Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Postfolding Remagnetization That Passes The Fold Test, Russ R. Burmester, Myrl E. Beck Jr., D. R. Bazard

Geology Faculty Publications

The palaeomagnetism of folded Cretaceous redbeds in the Methow-Pasayten belt of Washington was studied in an attempt to resolve the tilt versus translation origin of shallow inclinations found in most Cretaceous plutonic rocks of the Pacific Northwest. After elimination of results from apparently strained, overturned beds, correction to palaeohorizontal of the high-temperature, dominant components produced two distinct directions, one from each of two areas. Treated separately, the magnetizations from these two areas appear to pass the fold test. Both directions are anomalously shallow which is typical of the region, but the discrepancy between them casts doubt that both could have …

Hydrostratigraphy And Groundwater Flow In The Sumas Area, Whatcom County, Washington, Sue Culton Kahle

WWU Graduate School Collection

Three types of groundwater systems occur within glacial sediments in a 10 mi² (25 km²) area near Sumas, Washington: an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer, a confined sand and gravel aquifer, and a generally unproductive clay aquitard. Water levels in the area were mapped from measurements of wells and points along stream courses in October 1988 and March 1989. The water-level configurations for the two aquifers roughly parallel surface topography. Water level maps were used to estimate direction of groundwater flow, which is generally to the southeast in the unconfined aquifer and to the northeast in the …

Phellinus Weirii Root Rot Of Douglas Fir In The Sehome Hill Arboretum: Distribution, Impact And Management Options, William G. (William Gary) Cantrell

WWU Graduate School Collection

This study examines the cause, distribution and impact of a forest pathogen within the 71 forested hectares of the Sehome Hill Arboretum in urban Bellingham, Washington. The causal agent was determined by the identification of cultures from decaying wood in douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) to be the root rotting basidiomycete Phellinus weirii (Muir.) Gilb. A ground survey of aboveground symptoms was used to detect 31 infection centers covering 6.64 hectares (9.2% of the Arboretum) of symptomatic trees. Infra-red aerial photography was used to determine canopy cover for deciduous and evergreen species. A forest canopy survey was …

Danian (Paleocene) Molluscan Paleoecology In The Aftermath Of The Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinctions, East-Central Texas, Benjamin R. Farrell

WWU Graduate School Collection

Danian shelf sediments from the Brazos River region of east-central Texas span approximately the first two million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinctions with only minor changes in lithofacies. Study of these virtually continuous stratigraphic sections reveals the nature and timing of the molluscan faunal rebound in the wake of the K- T extinction event. Diverse Late Maastrichtian molluscan faunas were dominated by epifaunal suspension-feeders, primarily oysters. Immediately above the K-T extinction horizon, low-diversity molluscan assemblages were characterized by a bloom in the abundance of the pelagic herbivore family Litiopidae, which were rapidly replaced by a low diversity assemblage dominated …

Relative Rise In Sea-Level During The Late Holocene At Six Salt Marshes In The Puget Basin, Washington, Harriet (Harriet Guthrie) Beale

WWU Graduate School Collection

Relative sea-level changes during the past several thousand years were determined at six marshes in three areas of the Puget Basin, Washington, to identify sites of vertical crustal movement, to provide data on regional relative sea-level history, and to collect data that may be used to monitor a proposed acceleration in the rate of eustatic sea-level rise due to global warming. Six salt marshes were cored to obtain radiocarbon ages of basal fossil peat deposits. Uncertainty in relating fossil marsh plants to elevations of former sea-levels reflects both the vertical range in which the plants occur today at the six …

Petrology And Structure Of The Lookout Mountain - Little Devil Peak Area, North Cascades, Washington, Jeffrey A. Cary

WWU Graduate School Collection

The focus of this study is on the protolith types, metamorphism and deformation of the Cascade River Schist and related rocks in the Lookout Mountain - Little Devil Peak area of the North Cascades, Washington.

