Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Insights Into Land Plant Evolution Garnered From The Marchantia Polymorpha Genome, John L. Bowman, Takayuki Kohchi, Katsuyuki T. Yamato, Jerry Jenkins, Shengqiang Shu, Kimitsune Ishizaki, Shohei Yamaoka, Ryuichi Nishihama, Yasukazu Nakamura, Frédéric Berger, Catherine Adam, Shiori Sugamata Aki, Felix Althoff, Takashi Araki, Mario A. Arteaga-Vazquez, Sureshkumar Balasubrmanian, Kerrie Barry, Diane Bauer, Christian R. Boehm, Liam Briginshaw, Juan Caballero-Perez, Bruno Catarino, Feng Chen, Shota Chiyoda, Mansi Chovatia, Kevin M. Davies, Mihails Delmans, Taku Demura, Tom Dierschke, Liam Dolan, Tomokazu Kawashima

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

The evolution of land flora transformed the terrestrial environment. Land plants evolved from an ancestral charophycean alga from which they inherited developmental, biochemical, and cell biological attributes. Additional biochemical and physiological adaptations to land, and a life cycle with an alternation between multicellular haploid and diploid generations that facilitated efficient dispersal of desiccation tolerant spores, evolved in the ancestral land plant. We analyzed the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a member of a basal land plant lineage. Relative to charophycean algae, land plant genomes are characterized by genes encoding novel biochemical pathways, new phytohormone signaling pathways (notably auxin), …

Equivariant Iterated Loop Space Theory And Permutative G–Categories, Bertrand J. Guillou, J. Peter May

Mathematics Faculty Publications

We set up operadic foundations for equivariant iterated loop space theory. We start by building up from a discussion of the approximation theorem and recognition principle for V–fold loop G–spaces to several avatars of a recognition principle for infinite loop G–spaces. We then explain what genuine permutative G–categories are and, more generally, what E_∞–G–categories are, giving examples showing how they arise. As an application, we prove the equivariant Barratt–Priddy–Quillen theorem as a statement about genuine G–spectra and use it to give a new, categorical proof of the tom Dieck splitting theorem …

Silver Engineered Nanomaterials And Ions Elicit Species-Specific O2 Consumption Responses In Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Ricky W. Lewis, Jason M. Unrine, Paul M. Bertsch, David H. Mcnear Jr.

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Metal containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are now commonly used in various industrial and commercial applications. Many of these materials can be transformed during waste water treatment and ultimately enter terrestrial ecosystems via agriculturally applied biosolids. It is unclear how agriculturally important soil microbes will be affected by exposure to environmentally relevant, sublethal concentrations of ENMs and their transformation products (i.e., ions, aggregates, etc.). A method was developed, which puts O₂ consumption responses in terms of viability, and tested by examining the toxic effects of Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ni²⁺ ions on the plant growth promoting …

Establishing Pine Monocultures And Mixed Pine-Hardwood Stands On Reclaimed Surface Mined Land In Eastern Kentucky: Implications For Forest Resilience In A Changing Climate, Geoffrey Bell, Kenton L. Sena, Christopher D. Barton, Michael French

Forestry and Natural Resources Faculty Publications

Surface mining and mine reclamation practices have caused significant forest loss and forest fragmentation in Appalachia. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is threatened by a variety of stresses, including diseases, pests, poor management, altered fire regimes, and climate change, and the species is the subject of a widescale restoration effort. Surface mines may present opportunity for shortleaf pine restoration; however, the survival and growth of shortleaf pine on these harsh sites has not been critically evaluated. This paper presents first-year survival and growth of native shortleaf pine planted on a reclaimed surface mine, compared to non-native loblolly pine ( …

Matroid Configurations And Symbolic Powers Of Their Ideals, A. V. Geramita, B. Harbourne, J. Migliore, Uwe Nagel

