Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Post-Glacial Terraces Of The Marmara Sea And Water Exchange Periods, Vedat Ediger, Emin Demi̇rbağ, Semih Ergi̇ntav, Sedat İnan, Ruhi Saatcılar

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Semi-enclosed Marmara Sea is a passage between the Aegean Sea (Northeastern Mediterranean Sea) and the Black Sea. The Marmara Sea is connected to the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea through the İstanbul Strait (Bosphorus) and Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles), respectively. Despite the fact that the late Pleistocene-Holocene connections between the seas have been explored by many scientists, there are still uncertainties about the nature and timing of the connections. Within the scope of this study, a new approach has been displayed for post-glacial connections between the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, and the Aegean Sea. This study is based on 80 …

Geology And Critical Review Of The Upper Cretaceous Zagros Chalky Limestone (Kometan Formation) From Sulaimani Governorate, Northeastern Iraq, Kamal Haji Karim Kari̇m, Sherzad Tofeeq Al-Barzinjy, Polla Azad Khanaqa

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The chalky limestone (Kometan Formation) is aged Late Turonian–Middle Campanian and cropping out in the High, Imbricate and Thrust Zones of northeastern Iraq, Sulaimani area. It laterally changes to Bekhme and Mushurah formations toward northwest and west Iraq respectively and its reefal equivalents occurs too in subsurface of Central Iraq in the oil fields. Stratigraphically, it is located between Shiranish Formation (Middle-Late Campanian), at the top, and Gulneri Formation (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian) at its base. It has the thickness of about 40-120 meter and deposited in pelagic realm. All previous studies have defined it as well bedded and fine grain …

Neotectonic And Morphotectonic Characteristics Of The Elmali Basin And Near Vicinities, Şule Gürboğa, Özgür Aktürk

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Elmalı Basin, which consists of the Elmalı county and some villages, approximately 120 km far from Antalya city, is one of the recent depositional areas in the extensional neotectonic region of southwestern Turkey. The basin provides signifi cant data for the understanding of the geological evolution to record from the basement to recent depositional units. For this reason, these kinds of structures are used to determine the deformations phases for the evolutionary history of basin formation. In the content of the study, following applications have been investigated: (a) mapping of the area and structures in 1/25.000 scale, (b) information about …

Separation Of Geochemical Anomalies Using Inverse Distant Weighting (Idw) And Concentration-Area (C-A) Fractal Modeling Based On Stream Sediments Data In Janja Region, Se Iran, Marzieh Hosseininasab, Ali Akbar Daya

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In this study, the Inverse Distant Weighting (IDW) and the Concentration –area (C-A) fractal methods were used for identifi cations of geochemical anomalies in Janja region, SE Iran. Eight elements (Au, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, As, Mo, and Pb) from 300 stream sediment samples were used. The studied area was gridded by 250 m×250 m cells. Estimation of unsampled locations were carried out by inverse distant squared weighting (IDWS) method. Geochemical maps were generated. Log- log plots of cumulative frequency of elemental concentrations versus related areas were constructed. Threshold values were obtained by fi nding break points in the log-log …

Mineralogical Findings From Manganese Deposits In The Artova Ophiolite Complex, Derbent-Eymir Area, Yozgat, Turkey, Nursel Oksuz

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The Artova Ophiolitic Complex (AOC), which formed in association with Alpine Ophiolites, is exposed in the NE part of central Anatolia, in the interior of the central Black Sea region and within the borders of Çorum and Yozgat. The Derbent-Eymir manganese- oxide deposit under investigation occurs within this ophiolitic complex. The mineral association in Derbent ore is composed chiefly of pyrolusite, manganite and lesser amounts of ramsdellite, magnetite and goethite. Calcite is the main gangue mineral. The mineral association in Eymir ore is represented by pyrolusite, braunite, neltnerite, jacobsite, psilomelane and trace amount of limonite accompanied by some gangue minerals …

Characterization And Dewatering Of Borax Clayey Tailings By Mono- And Dual-Flocculants Systems, Nuray Karapinar