Two distinctive protolith assemblages are recognized in the Cascade River Schist, a volcanic arc assemblage in the Lookout Mountain area and an oceanic/forearc assemblage in the Little Devil Peak area. The volcanic arc sequence consists from the bottom up of andesitic to rhyolitic tuffs and flows, coarse-grained volcaniclastics and fine grained pelites. The lower tuff/flow unit grades downward into and is transitional with the underlying …

A New Determination Of Pacific-Kula Relative Motions, Harold J. (Harold John) Cashman

WWU Graduate School Collection

A new method is presented and used to determine estimates of instantaneous relative motion vectors for the Pacific plate relative to the Farallon and Kula plates between magnetic chrons 34 and 24 (84 to 56 Ma). A weighted chi-square minimization technique was employed that has as input sequential magnetic anomaly picks taken from original ship-track profiles, and fracture-zone azimuths estimated from bathymetric control and offsets in magnetic lineations. Assignment of errors to the input data allows the use of critical chi-square limits to obtain confidence intervals on pole locations and their angular rates. Eleven distinctive magnetic anomalies chosen as control …

Tidal-Flushing Characteristics Of The Proposed Lummi Bay Marina, Whatcom County, Washington, William Morse Watts

WWU Graduate School Collection

Tidal-flushing of the proposed Lummi Bay Marina was studied using a physical model. The model was distinct from those of other regional marinas in that it included a berm around the edges, depth contours,sloping walls, and simulated mixed-semidiurnal tides. Spectrophotometric measurements of absorbance of dye in water resulted in the calculation of exchange-coefficients and flushing efficiency. Exchange coefficients in the physical model increased with increasing tidal range, suggesting a tendency for decreased water quality during smaller tides. Exchange was best in spring-tide simulations, but water tended to stagnate during the smaller ebb and flood cycles in both spring and neap …

The 48-Year Sediment Budget (1942-1989) For Deer Creek Basin, Washington, Jerry (Jerry Arthur) Eide

WWU Graduate School Collection

A sediment budget for the Deer Creek basin (137 km²), northwest Washington, spans both pre- and post-management periods, and documents a significant increase in sediment production between 1942 and 1989. Sediment production was divided into four primary components: landslides, streambank erosion, hillslope erosion, and road-related erosion. Using field sampling of the four components, the amount of field time necessary to quantitatively describe the relative importance of the budget components is minimized. Five incremental sets of aerial photographs were used to construct a management history for the basin, to document time of initiation of landslides, and to document changes …

The Similkameen Batholith Of North-Central Washington And South-Central British Columbia: The Petrotectonic Significance Of An Alkaline/Calc-Alkaline Magmatic Complex, Andrew M. (Andrew Mcnair) Buddington

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Similkameen batholith is a 170 Ma plutonic complex that contains coeval mafic alkaline and granitic calc-alkaline assemblages. The marginal mafic alkaline suite is silica-undersaturated, characteristically potassic in composition and comprised of malignite, shonkinite, and mafic syenites (+/- nepheline) with biotite and amphibole-bearing pyroxenite cumulates. The granitic plutons of the core are calc-alkaline, I-type, ranging from monzonite to granodiorite to granite in composition.

Structural and petrofabric studies indicate that the mafic alkaline suite was intuded and deformed by the calc-alkaline granitoids. Magmatic fabrics within the mafic rocks are concentric to the lithologic zonations and have been overprinted by sub-magmatic flow …

Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphy And Tectonic Evolution Of The Northern Ohara Depression-Wakarara Range, North Island, New Zealand, Craig Fraser Erdman

WWU Graduate School Collection

Development of the Ohara Depression and uplift of the Ruahine and Wakarara Ranges followed an increase of the convergence rate between the Pacific and Australian plates. The Ohara Depression is a trough of Plio-Pleistocene sediments that crops out between the Ruahine and Wakarara Ranges. Two episodes of uplift during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene are recorded in the geologic record. Initial uplift occurred in the late Pliocene followed by subsidence through the early Pleistocene. The greatest uplift occurred during the mid-Pleistocene, and is recorded by deposition of a 200-250 m-thick conglomerate unit. Although compressional structures are present within and to …

The Planet, 1989, Fall, Sara Olason, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

Definitizable Extensions Of Positive Symmetric Operators In A Krein Space, Branko Ćurgus

Mathematics Faculty Publications

The Friedrichs extension and the Krein extension of a positive operator in a Krein space are characterized in terms of their spectral functions in a Krein space.

The Planet, 1989, Spring, Volume 10, Issue 03, Aaron Coffin, Sara Olason, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

A Semiotic Theory Of Language – Book Review, James Hearne

Computer Science Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

The Planet, 1989, Winter, Volume 10, Issue 02, Aaron Coffin, Huxley College Of The Environment, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

The Stratigraphy And Geochemistry Of The Crescent Formation Basalts And The Bedrock Geology Of Associated Igneous Rocks Near Bremerton, Washington, Kenneth P. Clark

