coal from 21 stratigraphic test holes drilled in 1982 in the Daniel Boone National Forest, including the Redbird Purchase Unit, in eastern Kentucky.

The test holes ranged in depth from 85 to 1,988 feet and averaged about 700 feet. A total of 89 coal samples were analyzed. Results of analyses (on the as-received basis) showed the following ranges: ash, 2.37 to 28.8 percent; sulfur, 0.3 to 8.4 percent; and Btu, 9,017 to 14,550 per pound.

Limiting Swine Stress With Evaporative Cooling In The Southeast, Robert L. Fehr, K. T. Priddy, Samuel G. Mcneill, Douglas G. Overhults

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Three-hourly weather data for 7 locations in the Southeast and Central United States were used to evaluate the feasibility of evaporative cooling for reducing swine stress. Stress was defined as a relationship between dry and wet bulb temperatures which exceeded a stress index of 85. This analysis indicates that properly installed evaporative coolers could reduce the number of hours that stress would occur in swine facilities from 89.6 to 96.4% depending on location.

Infiltration Through Reconstructed Surface Mined Spoils And Soils, A. D. Ward, Larry G. Wells, R. E. Phillips

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

An extensive series of tests involving reconstructed profiles of spoil and topsoil material from a Western Kentucky surface mine site was conducted with a laboratory infiltrometer system. Infiltration through the reconstructed spoil profiles was very slow despite the coarse nature of the material. Low infiltration rates could be attributed to the material having a well-graded texture and to the high densities of the profiles. Infiltration through topsoil horizons was controlled, for the most part, by conditions at the surface. Following wetting, infiltration rates were primarily controlled by the hydraulic characteristics of the less permeable sub horizon of the spoil material. …

Are There Any Shock-Heated Galaxies?, Gary J. Ferland, Hagai Netzer

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We study the spectroscopic characteristics of low ionization nuclear emission-line regions (Liners) in galaxies, and compare them with other active galactic nuclei. We show the results of new, extensive photoionization model calculations and use them to investigate line ratio diagrams, such as [O III] λ5007/Hβ versus [O II] λ3727/[O III] λ5007, and [O I] λ6300/[O III] λ5007 versus [O III] λ3727/[O III] λ5007. On the diagrams broad line objects, Seyfert 2 galaxies, and Liners form a continuous smooth sequence of decreasing ionization parameter. This suggests a common origin for line excitation in …

Energy Conservation In Corn Production, Wilbur W. Frye

Soil Science News and Views

On-farm production of food and fiber uses about 3% of the annual U.S. energy consumption. About one-third of this energy is directly from fossil fuels used in farm tractors and trucks and for crop drying, while about one-fourth is used in manufacturing and transporting fertilizers. Tillage and N fertilizers are the two largest uses of energy in non-irrigated product ion of crops which are not dried artificially. Thus, the greatest effects of energy conservation can be achieved in these two areas.

The Mystery Of The Missing Boundary Layer, Gary J. Ferland, S. S. Langer, J. Macdonald, G. H. Pepper, G. Shaviv, J. W. Truran

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

The question of the nature of the ultraviolet and X-ray radiation field of cataclysmic binaries is addressed. The spectrum and luminosity of this radiation are important in determining the mass transfer rate and energy budget of the system and in studies of the ejecta surrounding novae. In many systems, the soft X-ray luminosity is ~ 10²-10⁴ times weaker than predicted by simple accretion models. We discuss several possible solutions to this discrepancy. The most likely are either that the optical luminosity of a typical old nova is produced partly by reprocessed ultraviolet light from the white dwarf, …

Broad Line Region Clouds And The Absorbing Material In Ngc 4151, Gary J. Ferland, R. F. Mushotzky

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

The constraints imposed by X-ray, ultraviolet, and optical observations on the absorbing material in the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 4151 are discussed. These observations are compared to the predictions of photoionization models of both broad line region clouds, which Holt et al. identify as the source of the extinction, and to models of the narrow line region gas. The weakness of both C III] 1909 and the broad component of Hα relative to C IV 1549, together with the absence of an absorption Balmer jump, indicate that the ionization parameter for the broad line region is a factor …

Does No-Till Change Soil Management Practices?, Robert L. Blevins

Soil Science News and Views

Successful no-tilling requires a different approach to soil management practices. Since continuous no-tillage systems leave residues on the soil surface without mechanically mixing them into the plow layer and since lime and fertilizer are surface-applied, no-tilled soils have biological, chemical and physical properties contrasting with those of a plowed soil. For any crop production system to be widely accepted and used it must provide and maintain desirable physical properties of the soil, control erosion and replace nutrients removed by crops and other losses. This can be accomplished in a no-till system if proper management is used.