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Star configurations are certain unions of linear subspaces of projective space that have been studied extensively. We develop a framework for studying a substantial generalization, which we call matroid configurations, whose ideals generalize Stanley-Reisner ideals of matroids. Such a matroid configuration is a union of complete intersections of a fixed codimension. Relating these to the Stanley-Reisner ideals of matroids and using methods of liaison theory allows us, in particular, to describe the Hilbert function and minimal generators of the ideal of, what we call, a hypersurface configuration. We also establish that the symbolic powers of the ideal of any matroid …

Increased Birth Weight Is Associated With Altered Gene Expression In Neonatal Foreskin, Leryn J. Reynolds, Rebecca I. Pollack, Richard J. Charnigo, Cetewayo S. Rashid, Arnold J. Stromberg, Shu Shen, John O'Brien, Kevin J. Pearson

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

Elevated birth weight is linked to glucose intolerance and obesity health-related complications later in life. No studies have examined if infant birth weight is associated with gene expression markers of obesity and inflammation in a tissue that comes directly from the infant following birth. We evaluated the association between birth weight and gene expression on fetal programming of obesity. Foreskin samples were collected following circumcision, and gene expression analyzed comparing the 15% greatest birth weight infants (n = 7) v. the remainder of the cohort (n = 40). Multivariate linear regression models were fit to relate expression levels on differentially …

Systems Biology Approach To Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Candidate Genes Validated Using Brain Expression Data And Caenorhabditis Elegans Experiments, Shubhabrata Mukherjee, Joshua C. Russell, Daniel T. Carr, Jeremy D. Burgess, Mariet Allen, Daniel J. Serie, Kevin L. Boehme, John S. K. Kauwe, Adam C. Naj, David W. Fardo, Dennis W. Dickson, Thomas J. Montine, Nilufer Ertekin-Taner, Matt R. Kaeberlein, Paul K. Crane

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Introduction—We sought to determine whether a systems biology approach may identify novel late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) loci.

Methods—We performed gene-wide association analyses and integrated results with human protein-protein interaction data using network analyses. We performed functional validation on novel genes using a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Aβ proteotoxicity model and evaluated novel genes using brain expression data from people with LOAD and other neurodegenerative conditions.

Results—We identified 13 novel candidate LOAD genes outside chromosome 19. Of those, RNA interference knockdowns of the C. elegans orthologs of UBC, NDUFS3, EGR1, and ATP5H were associated with Aβ …

Assessment Of Thermal Maturity Trends In Devonian–Mississippian Source Rocks Using Raman Spectroscopy: Limitations Of Peak-Fitting Method, Jason S. Lupoi, Luke P. Fritz, Thomas M. Parris, Paul C. Hackley, Logan Solotky, Courtland F. Eble, Steve Schlaegle

Faculty, Staff, and Affiliated Publications--KGS

The thermal maturity of shale is often measured by vitrinite reflectance (VRo). VRo measurements for the Devonian–Mississippian black shale source rocks evaluated herein predicted thermal immaturity in areas where associated reservoir rocks are oil-producing. This limitation of the VRo method led to the current evaluation of Raman spectroscopy as a suitable alternative for developing correlations between thermal maturity and Raman spectra. In this study, Raman spectra of Devonian–Mississippian black shale source rocks were regressed against measured VRo or sample-depth. Attempts were made to develop quantitative correlations of thermal maturity. Using sample-depth as a proxy for thermal maturity is not without …

A Stimulated Emission Study Of The Ground State Bending Levels Of Bh2 Through The Barrier To Linearity And Ab Initio Calculations Of Near-Spectroscopic Accuracy, Bing Jin, Dennis J. Clouthier, Riccardo Tarroni

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The ground state bending levels of ¹¹BH₂ have been studied experimentally using a combination of low-resolution emission spectroscopy and high-resolution stimulated emission pumping (SEP) measurements. The data encompass the energy range below, through, and above the calculated position of the barrier to linearity. For the bending levels (0,3,0) and above, the data show substantial K-reordering, with the K"_a = 1 levels falling well below those with K"_a = 0. A comparison of the high-resolution rotationally resolved SEP data to our own very high level ab initio calculations of the rovibronic energy levels shows agreement approaching …