WWU Graduate School Collection

A stratigraphic section developed for the Bremerton rocks in the Kitsap Peninsula suggests formation by rifting in a marine environment. Basal gabbro, dated by 40Ar/39Ar at 49.8 Ma plus or minus 0.8 Ma, and associated mafic to felsic plutonics, appear to be the source of a mafic dike complex that composes 100% of the stratigraphic level above the plutonics. These dikes are the apparent feeders to overlying submarine and subaerial volcanics. The previously unrecognized submarine sequence consists of interbedded basaltic breccia, tuffs, basalt flows, and basaltic sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. Approximately 1 km of columnar basalt flows cap the sequence. …

Timing And Conditions Of Deformation And Metamorphism Of The Structural Packages East Of Harrison Lake, B.C., Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dale) Bennett

WWU Graduate School Collection

Metamorphosed oceanic and arc-related lithologies of the Slollicum, Cogburn and Settler packages crop out to the east of Harrison Lake, B.C., within the southern Coast Plutonic Complex and represent the northern extension of the Cascade orogenic belt. The Cretaceous Spuzzum plutons intruded the packages in late syn- to post-metamorphic time, and several early Tertiary stocks intruded all units after deformation.

The Slollicum package is dominated by graphitic to politic phyllite, and felsic to mafic arc volcanics intercalated with marble, conglomerate and quartzite. The sediments dominate western exposures, and eastern exposures are mainly volcanics. U-Pb analysis of zircon in a volcanic …

A Study Of Fluid Inclusions And Geochemical Mechanisms For Gold Deposition, Cannon Mine, Wenatchee, Washington, Michael P. (Michael Peter) Klisch

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Carmen Mine is located 1 km south of the city of Wenatchee, Washington. The mine is hosted by lower to middle Eocene fluvial arkoses of unknown correlation. An unaltered rhyodacite dome, dated at 43.2 ± 8 Ma, bordered by perlite, intrudes the sediments and is separated from the orebody by a zone of sheared and faulted sediments. The western border of the orebody is a brecciated and weakly altered and mineralized andesite of probable early Eocene age. The structural geology of the mine area is quite complex and related to the formation of the Chiwaukum graben during the middle …

The Mechanisms Of Landslide Initiation And Flood Generation In The Boulder Creek Basin, Whatcom County, Washington, Monica E. Gowan

WWU Graduate School Collection

Over the past fifty years, the frequency of landsliding and flooding in the Boulder Creek basin, Whatcom County, Washington, has increased. This trend is examined through analysis of the landslides and their mechanisms of initiation, the conditions for generation of runoff during eight debris-laden floods, and long-term precipitation and land-use patterns. Thirteen active landslides are identified along the main channel of Boulder Creek, located within the shear zone of a late Eocene high-angle fault. Landslides are classified as debris slides and slump-earthflows. Average landslide volume is 8,700 cubic meters. The largest slide observed is 36,700 cubic meters. Slope angles range …

Petrology And Structure Of The Cascade River Schist, In The Sibley Creek Area, Northern Cascades, Washington, Joe D. Dragovich

WWU Graduate School Collection

The focus of this study is on the protolith types, metamorphism and structure of the Cascade River Schist in the Sibley Creek area of the North Cascades, Washington. The two general lithologic packages are an arc and ocean floor unit termed the Cascade River and Napeequa units, respectively, by Tabor and others (in press). The Cascade River unit has a recognizable stratigraphy which is inverted and repeated across strike from the southwestern to northeastern sides of the field area, apparently as a result of macroscopic synclinal folding. The Napeequa unit lies on top of the Cascade River unit, in the …

Sedimentary Petrology, Depositional Environment And Paleogeographic Significance Of The Upper Eocene Hoko River Formation, Northern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Jennifer H. (Jennifer Helen) De Chant

WWU Graduate School Collection

The upper Eocene Hoko River Formation is the oldest formation of the Twin River Group. Exposures dipping to the northeast and north run across the northern Olympic Peninsula. The Hoko River Formation is composed of siltstone, turbidites, channel conglomerates and debris flows. The sandstones are lithic-arenites and -graywackes and are composed of fine to very coarse, moderately well sorted to poorly sorted sand. The dominant cement is calcite with minor polycrystalline quartz and zeolite cements. The average composition of the sandstones is quartz (Q) = 29%+14, feldspar (F) = 15%+9, and lithics (L) = 55%+12. Comparison of these data to …

The Planet, 1988, Volume 09, Issue 02, Aaron Coffin, Associated Students Environmental Center, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

Herbivore Grazing Increases Polyphenolic Defenses In The Intertidal Brown Alga Fucus Distichus, Kathryn L. Van Alstyne Dr.