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

This study includes dewatering of Kırka Borax Concentrator tailings by fl occulation with mono- and dual-fl occulants systems. Four polyacrylamide (PAM)-typed anionic and a poly diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride (PolyDADMAC)-typed cationic polymers were used as fl occulants in monoand dual-fl occulants systems to fl occulate tailings. Tailings slurry sample used in the experiments were taken from the discharge point of Kırka Borax Concentrator. Prior to the fl occulation tests, physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis were carried out to characterize the tailings slurry. Results reveal that while tailings solid consists mainly of dolomite and montmorillonite with some unrecoverable boron mineral fi nes and …

The Neotectonics Of Ne Gaziantep: The Bozova And Halfeti Strike-Slip Faults And Their Relationships With Blind Thrusts, Turkey, Nuray Şahbaz, Gürol Seyi̇toğlu

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In the northeast of Gaziantep, east-west trending thrusts, northeast-southwest trending left lateral strike-slip faults and northwest-southeast right lateral strike-slip faults are located. They are typical features of the neotectonics of southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Detailed mapping of these structures and structural data obtained from fi eld studies indicate that east-west trending thrust faults and related fault propagation folds is post-Pliocene. The strike-slip faults that cut these structures should be younger than the thrust fault. On the other hand, the recent seismic activity in the southeast Anatolia (2011.10.23 – M=7.3 Van; 2012.06.14 – ML=5.5 Şırnak-Silopi earthquakes) shows that north-south compression is taken …

Determination Of Predominant Site Period Of Loose Terestrial Units (Caliche) By Microtremor Measurements, Kivanç Zorlu

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The caliche profi les that have been observed in arid-semi arid climate regions can be described as terrestrial formations which are vertical succession and composed predominantly of calcium carbonate. At the top of the caliche profi le, there is hard pan leyer as a weak rock and soft pan layer characterized by loose soil is existed. Caliche is formed by the displacement and/or cementation of soil, rock, and weathered material, and is usually found in unsaturated zones. In the study area, consist of caliche units located in Adana. It is noteworthy that the caliches of Quaternary is widely crop out …

The Naşa Intrusion (Western Anatolia) And Its Tectonic Implication: A Joint Analyses Of Gravity And Earthquake Catalog Data, Ertan Toker, Emi̇n U. Ulugergerli̇, Ali̇ R. Kiliç

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The gravity data gathered in and around the Simav Graben in Western Anatolia were reprocessed and reinterpreted by using the standard deviation fi lter and the Euler deconvolution. The joint evaluation of results from the interpretation of gravity data and seismological studies indicates the presence of new intrusive structures in the vicinity of Simav. The intrusion is located in the eastern margin of the graben and has a thickness of 12-15 km at 2.5-3 km depth below the surface. Numerous earthquakes recorded in the eastern part of the graben are associated with this intrusion. Besides, the multidimensional modelling study of …

Palynology Of The Kılçak Formation (Early Miocene) From Central Anatolia: Implications For Palaeoclimate And Palaeoenvironment, Nurdan Yavuz, Şükrü Sinan Demi̇rer

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The palynological analysis of the early Miocene successions of the Kılçak formation (Central Anatoia, Turkey) was carried out in order to reconstruct the palaeovegetation. The pollen spectra indicate a fl ora dominated by Pinus, co-dominance of Cupressaceae in one of the investigated successions, and lower percentages of trees such as Taxodioideae within Cupressaceae, Quercus deciduous type, Carya, Carpinus, Ulmus, Engelhardioideae, Salix, Alnus and Juglans. Herbs are represented by minor amounts of Poaceae, Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae. This flora indicates the presence of a Taxodium topogenous mire with a nearby riparian vegetation and broadleaved deciduous mixed forests developed in the surrounding distant …

Holocene Activity Of The Orhaneli Fault Based On Palaoseismological Data, Bursa, Nw Anatolia, Volkan Özaksoy, Hasan Elmacı, Selim Özalp, Meryem Kara, Tamer Yiğit Duman