Judging The Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Assessment Tools To Guide Future Tool Development: The Use Of Clinimetrics As Opposed To Psychometrics, Philip M. Westgate, Enrique Gomez-Pomar

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

In the face of the current Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) epidemic, there is considerable variability in the assessment and management of infants with NAS. In this manuscript, we particularly focus on NAS assessment, with special attention given to the popular Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Score (FNAS). A major instigator of the problem of variable practices is that multiple modified versions of the FNAS exist and continue to be proposed, including shortened versions. Furthermore, the validity of such assessment tools has been questioned, and as a result, the need for better tools has been suggested. The ultimate purpose of this manuscript, therefore, …

Categorical Models For Equivariant Classifying Spaces, Bertrand J. Guillou, J. Peter May, Mona Merling

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Starting categorically, we give simple and precise models for classifying spaces of equivariant principal bundles. We need these models for work in progress in equi- variant infinite loop space theory and equivariant algebraic K–theory, but the models are of independent interest in equivariant bundle theory and especially equivariant covering space theory.

Challenges In Modeling Complexity Of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Review Of Dynamics Of Visceral Leishmaniasis In Resource Limited Settings, Swati Debroy, Olivia F. Prosper, Austin Mishoe, Anuj Mubayi

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Objectives: Neglected tropical diseases (NTD), account for a large proportion of the global disease burden, and their control faces several challenges including diminishing human and financial resources for those distressed from such diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the second-largest parasitic killer (after malaria) and an NTD affects poor populations and causes considerable cost to the affected individuals. Mathematical models can serve as a critical and cost-effective tool for understanding VL dynamics, however, complex array of socio-economic factors affecting its dynamics need to be identified and appropriately incorporated within a dynamical modeling framework. This study reviews literature on vector-borne diseases and collects …

Design, Synthesis, And Biological Activity Of 5'-Phenyl-1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3,3'-Bipyridine Analogues As Potential Antagonists Of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Yafei Jin, Xiaoqin Huang, Roger L. Papke, Emily M. Jutkiewicz, Hollis D Showalter, Chang-Guo Zhan

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Starting from a known non-specific agonist (1) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), rationally guided structural-based design resulted in the discovery of a small series of 5′-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3,3′-bipyridines (3a – 3e) incorporating a phenyl ring off the pyridine core of 1. The compounds were synthesized via successive Suzuki couplings on a suitably functionalized pyridine starting monomer 4 to append phenyl and pyridyl substituents off the 3- and 5-positions, respectively, and then make subsequent modifications on the flanking pyridyl ring to provide target compounds. Compound 3a is a novel antagonist which is highly selective for α3β4 nAChR (K_i = 123 nM) …

Prevention Of Renal Apob Retention Is Protective Against Diabetic Nephropathy: Role Of Tgf-Β Inhibition, Patricia G. Wilson, Joel C. Thompson, Meghan S. Yoder, Richard Charnigo, Lisa R. Tannock

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Animal studies demonstrate that hyperlipidemia and renal lipid accumulation contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We previously demonstrated that renal lipoproteins colocalize with biglycan, a renal proteoglycan. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prevention of renal lipid (apoB) accumulation attenuates DN. Biglycan-deficient and biglycan wild-type Ldlr^−/− mice were made diabetic via streptozotocin and fed a high cholesterol diet. As biglycan deficiency is associated with elevated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), in some experiments mice were injected with either the TGF-β-neutralizing antibody, 1D11, or with 13C4, an irrelevant control antibody. Biglycan deficiency had no significant effect …

Lcs-1: A High-Resolution Global Model Of The Lithospheric Magnetic Field Derived From Champ And Swarm Satellite Observations, Nils Olsen, Dhananjay Ravat, Christopher C. Finlay, Livia K. Kother