Shannon Point Marine Center Faculty Publications

Although predator-induced defenses have been reported for several species of terrestrial vascular plants, they have not been previously described in aquatic or nonvascular plants. In this study, field manipulations were used to demonstrate the presence of inducible chemical defense production in the intertidal brown alga Fucus distich us. When experimentally damaged, Fucus increased its concentrations of polyphenolic compounds by ≈20% over uninjured control plants within 2 wk. These increases occurred in the area where the plant was injured and within adjacent undamaged branches. The increase in concentrations of polyphenolic compounds in clipped plants in these experiments corresponded well with differences …

The Planet, 1988, Volume 09, Issue 01, Heather Koon, Associated Students Environmental Center, Western Washington University

The Planet

No abstract provided.

Mid-Tertiary Volcanic Rocks Of The Timberwolf Mountain Area, South-Central Cascades, Washington, Julianna M. (Julianna Maureen) Shultz

WWU Graduate School Collection

Over 3000 m of mid-Tertiary Cascade arc volcanics are exposed in the Timberwolf Mountain area of Washington's central Cascade Range. Arc rocks of the Ohanapecosh, Stevens Ridge, and Fifes Peak Formations overlie the Jura-Cretaceous Rimrock Lake inlier and sparse late Eocene(?) sedimentary rocks. Geochemical analyses of meta-basalts from the Russell Ranch and Indian Creek complexes that comprise the inlier indicate an island-arc or immature continental volcanic-arc tectonic environment for the inlier.

The early to mid Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation is comprised of two facies within the study area. Distal, water-lain andesitic to dacitic lapilli-tuffs of the Wildcat Creek facies unconformably overlie …

The Effects Of Urbanization On The Water Balance Of The Fishtrap Creek Basin, Northwest Washington And South Central British Columbia, Charles S. (Charles Steven) Lindsay

WWU Graduate School Collection

The Fishtrap Creek basin is located in northwest Washington State and south central British Columbia. Land use in the basin is predominantly agricultural. Moderate urbanization in the past thirty-five years has increased impervious surface area in the basin from 1.8 to 8.0 percent. Monthly water balances were derived in order to quantify the effect of changing land use on the discharge of Fishtrap Creek. Stream discharges calculated from these water balances, constructed for 1952 through 1953 and 1987 through 1988, compare well with measured monthly and annual stream discharges. The favorable comparison indicates that the water- balance variables are in …

The Depositional Environment, Petrography, And Tectonic Implications Of Informally Named Middle To Late Eocene Marine Strata, Western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Benjamin Nickolas Adams

WWU Graduate School Collection

The informally named marine strata examined in this study comprise fault bounded slivers of middle to late Eocene (Ulatizian to Narizian) siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate exposed on the northwestern Olympic Peninsula. The strata are divided into three lithofacies: the sandstone of Bahobohosh, the siltstone of Waatch Point and the siltstone and sandstone of Bear Creek by Snavley et al. (1986). Six facies have been identified consisting of strata deposited by high- and low-density turbidites, storm waves, slumping, tidal or littoral currents, and debris flows. Relationships among the facies indicate shallow marine deposition that shoaled from below to above storm wave-base …

The Deforest Creek Landslide And Sediment Transport In Deer Creek, Skagit County, Washington, John N. (John Nevin) Thompson

WWU Graduate School Collection

Unit stream power, stream power per unit channel length, and total boundary shear stress were used to assess probable zones of river-sediment transport and storage following a large landslide into the Deer Creek basin, Skagit County, Washington. Since an initial deep-seated failure in glacial deposits in 1983 and a larger failure in 1984, the DeForest Creek landslide has introduced fine (±75% finer than coarse sand) sediment into the main channel of Deer Creek. The influx of sediment has caused infilling of void space in channel gravel by sand and silt, increased bank erosion, and increased slump activity adjacent to the …

Changes In Grain-Size Distribution In A Gravel-Bed Stream Due To A Point-Source Influx Of Fine Sediment, John A. (John Andrew) Maloy

WWU Graduate School Collection

The bedload of a gravel-bed stream was sampled from two reaches, one upstream and one downstream of a large (1.0x10⁶ m³ of material removed) landslide, in order to assess the change in particle-size distribution caused by the influx of the finer-grained landslide material. For sampling purposes, the bedload was initially stratified on the basis of apparent grain size variability into 11 strata, or channel map units. Surface and subsurface materials were sampled independently. Subsurface sample sites were selected using stratified random sampling, with 30 sites upstream and 36 downstream of the landslide. Sampling techniques were modified from Church …