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Orhaneli Fault is 30 km long, right-lateral strike-slip fault with dominant reverse component located in the Biga Peninsula. This fault controls the southern margin of the Quaternary Orhaneli Basin. Additionally, it cuts the metamorphic rocks of the Tavşanlı Zone, Cretaceous ophiolitic units and Neogene/Quaternary sediments, and can be easily recognized on aerial photographs and in the fi eld due to linearity and fault scarps. Elongated ridges, offset valleys and fault saddles observed along the fault are important geomorphological features indicating fault activity. This study presents the results of the fi rst palaeoseismological study on the Orhaneli Fault. Two trenches were …

Petrographic And Palynological Investigations Of Sinanpaşa (Afyon) Miocene Coals, Elif Akiska

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In this study, petrographical and palynological analyses of coal samples from two regions (the Kırka region in the south, and the Karacaören region in the north) of the Sinanpaşa (Afyon) Neogene basin were performed. The coal-bearing Neogene sediments indicate the occurrence of fi ve facies: paleosol, matrix-supported conglomerate, coal-bearing mudstone, sandstone-claystone and laminated mudstones. Coal layers are mainly within coal-bearing mudstone facies. In addition, there are various types of coalifi ed materials in matrix-supported conglomerate and sandstone-claystone facies. Based on coal petrography, an interpretation of the coal-forming environment was made. The investigated coals mainly contain a huminite maceral group. From …

Use Of Moran’S I And Robust Statistics To Separate Geochemical Anomalies In Jiurui Area (Southeast China), Thanh Nguyen Ti̇en

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Separation of geochemical anomalies from background plays an important role in the study of exploration geochemistry. The limitations of commonly used methods are not taken into account spatial correlation, variability and the unsatisfactory of the statistical assumption of the normality of geochemical data. For solving these limitations, an indirect method for the separation of geochemical anomalies is proposed based on anomaly separation of local Moran’s Ii values using robust statistics in this study. The experiment was carried out using 1481 samples collected from Jiurui copper prospect (southeast China). The steps for the anomaly separation are (i) spatial association and variability …

Assessment Of Souil Liquefaction Using The Energy Approach, Kamil Kayabali, Pınar Yilmaz, Mustafa Fener, Ozgür Aktürk, Farhad Habi̇bzadeh

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Damage to structures during earthquakes may be fully or partly caused by soil liquefaction, which has been the subject of extensive research for several decades. Liquefaction susceptibility of a sandy deposit is performed by comparing the resistance of a soil to liquefaction (i.e., capacity) to the load imparted by an earthquake (i.e., demand). In this regard, the stress-based method of liquefaction assessment is by far the most popular. It involves uncertainties mostly related to the computation of the maximum horizontal ground acceleration (a_max) at bedrock. A site response analysis or a simplifi ed assumption is necessary to determine …

The Effect Of Submarine Thermal Springs Of Doğanbey Cape (Seferihisar - İzmir) On Foraminifer, Ostracod And Mollusc Assemblages, Engin Meri̇ç, İpek F. Barut, Atike Nazi̇k, Niyazi Avşar, M. Baki Yokeş, Mustafa Eryilmaz, Fulya Yücesoy- Eryilmaz, Erol Kam, Bora Sonuvar, Feyza Di̇nçer

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The aim of this study was to fi gure out the effects of the submarine hot water springs located on the coast of Doğanbey Cape (north of Kuşadası Bay) on various micro- and macrofaunal assemblages living around these springs. Young sediment samples were collected from different depths at 15 stations. The benthic foraminifer, ostracod and mollusc faunas were investigated. 35 genera and 61 species of benthic foraminifers, 16 genera and 20 species of ostracods and 14 genera and 15 species of molluscs were identifi ed. Typical Aeegan foraminifer fauna was found to be dominant. Besides, individuals with colored tests or …

Syn-Sedimentary Deformation Structures In The Early Miocene Lacustrine Deposits, The Basal Limestone Unit, Bigadiç Basin (Balıkesir, Turkey), Calibe Koç Taşgin, İbrahim Türkmen, Cansu Di̇ni̇z Akarca

