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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Floodplain Habitat Restoration At Thunder Ranch, Utah, U.S. Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation Apr 2004

Floodplain Habitat Restoration At Thunder Ranch, Utah, U.S. Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program (Recovery Program) is proposing to restore endangered fish habitat at 330 acres of Green River bottomlands located on the Thunder Ranch near Jensen, Utah. The Recovery Program acquired a total of 455 acres of easement from Thunder Ranch to protect and improve floodplain habitat for the benefit of endangered Colorado River fishes. The project area is located adjacent to the Green River within an old meander river channel. Several ponds and wetlands exist in the project area, but are isolated from the Green River by an earth-filled levee. By notching the existing …

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Hydrogen Sulfide In Farmington Bay And The Great Salt Lake: A Potential Odor-Causing Agent, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Amy M. Marcarelli Mar 2004

Hydrogen Sulfide In Farmington Bay And The Great Salt Lake: A Potential Odor-Causing Agent, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Amy M. Marcarelli

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

Odors from Farmington Bay and/or the Great Salt Lake frequently impact residents of Salt Lake and Davis counties, but the agent causing the problem and the origin of the odor is uncertain. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas is produced in the deeper layers of water in Farmington Bay and Gilbert Bay in the Great Salt Lake, but these deeper waters are generally part of high salinity deep-brine layers that are resistant to wind mixing. Hydrogen sulfide has a "rotten-egg" odor and is a likely component contributing to the "lake stink." The goals of this study were to determine (1) whether wind …

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Grassland Reserve Program, Environmental Assessment, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Farm Service Agency, United States Department Of Agriculture Feb 2004

Grassland Reserve Program, Environmental Assessment, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Farm Service Agency, United States Department Of Agriculture

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

No abstract provided.

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Nanoscale Electronics Based On 2d Dopant Patterns In Silicon, T. -C. Shen, J. S. Kline, T. Schenkel, S. J. Robinson, J. -Y. Ji, C. L. Yang, R. R. Du, J. R. Tucker Jan 2004

Nanoscale Electronics Based On 2d Dopant Patterns In Silicon, T. -C. Shen, J. S. Kline, T. Schenkel, S. J. Robinson, J. -Y. Ji, C. L. Yang, R. R. Du, J. R. Tucker

T. -C. Shen

A nanoscale fabrication process compatible with present Si technology is reported. Preimplanted contact arrays provide external leads for scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-defined dopantpatterns. The STM’s low energy electron beam removes hydrogen from H terminated Si(100) surfaces for selective adsorption of PH3 precursor molecules, followed by room temperature Si overgrowth and 500 °C rapid thermal anneal to create activated P-donor patterns in contact with As+-implanted lines. Electrical and magnetoresistance measurements are reported here on 50 and 95 nm-wide P-donor lines, along with Ga-acceptor wires created by focused ion beams, as a means for extending Si device fabrication toward …

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Mesospheric Temperature Climatology Above Utah State University, Joshua P. Herron Jan 2004

Mesospheric Temperature Climatology Above Utah State University, Joshua P. Herron

Physics

A Rayleigh-scatter lidar has been in operation at Utah State University (41.7o N, 111.8 ° W) starting in September 1993 until the present (October 2003). The return profiles from the atmosphere have been analyzed to provide temperature measurements of the middle atmosphere from 45 to 90 km. Various methods of averaging were used to construct a temperature climatology of the region based on these observations. The data analysis algorithm has been critically analyzed to find possible sources of error, and has been compared to an independently derived technique. The resulting temperatures have been compared to other mid-latitude lidars with good …

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Operation Of Flaming Gorge Dam Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary, Bureau Of Reclamation; Upper Colorado Region; United States Jan 2004

Operation Of Flaming Gorge Dam Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary, Bureau Of Reclamation; Upper Colorado Region; United States

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

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Operation Of Flaming Gorge Dam Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary, U.S. Department Of The Interior Jan 2004

Operation Of Flaming Gorge Dam Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary, U.S. Department Of The Interior