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

We derive a new model, named LCS-1, of Earth’s lithospheric field based on four years (2006 September–2010 September) of magnetic observations taken by the CHAMP satellite at altitudes lower than 350 km, as well as almost three years (2014 April–2016 December) of measurements taken by the two lower Swarm satellites Alpha and Charlie. The model is determined entirely from magnetic ‘gradient’ data (approximated by finite differences): the north–south gradient is approximated by first differences of 15 s along-track data (for CHAMP and each of the two Swarm satellites), while the east–west gradient is approximated by the difference between observations taken …

Randomized Trial Of Interventions To Improve Childhood Asthma In Homes With Wood-Burning Stoves, Curtis W. Noonan, Erin O. Semmens, Paul Smith, Solomon W. Harrar, Luke Montrose, Emily Weiler, Marcy Mcnamara, Tony J. Ward

Statistics Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Household air pollution due to biomass combustion for residential heating adversely affects vulnerable populations. Randomized controlled trials to improve indoor air quality in homes of children with asthma are limited, and no such studies have been conducted in homes using wood for heating.

OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to test the hypothesis that household-level interventions, specifically improved-technology wood-burning appliances or air-filtration devices, would improve health measures, in particular Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) scores, relative to placebo, among children living with asthma in homes with wood-burning stoves.

METHODS: A three-arm placebo-controlled randomized trial was conducted in homes with …

The Carbon And Nitrogen Abundance Ratio In The Broad Line Region Of Tidal Disruption Events, Chenwei Yang, Tinggui Wang, Gary J. Ferland, Liming Dou, Hongyan Zhou, Ning Jiang, Zhenfeng Sheng

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

The rest-frame UV spectra of three recent tidal disruption events (TDEs), ASASSN-14li, PTF15af, and iPTF16fnl, display strong nitrogen emission lines but weak or undetectable carbon lines. In these three objects, the upper limits of the C III] λ1908/N III] λ1750 ratio are about two orders of magnitude lower than those of quasars, suggesting a high abundance ratio of [N/C]. With detailed photoionization simulations, we demonstrate that C²⁺ and N²⁺ are formed in the same zone, so the CIII]/N III] ratio depends only moderately on the physical conditions in the gas and weakly on the shape of …

Quantum Quench And Scaling Of Entanglement Entropy, Pawel Caputa, Sumit R. Das, Masahiro Nozaki, Akio Tomiya

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Global quantum quench with a finite quench rate which crosses critical points is known to lead to universal scaling of correlation functions as functions of the quench rate. In this work, we explore scaling properties of the entanglement entropy of a subsystem in a harmonic chain during a mass quench which asymptotes to finite constant values at early and late times and for which the dynamics is exactly solvable. When the initial state is the ground state, we find that for large enough subsystem sizes the entanglement entropy becomes independent of size. This is consistent with Kibble–Zurek scaling for slow …

The Soybean Rfg1 Gene Restricts Nodulation By Sinorhizobium Fredii Usda193, Yinglun Fan, Jinge Liu, Shanhua Lyu, Qi Wang, Shengming Yang, Hongyan Zhu

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Sinorhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobial species that can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a wide range of legume species including soybeans (Glycine max). In soybeans, this interaction shows a high level of specificity such that particular S. fredii strains nodulate only a limited set of plant genotypes. Here we report the identification of a dominant gene in soybeans that restricts nodulation with S. fredii USDA193. Genetic mapping in an F2 population revealed co-segregation of the underlying locus with the previously cloned Rfg1 gene. The Rfg1 allele encodes a member of the Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of …

Photoelectrochemical Cell Including Ga(SbX)N1-X Semiconductor Electrode, Madhu Menon, Michael Sheetz, Mahendra Kumar Sunkara, Chandrashekhar Pendyala, Swathi Sunkara, Jacek B. Jasinksi

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Patents

The composition of matter comprising Ga(Sb_x)N_1−x where x=0.01 to 0.06 is characterized by a band gap between 2.4 and 1.7 eV. A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor layer of that composition. A photoelectric cell includes that semiconductor device.