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In the Western Anatolian region, NE-SW, E-W directional basins were developed which were limited to the extension-related faults beginning in the late Oligocene to early Miocene. The fi llings of these basins consist of fl uvial – lacustrine deposits containing volcanic and volcaniclastic intercalations. These deposits include intensive local unconformities and soft sediment deformation structures. The fi lling of the Bigadiç Neogene Basin which is one of these basins, constitute base limestone unit, lower tuff unit, lower borate unit, upper tuff unit and upper borate unit. The base limestone unit composed of claystone, marl, limestone, dolomitic limestone facies was deposited …

The Hydrogeological Investigation Of Plajköy Spring (Elazığ), Özlem Özteki̇n Okan, Atahan Güven, Bahattin Çeti̇ndağ

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Plajköy spring discharges at the close locations to the SE shore of Lake Hazar. Lake Hazar is a tectonic Lake in Elazığ city. Plajköy spring is a fault spring that is mainly recharging from the volcanites, dikes and blocky volcanosedimentary units of Middle Eocene Maden Complex. These units have gained secondary permeability and porosity related with the active tectonics that is effective in the studied area. The present catchment system of the spring could not collect the springs and leaks discharging from different points around the system. The discharge of the catchment is measured by specifi c volume method while …

Molluscan Bi̇ostrati̇graphy Of Early Mi̇ocene Deposi̇ts Of The Kale-Tavas And Acipayam Basi̇ns (Deni̇zli̇, Sw Turkey), Yesim Buyukmeri̇c

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In the present work, a stratigraphic framework of the early Miocene units of the Kale-Tavas and Acıpayam deposits is proposed.Two stratigraphic sections from the brackish-marine deposits of Aquitanian (Yenidere formation) and three sections from the shallow marine units of late Burdigalian (Kale formation) age have been logged. In total 26 mollusc species are identified similar to those of the areas in the Mediterranean province. The fauna indicates that the Mediterranean Tethys occupied the southwestern part of the Denizli region only during the early Miocene. A tectonic pulse in the basin during the early Miocene may have been very important to …

Molluscan Assemblage And Paleoecology Of Lower Miocene Sequences Of The Munzur Mountains (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey), Müjde Gürsoy

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The research subject is the Miocene aged units that located in the Munzur Mountains at the Ovacik district of Tunceli province. There is a continued sediment deposits from Paleozoic to Cenozoic at the Munzur Mountains. The neritic limestones of the Miocene Başpınar Formation outcropping in the Ovacık district are rich in fossil groups of gastropods and bivalves. In this study, 336 samples from the Başpınar Formation have been evaluated. Seven species of Gastropoda (Globularia carlei, Granulolabium plicatum, Granulolabium (Tiaracerithium) thiarella, Tympanotonus margaritaceus, Terebralia subcorrugata, Nassarius erunalae, Cerithium vulgatum,) and four species of Bivalvia (Cardita rusticana, Anadara aquitanica, Cubitostrea digitalina, Ostrea …

The Geological Evolution Of Sorgun (Yozgat)-Yildizeli̇ (Si̇vas) Foreland Basin, Petrographic, Geochemical Aspects And Geochronology Of Volcanism Affecting The Basin, Ali Ekber Akçay, Metin Beyazpi̇ri̇nç

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Sorgun-Yıldızeli basin is an east-west trending asymmetric marginal foreland (peripheral foreland basin) formed as a result of the consumption of oceanic crust of the northern branch of Neotethys due to the collision of Sakarya continent in the north and Kırşehir Block in the south. It provides much information about the geodynamic evolution of the region. The basement of the study area consists of Late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Akdağmadeni Massif. Akdağmadeni Massif was intruded by Cenomanian-Maastrichtian granitoids and is overlain tectonically by Late Cretaceous Artovaophiolitic melange within the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone and by Cenomanian-Maastrichtian Darmik Formation. The volcano-sedimentary sequence deposited in Sorgun-Yıldızeli foreland …