Soil Ph: What It Is, How It Is Measured, Why It Is Important, John H. Grove

Soil Science News and Views

Soil pH is related to the hydrogen ion (H⁺) activity of the soil-water system. The chemical definition of pH is as follows: pH=-log (H⁺). In other words, for a pH drop of 1 unit (e. g. from pH 6 to pH 5) there will be a ten~fold increase in H⁺ activity in the soil solution. If pH 1 rises by 1 unit, only one-tenth as much acidity will be present in solution. As such, pH is only a measure of the active acidity in the soil water solution bathing plant roots. This fraction of total …

Physical Conditions In The Accretion Disk Of V603 Aquilae, Gary J. Ferland, D. L. Lambert, M. L. Mccall, G. A. Shields, M. Slovak

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Ultraviolet and optical spectra of the old nova V603 Aql are discussed. The UV-optical continuum is dominated by emission from the accretion disk. Emission lines from ions of H, He, C, N, and 0 are identified. These lines are probably formed in a circumstellar shell with radius comparable to the binary separation, density ~10¹⁰ cm^-3, and a roughly solar chemical composition. This corona is probably heated by radiation emitted by the underlying accretion disk. Photoionization calculations of the structure and emission-line spectrum of the corona are presented, and the effects of this gas on the X-ray continuum …

Liming Tobacco Soils, J. L. Sims

Soil Science News and Views

Control of soil acidity by liming is very important in successful tobacco culture. Adding lime to an acid soil increases the availability of nearly all plant nutrient elements, increases the efficiency of added fertilizers, and prevents the toxic effects of high concentrations of soluble aluminum, manganese, and iron. It is a natural tendency for most Kentucky soils to become acid with time due to losses of bases (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) from soil by rainfall, However, tobacco soils possess certain unique problems that warrant careful monitoring of soil pH every two to three years.

Fall Fertilization Programs, William O. Thom

Soil Science News and Views

Achieving recommended fertility levels for the next season's crop is important enough that it should not be subject to all the uncertainties of spring weather. Fall offers more time for careful planning of fertilizer and lime requirements based on good soil tests. Fields are generally in good condition to support application equipment without creating excessive soil compaction.

Groundwater In The Inner Bluegrass Karst Region, Kentucky, John Thrailkill, Lawrence E. Spangler, William M. Hopper Jr., Michael R. Mccann, Joseph W. Troester, Douglas R. Gouzie

KWRRI Research Reports

The hydrogeology of about 12% of the 5600 km² Inner Bluegrass Karst Region of central Kentucky was investigated by water tracing and other techniques. Using fluorescent dyes adsorbed on fabric and charcoal detectors, 96 traces (average length 2.7 km, maximum length 15 km) resulted in the identification of 38 groundwater basins (with areas up to 15 km²). Within the basins, subsurface flow is in a dendritic conduit system at depths up to 30 m below the surface, while in the interbasin areas which separate them flow is generally less than 5 m deep. Each groundwater basin discharges …

Seasonal And Yearly Fluctuations Of Soil Tests, Lloyd W. Murdock

Soil Science News and Views

One of the most important management tasks of a good farmer is taking a good soil sample. The recommendations based on these samples will help determine yield and profitability. A number of factors have an effect on the soil test results.

Some Variations In Distribution Of Fishes In Large Mainstream Reservoirs Associated With Artificial Cover, Donald W. Johnson, Elizabeth M. Choinski

KWRRI Research Reports

The influence of artificial cover (brush piles) on fish populations in Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley was studied. Mature and larval fishes were collected from deep and shallow sites with and without cover in a bay of each lake. Highest densities of mature crappie, bass, and sauger were found adjacent to deep attractors, while larval crappie and minnows were most concentrated at shallow brush piles. Shad (both adult and larvae) were not congregated at attractor sites. Information gathered supports the continuation of artificial cover installation and water level management procedures which will provide high and stable levels through spring spawning …

Fertilization Of Double-Crop Soybeans, Grant W. Thomas

Soil Science News and Views

The improvement of minimum-and no-tillage methods has helped increase the double-cropped acreage of soybeans in Kentucky to about 700,000 acres. Similar increases have been observed in our neighboring states. Most double-cropped soybeans in Kentucky follow winter wheat harvested for grain. Thus, they are at a disadvantage if the wheat leaves the soybean crop with a nutrient-deficient soil.

Use Of Molybdenum For Soybean Production, Monroe Rasnake

Soil Science News and Views

Molybdenum (Mo) is a micronutrient that is required by soybeans in very small amounts. As little as 0.5 parts per million of Mo in soybean tissue is sufficient for normal growth. Compare this with a phosphorus sufficiency level of about 2,000 parts per million. However, even though only small amounts are needed, a Mo deficiency can drastically reduce yields of soybeans.