Holographic Entanglement Entropy Of A 1 + 1 Dimensional P-Wave Superconductor, Sumit R. Das, Mitsutoshi Fujita, Bom Soo Kim

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We examine the behavior of entanglement entropy S _A ^EE of a subsystem A in a fully backreacted holographic model of a 1 + 1 dimensional p wave superconductor across the phase transition. For a given temperature, the system goes to a superconducting phase beyond a critical value of the charge density. The entanglement entropy, considered as a function of the charge density at a given temperature, has a cusp at the critical point. In addition, we find that there are three different behaviors in the condensed phase, depending on the subsystem size. For a subsystem size l smaller than …

Three Dimensional View Of The Syk/Ads Duality, Sumit R. Das, Antal Jevicki, Kenta Suzuki

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We show that the spectrum of the SYK model can be interpreted as that of a 3D scalar coupled to gravity. The scalar has a mass which is at the Breitenholer-Freedman bound of AdS₂, and subject to a delta function potential at the center of the interval along the third direction. This, through Kaluza-Klein procedure on AdS₂ × (S¹)/Z₂, generates the spectrum reproducing the bi-local propagator at strong coupling. Furthermore, the leading 1/J correction calculated in this picture reproduces the known correction to the poles of the SYK propagator, providing …

Managing Nitrous Oxide Emissions In Agricultural Fields, Mark S. Coyne, Wei Ren

Plant and Soil Sciences Research Report

Agriculture is a major contributor to atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) (Smith et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2015). Unfortunately, nitrous oxide destroys stratospheric ozone (O₃) which protects us from ultraviolet radiation (Cicerone, 1989) and it increases ground level O_3, whichis an air pollutant threatening human health and food production. Nitrous oxide is also 298 times more potent than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in terms of trapping and absorbing reflected solar radiation (Forster et al., 2007). Basic chemistry and physics assure us that increased levels of N₂O in the …

On ΤΣ-Quasinormal Subgroups Of Finite Groups, James C. Beidleman, Alexander N. Skiba

Mathematics Faculty Publications

Let σ = {σ_i ∣ i ∈ I} be a partition of the set of all primes P and G a finite group. A set H of subgroups of G is said to be a complete Hall σ-set of G if every member ≠ 1 of H is a Hall σ_i-subgroup of G for some i ∈ I and H contains exactly one Hall σ_i-subgroup of G for every i such that σ_i ∩ π(G) ≠ ∅.

Let τ_H(A) = {σ_i ∈ σ …

East African Weathering Dynamics Controlled By Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks, Sarah J. Ivory, Michael M. Mcglue, Geoffrey S. Ellis, Adam Boehlke, Anne-Marie Lézine, Annie Vincens, Andrew S. Cohen

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

Tropical weathering has important linkages to global biogeochemistry and landscape evolution in the East African rift. We disentangle the influences of climate and terrestrial vegetation on chemical weathering intensity and erosion at Lake Malawi using a long sediment record. Fossil pollen, microcharcoal, particle size, and mineralogy data affirm that the detrital clays accumulating in deep water within the lake are controlled by feedbacks between climate and hinterland forest composition. Particle-size patterns are also best explained by vegetation, through feedbacks with lake levels, wildfires, and erosion. We develop a new source-to-sink framework that links lacustrine sedimentation to hinterland vegetation in tropical …

Space Telescope And Optical Reverberation Mapping Project. Vii. Understanding The Ultraviolet Anomaly In Ngc 5548 With X-Ray Spectroscopy, S. Mathur, A. Gupta, K. Page, R. W. Pogge, Y. Krongold, M. R. Goad, S. M. Adams, M. D. Anderson, P. Arévalo, A. J. Barth, C. Bazhaw, T. G. Beatty, M. C. Bentz, A. Bigley, S. Bisogni, G. A. Borman, T. A. Boroson, M. C. Bottorff, W. N. Brandt, A. A. Breeveld, J. E. Brown, J. S. Brown, E. M. Cackett, G. Canalizo, M. T. Carini, K. I. Clubb, J. M. Comerford, C. T. Coker, E. M. Corsini, D. M. Crenshaw, Gary J. Ferland