When Did The Plate Tectonics Begin? The Inception Of Plate Tectonics Based On The Existence Of Komatiites And Their Mgo Variations, Anıl Ardahanlioğlu, Efe Demi̇rci̇

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The geoscientists have always wondered what evolutionary processes the Early Earth went through until it reached today. The beginning of the plate tectonics poses another matter of debate in these processes. Yet, the debates on when the plate tectonics began have not been resolved. In this sense, especially the lack of records regarding the period of time before the Cambrian Era is considered the biggest obstacle against resolution of these debates. The geoscientists have befitted from various methods to come up with different proposals about the beginning of the plate tectonics. The most notable rock type among the ones produced …

Whole Rock Geochemistry And Tectonic Setting Of Jurassic Aged Lisar Granite, Talesh Mountains, North Iran, Mohssen Moazzen, Roghieh Bozorg Seghi̇nsara, Hossein Shei̇khi̇ Kari̇zaki̇, Mohsen Pourkermani̇, Afshin Ashja Ardalan

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The Late Jurassic aged Lisar granite in North Iran is in tectonic contact of the form of thrust and strike slip faults with Upper Cretaceous sandy limestone and is covered by Paleogene polygenetic conglomerate in the Talesh Mountain at the western continuation of the Alborz range. The rock samples of the granite are pink coloured and coarse-gained with K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, biotite and amphibole. The Lisar granite is more likely emplaced in an extensional environment indicated with numerous space filling silica-rich aplitic veins in the rocks. The granite samples are moderately altered and feldspars are changed to sericite and clay …

Application Of Tilt Angle Method To The Bouguer Gravity Data Of Western Anatolia, Fikret Doğru, Oya Pamukçu, İlkin Özsöz

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

In this study, tilt angle method was applied to Western Anatolia gravity data in order to estimate edges of the geological structures. Tilt angle was obtained in two different ways by using gravity and its vertical derivative. In potential field methods, tilt angle technique is expressed as the ratio of vertical derivative to horizontal derivatives of anomaly. In the tilt angle map, 0° contours defines structure edges, half of the distance between ±45° defines depth of upper structure. In the field work of the study, gravity data, which was measured in Western Anatolia, was used to obtain regional anomaly maps …

Determination Of Hydrologic Characteristics Of Si̇nop Demi̇rci̇köy Watershed And Production Of Monthly Saturation Degree Maps, Mustafa Can Canoğlu

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The aim of this study is to determine the hydrologic characteristics and to analyze the temporal saturation degree variations of Demirciköy Watershed which is located in Sinop City and subjected to rapidly increasing population. This study is important in terms of preventing the natural disasters such as flood, storm water, landslide and mitigation of damages within the frame of watershed planning concept. This study consists of field, office and laboratory stages. In context of field studies, representative soil samples are taken from study area. Within the scope of laboratory studies, soil hydrologic properties are characterized with the determination of soil …

A Comparative Analysis Of Index Overlay And Topsis (Based On Ahp Weight) For Iron Skarn Mineral Prospectivity Mapping, A Case Study In Sarvian Area, Markazi Province, Iran, Faranak Fei̇zi̇, Edris Mansouri̇, Ali Reza Jafari̇ Rad, Mehran Ari̇an

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The aim of this research is to compare index overlay and TOPSIS (based on AHP weight) for predictive Skarn potential map. In this paper, for Calcic Iron Skarn mineralization, criteria and subcriteria introduced and ranked for generating mineral prospectivity map. The values of final prospecting maps for Skarn deposit by index overlay and TOPSIS methods was specified by dividing the prospectivity values into 10 classes. For better comparison,values assign to classes base on their priority in mineral exploration. The comparative analyses of index overlay and TOPSIS integration methods, has been performed by selecting four GCPs for field checking. Field observation …

29 November 1795 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake, Southern Turkey, Mahmut Palutoğlu, Ahmet Şaşmaz