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

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Nitrogen Transport Through Linked Stream-Lake Systems Measured With N Tracer, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Koren Nydick, Michelle A. Baker, Bob Hall Jan 2004

Nitrogen Transport Through Linked Stream-Lake Systems Measured With N Tracer, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Koren Nydick, Michelle A. Baker, Bob Hall

Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Global Assimilation Of Ionospheric Measurements (Gaim), Robert W. Schunk, Ludger Scherliess, Jan Josef Sojka, Donald C. Thompson, David N. Anderson, Mihail Codrescu, Cliff Minter, Timothy J. Fuller-Rowell, Roderick A. Heelis, Marc Hairston, Bruce M. Howe Jan 2004

Global Assimilation Of Ionospheric Measurements (Gaim), Robert W. Schunk, Ludger Scherliess, Jan Josef Sojka, Donald C. Thompson, David N. Anderson, Mihail Codrescu, Cliff Minter, Timothy J. Fuller-Rowell, Roderick A. Heelis, Marc Hairston, Bruce M. Howe

All Physics Faculty Publications

The ionosphere is a highly dynamic medium that exhibits weather disturbances at all latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes, and these disturbances can have detrimental effects on both military and civilian systems. In an effort to mitigate the adverse effects, we are developing a physics-based data assimilation model of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere called the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM). GAIM will use a physics-based ionosphere-plasmasphere model and a Kalman filter as a basis for assimilating a diverse set of real-time (or near real-time) measurements. Some of the data to be assimilated include in situ density measurements from satellites, ionosonde …

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Development Of A Physics-Based Reduced State Kalman Filter For The Ionosphere, Ludger Scherliess, Robert W. Schunk, Jan Josef Sojka, Donald C. Thompson Jan 2004

Development Of A Physics-Based Reduced State Kalman Filter For The Ionosphere, Ludger Scherliess, Robert W. Schunk, Jan Josef Sojka, Donald C. Thompson

All Physics Faculty Publications

A physics-based data assimilation model of the ionosphere is under development as the central part of a Department of Defense/Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI)-funded program called Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM). With the significant increase in the number of ionospheric observations that will become available over the next decade, this model will provide a powerful tool toward an improved specification and forecasting of the global ionosphere, with an unprecedented accuracy and reliability. The goal of this effort will be specifications and forecasts on spatial grids that can be global, regional, or local (25 km × 25 km). The specification/forecast …

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Understanding Mid-Latitude Space Weather: Storm Impacts Observed At Blo On 31 March 2001, Jan Josef Sojka, D. Rice, J. V. Eccles, F. T. Berkey, P. Kintner, W. Denig Jan 2004

Understanding Mid-Latitude Space Weather: Storm Impacts Observed At Blo On 31 March 2001, Jan Josef Sojka, D. Rice, J. V. Eccles, F. T. Berkey, P. Kintner, W. Denig

All Physics Faculty Publications

On 30 March 2001 in the late evening an auroral display was observed over the United States of America. The Bear Lake Observatory (BLO) magnetometer in Utah measured changes of 550 nT in less than 30 min. During the same period, BLO ionosonde measurements showed deep high-frequency radio wave absorption up to 7 MHz. BLO's GPS single-frequency receiver experienced geolocation errors of 20 m for over 3 hours. These storm signatures were also accompanied by L-band scintillation effects which approached an S4 value of 0.2, which is large for midlatitudes. Although such measurements have been have been made at …

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Ionospheric Assimilation Techniques For Argos Low-Resolution Airglow And Aurora Spectrograph (Loraas) Tomographically Reconstructed Equatorial Electron Density Profiles, Jan Josef Sojka, J. V. Eccles, Robert W. Schunk, S. Mcdonald, S. Thonnard, K. Dymond, R. P. Mccoy Jan 2004

Ionospheric Assimilation Techniques For Argos Low-Resolution Airglow And Aurora Spectrograph (Loraas) Tomographically Reconstructed Equatorial Electron Density Profiles, Jan Josef Sojka, J. V. Eccles, Robert W. Schunk, S. Mcdonald, S. Thonnard, K. Dymond, R. P. Mccoy