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

During the Space Telescope and Optical Reverberation Mapping Project observations of NGC 5548, the continuum and emission-line variability became decorrelated during the second half of the six-month-long observing campaign. Here we present Swift and Chandra X-ray spectra of NGC 5548 obtained as part of the campaign. The Swift spectra show that excess flux (relative to a power-law continuum) in the soft X-ray band appears before the start of the anomalous emission-line behavior, peaks during the period of the anomaly, and then declines. This is a model-independent result suggesting that the soft excess is related to the anomaly. We divide the …

Impacts Of A Community Supported Agriculture (Csa) Voucher Program On Food Lifestyle Behaviors: Evidence From An Employer-Sponsored Pilot Program, Jairus J. Rossi, Timothy A. Woods, James E. Allen Iv

Agricultural Economics Faculty Publications

Community supported agriculture (CSA) programs have recently received attention for their potential to influence food lifestyle behaviors and health outcomes. We build on and expand inquiries into the relationship between CSA participation and behavior change by presenting the results from a controlled pilot study of first-time CSA shareholders. We offered 95 first-time shareholders a $200 voucher to participate in a CSA. Prior to and immediately following CSA participation, these shareholders completed a survey on food lifestyle behaviors. Using econometric analyses, we measured shareholder behavior changes against an 82 person control group. All participants were drawn from a pool of individuals …

Inside-Out Growth Or Inside-Out Quenching? Clues From Colour Gradients Of Local Galaxies, Jianhui Lian, Renbin Yan, Michael Blanton, Xu Kong

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We constrain the spatial gradient of star formation history (SFH) within galaxies using the colour gradients in NUV − u (where NUV stands for near-ultraviolet) and u − i for a local spatially resolved galaxy sample. By splitting each galaxy into an inner and an outer part, we find that most galaxies show negative gradients in these two colours. We first rule out dust extinction gradient and metallicity gradient as the dominant source for the colour gradient. Then using stellar population models, we explore variations in SFH to explain the colour gradients. As shown by our earlier work, a two-phase …

Evidence For A Low-Temperature Magnetic Ground State In Double-Perovskite Iridates With Ir5+(5D4) Ions, Jasminka Terzic, H. Zheng, Feng Ye, H. D. Zhao, P. Schlottmann, Lance E. De Long, S. J. Yuan, Gang Cao

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We report an unusual magnetic ground state in single-crystal, double-perovskite Ba₂YIrO₆ and Sr-doped Ba₂YIrO₆ with Ir⁵⁺(5d⁴) ions. Long-range magnetic order below 1.7 K is confirmed by dc magnetization, ac magnetic susceptibility, and heat-capacity measurements. The observed magnetic order is extraordinarily delicate and cannot be explained in terms of either a low-spin S = 1 state, or a singlet J_eff = 0 state imposed by the spin-orbit interactions (SOI). Alternatively, the magnetic ground state appears consistent with a SOI that competes with comparable Hund's rule coupling and inherently large …

Lattice Calculation Of Nucleon Isovector Axial Charge With Improved Currents, Jian Liang, Yi-Bo Yang, Keh-Fei Liu, Andrei Alexandru, Terrence Draper, Raza Sabbir Sufian

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We employ dimension-4 operators to improve the local vector and axial-vector currents and calculate the nucleon isovector axial coupling g³_A with overlap valence on 2 + 1-flavor domain wall fermion (DWF) sea. Using the equality of g³_A from the spatial and temporal components of the axial-vector current as a normalization condition, we find that g³_A is increased by a few percent towards the experimental value. The excited-state contamination has been taken into account with three time separations between the source and sink. The improved axial charges g³_A(24I) = 1.22(4)(3) …