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Significant tectonic structures observed in the vicinity of Kahramanmaraş are the northern branch of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) (Sürgü segment, Çardak segment, Savrun segment, Çokak segment and Toprakkale segment), the southern branch of EAFZ (Gölbaşı segment and Amanos segment), Engizek Fault Zone, Kahramanmaraş Fault Zone and Narlı segment of the Dead Sea Fault Zone (DSFZ). The manuscript in which the 1795 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake has been mentioned is kept in the work of art called “Divan-ı Hasmi” in the Koyunoğlu Library of the Konya Metropolitan Municipality. From the statements in the work the intensity of the earthquake is 8,0 …

Geology And Geochemistry Of Nodular-Phosphate And Fault-Controlled Hydrothermal-Phosphate Mineralizations In Arikli And Nusratli Villages (Ayvacik-Çanakkale, Nw Turkey), Abdulbaki̇ Günaydin

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Uranium bearing phosphate mineralizations in the tuffs (ignimbrites) of Middle Miocene Arıklı volcanites in the vicinity of Arıklı and Nusratlı villages, Çanakkale have been known since 1977. In the study area, two types of phosphate mineralizations are present in different parts. First type and important one is in the tectonic zones in tuffs and along the contact between tuffs and Çetmi ophiolite and along the contacts of the units of the Küçükkuyu Formation in the Muharremin Tepe, Feyzullah Tepe, Örencik Tepe, Gedikharman Tepe in north and northwest of Arıklı village. Second type is the vein type mineralizations in the tuffs …

Tectonic Geomorphology Of Başkale Fault Zone, Azad Sağlam Selçuk, Meryem Düzgün

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Başkale Fault Zone is located between Şemdinli-Yüksekova fault zone in southeast Turkey and Guilato–Siahcheshmeh–Khoy fault system in southeast Iran. The fault zone starts from Yavuzlar town extending to Işıklar village in southwest. The BFZ is composed of three different segments which have orientations varying N75°E to N 80°E. Offset streams, fault-controlled drainage system such as Çığılsuyu stream, alluvial fans which line up parallel to the fault and contain deformation structures, fault flats, Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks and volcanic structures, and fissure ridge travertines with formation continuing today are among morphotectonic characteristics that indicate the BFZ is active.

The objective of the …

Pb – Zn - Cd Accumulator Plants Grown Around The Görgü(Yesi̇lyurt) Pb – Zn Mine, -Malatya, Turkey, Güllü Kirat

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

A study was carried out to identify Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations which exist in the roots and branches of Astragalus pycnocephalus Fischer and Verbascum euphraticum L. plants which grow in the Görgü (Yesilyurt-Malatya-Turkey) Pb-Zn mining area. A total of 60 samples were collected, 30 samples from plants and 30 samples from the soils where the plants grow. Cd concentrations range between 42.2 - 110.2 mg/kg, Pb: 2198 - >10000 mg/kg and Zn: 6088 - >10000 mg/kg in the soil where A. Pycnocephalus plants grow. Cd concentrations range between 4.1 - 544 mg/kg, Pb: 6918 - >10000 mg/kg and Zn: …

Geochemical Characteristics And Rare-Earth Element Distributions Of Kozbudaklar W-Skarn Deposit (Bursa, Western Anatolia), Ayşe Orhan, Halim Mutlu

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The Kozbudaklar W-skarn deposit occurs along the contact between Eocene Topuk Granitoid and Triassic İnönü Marble in Tavşanlı Zone. In the study area, the endoskarn is represented by plagioclase-pyroxene and exoskarn zone which is characterized by pyroxene, pyroxene-garnet, garnet and garnet-pyroxene skarn facies. According to major oxide element contents, exoskarn is of calcic character. In pyroxene and pyroxene-garnet skarn facies, tungsten and molybdenum abundances vary between 434-5507 ppm (mean 2330 ppm) and 8 - 90 ppm (mean 40 ppm). In the garnet and garnet-pyroxene skarns, concentrations of these elements are 271 - 7616 ppm (mean 2486 ppm) and 7 - …