All Physics Faculty Publications

The LORAAS instrument aboard the ARGOS satellite observes line-of-sight ultraviolet limb intensities from ionosphere and thermosphere airglow. This study uses tomographically reconstructed electron density profiles (EDPs) from the nightside emissions. The ionospheric reconstruction is performed using a two-dimensional O+ 1356Å radiative recombination forward model and discrete inverse theory. The forward model assumes a Chapman layer for the vertical electron density distribution from which h m F 2, N m F 2, and topside scale height are derived for every 90 s limb scan, which is equivalent to 5° resolution in latitude. Since ARGOS is in a near Sun-synchronous orbit, these …

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Space Weather Effects On Mid-Latitude Hf Propagation Paths: Observations And A Data-Driven D-Region Model, J. V. Eccles, R. D. Hunsucker, D. Rice, Jan Josef Sojka Jan 2004

Space Weather Effects On Mid-Latitude Hf Propagation Paths: Observations And A Data-Driven D-Region Model, J. V. Eccles, R. D. Hunsucker, D. Rice, Jan Josef Sojka

All Physics Faculty Publications

A two-pronged study is under way to improve understanding of the D region response to space weather and its effects on HF propagation. One part, the HF Investigation of D region Ionospheric Variation Experiment (HIDIVE), is designed to obtain simultaneous, quantitative propagation and absorption data from an HF signal monitoring network along with solar X-ray flux from the NOAA GOES satellites. Observations have been made continuously since late December 2002 and include the severe disturbances of October–November 2003. GOES satellite X-ray observations and geophysical indices are assimilated into the Data-Driven D Region (DDDR) electron density model developed as the second …

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Observations Of Atmosphericgravity Waves Using Airglow All-Sky Ccd Imager At Cachoeira Paulista (23° S, 45° W), A. F. Medeiros, H. Takahashi, P. P. Batista, D. Gobbi, Michael J. Taylor Jan 2004

Observations Of Atmosphericgravity Waves Using Airglow All-Sky Ccd Imager At Cachoeira Paulista (23° S, 45° W), A. F. Medeiros, H. Takahashi, P. P. Batista, D. Gobbi, Michael J. Taylor

All Physics Faculty Publications

An all-sky CCD imager for OH, O2 and OI (557.7 nm) airglow was operated at Cachoeira Paulista (CP), Brazil, (23° S, 45° W), from October 1998 to September 1999, with Utah State University. Dominant gravity wave components are extracted and seasonal variations are investigated. These waves have typically short horizontal wavelengths (5 - 60 km), short periods (5 - 35 minutes), and horizontal phase speeds of 1 - 80 m/s. Band-type waves of horizontal wavelength between 10 and 60 km showed clear seasonal dependence in the horizontal propagation direction to southeast in summer and to northwest in winter. The direction …

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Lisa Time-Delay Interferometry Zero-Signal Solution: Geometrical Properties, Massimo Tinto, Shane L. Larson Jan 2004

Lisa Time-Delay Interferometry Zero-Signal Solution: Geometrical Properties, Massimo Tinto, Shane L. Larson

All Physics Faculty Publications

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique needed for generating interferometric combinations of data measured by the multiple Doppler readouts available onboard the three Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) spacecraft. Within the space of all possible interferometric combinations TDI can generate, we have derived a specific combination that has zero response to the gravitational wave signal, and called it the zero-signal solution (ZSS). This is a two-parameter family of linear combinations of the generators of the TDI space, and its response to a gravitational wave becomes null when these two parameters coincide with the values of the angles of …

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Cosmology, Cohomology, And Compactification, Charles G. Torre Jan 2004

Cosmology, Cohomology, And Compactification, Charles G. Torre

All Physics Faculty Publications

Ashtekar and Samuel have shown that Bianchi cosmological models with compact spatial sections must be of Bianchi class A. Motivated by general results on the symmetry reduction of variational principles, we show how to extend the Ashtekar-Samuel results to the setting of weakly locally homogeneous spaces as defined, e.g., by Singer and Thurston. In particular, it is shown that any m-dimensional homogeneous space G/K admitting a G-invariant volume form will allow a compact discrete quotient only if the Lie algebra cohomology of G relative to K is non-vanishing at degree m.