You Can Make Money Producing And Marketing Alfalfa In The 80'S, David C. Petritz

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

We are today, as we were during most of the 70's, concerned with the future of the forage enterprise and the livestock species that depend on it. Will they survive an environment in which the emphasis is on grain exports? Will they survive in an environment in which consumers are not able (but hopefully willing) to pay prices for red meats which are profitable for all segments of the livestock industry? Will they survive in the 80's when real interest rates will be relatively high?

Marketing Alternatives For Kentucky Alfalfa: Needs, Challenges And Opportunities, J. Kenneth Evans

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

There are unquestionable needs for more high quality alfalfa in the Southeastern U.S. From these needs arise the challenge and opportunities for those who are researching, informing, teaching, and even promoting alfalfa. Likewise, there are income opportunities for those who own resources which could be used in producing and marketing alfalfa. This paper will discuss some of the factors which should be considered in hay marketing, i.e., (1) a dependable supply of hay; (2) producing high quality hay; and (3) planning to supply the highest quality hay to the highest priced market.

Hay - The National And International Traveler, Harry D. Gates Jr.

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Prior to 1883, packing, shipping and hauling hay was an irregular business. There was no established custom to govern, and every transaction was typical of the parties engaged in it.

The hay crop had become the leading agricultural product in value, and its importance commercially was appreciated. The amount of hay leaving the farm had steadily increased, but trade environment did not offer much encouragement for businessmen of regular methods, or the capitalist to embark in the business, and it was apparent to every thinking person that for the proper development of so important an industry it was necessary in …

Development Of Local Hay Association, Roger Sparrow, Eric Hinton, J. H. Ragland

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

The need for a Hay marketing "system" had been obvious to hay sellers and agricultural leaders in Larue County for some time. Five or six hay producers had been selling mainly alfalfa hay to truckers, who would transport the hay to a buyer and reap the profit. Hay was mostly sold by the bale and at a low price. Because of the land and soil type, Larue County had a good potential to produce alfalfa as a cash crop. The development of this potential was being limited by an unreliable and unprofitable market. Given these conditions, the development of a …

Alfalfa From The Consumer Standpoint, John Williams

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Traditionally, horsemen in this part of the United States have fed grass hay mixed with good red clover hay to their horses in training as well as their horses on the farm. Knowing that legume hay is high in protein, horsemen found this is a good source of the needed protein for their animals no matter what activity they were engaged in. A few problems were found with clover hay. First of all, it was usually dusty and, if not made under ideal circumstances, the hay was dark and in some cases moldy. The hay could never be purchased in …

Innovations In Hay Harvesting And Storing, V. L. Lectenberg, D. A. Holt

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Haymaking in the humid parts of the U.S. is the most risky operation that farmers engage in. Standing hay is extremely high in moisture and must be dried to at least 25% moisture less before it can be stored without spoilage. Most farmers rely on natural field drying processes to cure their hay. Natural drying is often slowed by high relative humidity. Rainfall frequently occurs before the hay has dried which further slows the drying process and can result in serious nutrient and yield losses. Haymaking is also a labor-intensive farming operation and, until recently, involved a large amount of …

Breaking The Alfalfa Yield Barrier, J. Paul Mueller

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

During the past one-hundred or so years, alfalfa production has spread and flourished in the United States. It has contributed to progress in many phases of the livestock industry.

No-Till Establishement Of Alfalfa, Harlan E. White, Dale D. Wolf

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

The no-till concept has been widely accepted in Virginia for corn and soybean production. However, alfalfa is still commonly established by plowing and tilling the soil into a fine seedbed. Each year many tons of productive topsoil is eroded by rainfall on those prepared seedbeds. The resulting gullies remain in the hayfield for the life of the stand to damage equipment and "rattle the teeth" of the operator.

Current Disease Problems In Alfalfa, William C. Nesmith

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa is attacked by many fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes which USDA estimates reduces hay yields by 24% annually in the U.S. Even greater losses occur in Kentucky. However, it is the diseases of the root and crown which cause the greatest damage because they limit the number of years a stand can remain productive.

Quality Alfalfa Seed Production In The West, Vern L. Marble

Kentucky Alfalfa and Stored Forage Conference

Alfalfa seed production in the western United States has become a specialized business, and can no longer be considered as a "catch crop" to be harvested along with a hay production program in historical production areas in the Plains and Rocky Mountain states which produced approximately 80 percent of all of the seed produced in the late 1940's and early 1950's. In 1981 the seven western states of California (47.8 percent), Idaho (12.2 percent), Nevada (8.7 percent), Washington (7.7 percent), Oregon (4.2 percent), Montana (4.5 percent), and Utah (3.2 percent) produced 87.5 percent of the total 1981 production of 117 …