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Extended Beg Model Of Halogenated Methanes Physisorbed On Ionic Crystals, T. E. Burns, Jr Dennison, Jason Kite Jan 2004

Extended Beg Model Of Halogenated Methanes Physisorbed On Ionic Crystals, T. E. Burns, Jr Dennison, Jason Kite

Journal Articles

The 2D dielectric phases and phase transitions of adsorbed dipolar molecules are modeled using a dilute spin-one Ising model. This model is studied in the Blume-Emery-Griffiths formalism, using a mean-field approximation, where the interaction parameters are related to system interaction energies using a unique averaging procedure. The model is applied to four halogenated methane species physisorbed on MgO(100) and NaCl(100) surfaces using previous experimental and theoretical studies to estimate the interaction energy parameters. We find that temperature- and coverage-dependent antiferroelectric to ferroelectric, coverage-dependant ferroelectric up to ferroelectric down, reentrant ferroelectric to ferroelectric, and order-disorder dipole phase transitions can occur. Phase …

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Conservation Assessment Of Greater Sage-Grouse And Sagebrush Habitats, Western Association Of Fish And Wildlife Agencies Jan 2004

Conservation Assessment Of Greater Sage-Grouse And Sagebrush Habitats, Western Association Of Fish And Wildlife Agencies

Wildlife Conservation and Management

An unbiased assessment from an ecological perspective of the current status and the potential factors that influenced the long-term conservation of greater sage-grouse populations and the sagebrush ecosystems on which they depend.

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Technology And Mathematics Standards: An Integrated Approach, Chris Merrill, Mark Comerford Jan 2004

Technology And Mathematics Standards: An Integrated Approach, Chris Merrill, Mark Comerford

Publications

The article focuses on the use of standards-based teaching and learning that has been gaining significant attention in the education world. State and national associations now base their specific subject area or discipline solely on standards, i.e., International Technology Education Association (ITEA), National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), National Science Education Association (NSEA). Moreover, at the public school level, state boards of education are holding school districts accountable for teaching standards-based curricula. It is with the latter definition in mind that the authors created a standards-based, integrated technology and mathematics lesson using the design and construction of stair systems.

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National Strategy And Implementation Plan For Invasive Species Management, U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service Jan 2004

National Strategy And Implementation Plan For Invasive Species Management, U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The Chief of the U.S.Department of Agriculture Forest Service has identified invasive species as one of the four critical threats to our Nation’s ecosystems. In response to this national threat,we have evaluated the role of the Forest Service as a leading forest research, forest health, and Federal resource management agency.We are aware of our significant role in addressing invasive species threats at the local, State, and national levels, as well as internationally.We have found the best opportunity for success comes from working strategically, using all our scientific, management, and partnership resources in unison. This document is not designed to serve …

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Habitat Conservation Plan For The Cedar City Golf Course And The Paiute Tribal Lands, Cedar City Corporation, Paiute Tribe Of Utah Jan 2004

Habitat Conservation Plan For The Cedar City Golf Course And The Paiute Tribal Lands, Cedar City Corporation, Paiute Tribe Of Utah

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

No abstract provided.

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Multi-Scale Analysis Of Seed Dispersal Contributes Tothe Resolution Of Reid’S Paradox, James A. Powell, N. E. Zimmermann Jan 2004

Multi-Scale Analysis Of Seed Dispersal Contributes Tothe Resolution Of Reid’S Paradox, James A. Powell, N. E. Zimmermann

James A. Powell

‘‘Reid’s paradox’’ is the mismatch between theoretical estimates of invasion rates for plants and ‘‘observed’’ rates of plant migration, particularly in the Holocene postglacial migration northwards. While Reid couched his paradox in terms of the migration of oaks in Great Britain, observers have documented the same problem in a wide variety of species. In almost all cases, these authors suggest that occasional, long-distance events, probably mitigated by active dispersal factors (ants, birds, rodents) are responsible. Clark and co-workers have shown that order statistics can bridge the gap between theory and predictions, essentially using ‘‘fat-tailed’’ dispersal kernels raised to high powers …

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Low Temperature Silicon Epitaxy On Hydrogen Terminated Si(100) Surfaces, J. -Y. Ji, T. -C. Shen Jan 2004

Low Temperature Silicon Epitaxy On Hydrogen Terminated Si(100) Surfaces, J. -Y. Ji, T. -C. Shen

T. -C. Shen

Si deposition on H terminated Si(001)-2×1 surfaces at temperatures 300–530K is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Hydrogen apparently hinders Si adatom diffusion and enhances surface roughening. The post-growth annealing effect is analyzed. Hydrogen is shown to remain on the growth front up to at least 10ML. Si deposition onto the H/Si(001)-3×1 surface at 530K suggests that dihydride units further suppress Si adatom diffusion and increase surface roughness.

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Global Dayside Ionospheric Uplift And Enhancements Due To Interplanetary Shock Electric Fields, B. R. Tsurutani, A. Mannucci, B. Ijima, A. Saito, K. Yumoto, M. A. Abdu, J. H.A. Sobral, W. D. Gonzalez, F. L. Guarnieri, T. Tsuda, Bela G. Fejer, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J. U.O. Kozyra, J. C. Foster, A. Coster, V. M. Vasyliumas Jan 2004

Global Dayside Ionospheric Uplift And Enhancements Due To Interplanetary Shock Electric Fields, B. R. Tsurutani, A. Mannucci, B. Ijima, A. Saito, K. Yumoto, M. A. Abdu, J. H.A. Sobral, W. D. Gonzalez, F. L. Guarnieri, T. Tsuda, Bela G. Fejer, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J. U.O. Kozyra, J. C. Foster, A. Coster, V. M. Vasyliumas

Bela G. Fejer

[1] The interplanetary shock/electric field event of 5–6 November 2001 is analyzed using ACE interplanetary data. The consequential ionospheric effects are studied using GPS receiver data from the CHAMP and SAC-C satellites and altimeter data from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. Data from ∼100 ground-based GPS receivers as well as Brazilian Digisonde and Pacific sector magnetometer data are also used. The dawn-to-dusk interplanetary electric field was initially ∼33 mV/m just after the forward shock (IMF BZ = −48 nT) and later reached a peak value of ∼54 mV/m 1 hour and 40 min later (BZ = −78 nT). The electric field was …

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Magnetospheric Electric Fields And Plasma Sheet Injections To Low-Lshells During The June 4-5, 1991 Magnetic Storm: Comparison Between The Rice Convectionmodel And Observations, T. W. Garner, R. A. Wolf, R. W. Spiro, W. J. Burke, Bela G. Fejer, S. Sazykin, J. L. Roeder, M. R. Hairston Jan 2004

Magnetospheric Electric Fields And Plasma Sheet Injections To Low-Lshells During The June 4-5, 1991 Magnetic Storm: Comparison Between The Rice Convectionmodel And Observations, T. W. Garner, R. A. Wolf, R. W. Spiro, W. J. Burke, Bela G. Fejer, S. Sazykin, J. L. Roeder, M. R. Hairston

Bela G. Fejer

[1] The major magnetic storm of 4–5 June 1991 was well observed with the Combined Release and Radiation Experiment (CRRES) satellite in the duskside inner magnetosphere and with three Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft in the polar ionosphere. These observations are compared to results from the Rice Convection Model (RCM), which calculates the inner magnetospheric electric field and particle distribution self-consistently. This case study, which uses the most complete RCM runs to date, demonstrates two significant features of magnetospheric storms, the development of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) and plasma-sheet particle injection deep into the inner magnetosphere. In particular, the …

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Selected Hydrologic Data For Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah, Aaron Norton, David D. Susong Jan 2004

Selected Hydrologic Data For Sand Cove Wash, Washington County, Utah, Aaron Norton, David D. Susong

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Southwestern Utah is one of the most arid and fastest growing regions of Utah. Development of new and existing water resources will be required to meet the water needs of the region. Sand Cove Wash, a tributary of the Santa Clara River that flows into Gunlock Reservoir, was investigated as a potential site for diverting peak runoff from the Santa Clara River in order to delay its arrival at the reservoir or to artificially recharge alluvial sediment or the underlying Navajo aquifer. Hydrologic data collected in this study are described and listed in this report. Six boreholes were drilled in …

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Low Latitude Ionospheric Disturbance Electric Field Effects Duringthe Recovery Phase Of The October 19-21, 1998 Magnetic Storm, Bela G. Fejer, J. T. Emmert Dec 2003

Low Latitude Ionospheric Disturbance Electric Field Effects Duringthe Recovery Phase Of The October 19-21, 1998 Magnetic Storm, Bela G. Fejer, J. T. Emmert

Bela G. Fejer

[1] Low-latitude ionospheric electric fields and currents are often strongly disturbed during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity. These perturbations can last for several hours after geomagnetic quieting. We use incoherent scatter radar measurements from Jicamarca and Arecibo during 19–21 October 1998 to study, for the first time, the low-latitude disturbance electric fields during the recovery phase of a large magnetic storm. On 19 October the Jicamarca data showed initially large and short-lived (time scale of about 10–20 min) upward and westward drift perturbations in the early afternoon sector, due to the penetration of strong magnetospheric electric fields probably driven by …

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Measurement Of Conductivity And Charge Storage In Insulators Related To Spacecraft Charging, A. R. Frederickson, John R. Dennison Dec 2003

Measurement Of Conductivity And Charge Storage In Insulators Related To Spacecraft Charging, A. R. Frederickson, John R. Dennison

All Physics Faculty Publications

Improved experimental methods are discussed for laboratory measurement of conductivity and electric field in insulating spacecraft material intended for space radiation and plasma environments. These measurement techniques investigate the following features: 1) measurements of conductivity are up to four orders of magnitude smaller than those determined by existing standard methods. 2) Conductivity is altered as radiation accumulates and trapping states fill with electrons. 3) With intense kiloelectronvolt electron irradiation, electrons are continually emitted for hours from the irradiated surface after the irradiation ceases. 4) Charging induced by electron irradiation is strongly modified by the electron-hole pairs that the irradiation generates …

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Measurement Of Conductivity And Charge Storage In Insulators Related To Spacecraft Charging, A Robb Frederickson, Jr Dennison Dec 2003

Measurement Of Conductivity And Charge Storage In Insulators Related To Spacecraft Charging, A Robb Frederickson, Jr Dennison

Journal Articles

Improved experimental methods are discussed for laboratory measurement of conductivity and electric field in insulating spacecraft material intended for space radiation and plasma environments. These measurement techniques investigate the following features: 1) Measurements of conductivity are up to four orders of magnitude smaller than those determined by existing standard methods. 2) Conductivity is altered as radiation accumulates and trapping states fill with electrons. 3) With intense keV electron irradiation, electrons are continually emitted for hours from the irradiated surface after the irradiation ceases. 4) Charging induced by electron irradiation is strongly modified by the electron-hole pairs that the irradiation generates …

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Equatorial Counterelectrojetsduring Substorms, T. Kikuchi, K. Hashimoto, T. I. Kitamura, H. Tachihara, Bela G. Fejer Nov 2003

Equatorial Counterelectrojetsduring Substorms, T. Kikuchi, K. Hashimoto, T. I. Kitamura, H. Tachihara, Bela G. Fejer

Bela G. Fejer

[1] Equatorial counterelectrojet (CEJ) events are analyzed in association with changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), polar cap potential (PCP), and electric field measured in the equatorial ionosphere. In one event on 16 July 1995, the equatorial CEJ was observed at the afternoon dip equator during the recovery phase of the substorm when the IMF turned northward. Rapid decreases in the PCP and in the auroral electrojet occurred simultaneously with the equatorial CEJ, suggesting instantaneous equatorward penetration of the rapid decrease in the electric field associated with the region 1 field-aligned currents (R1 FACs) under the condition of a …

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