Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

A Study Of The Temperature Of The Vapor Above A Boiling Salt Solution, John Andrew Palm

Honors Theses

The results obtained with the apparatus seemed to be quite conclusive that the temperature of the vapor above a boiling salt solution is the same as the temperature of the pure solvent.

Studies On Silicic Acid Gels: Measurements On Surface Tension During Setting, Louis Werthman

Honors Theses

In this paper, results will be presented to show the change in surface tension during gelation of silicic acid solution. This research was undertaken with the belief that the change in surface tension during gelation might give further insight into the process of gel formation.

The Regulation Of Silicic Acid Gels, Louis W. Thompson Jr

Honors Theses

The discovery of Hurd and Griffith, that a silicic acid gel will regel after breaking up and washing, is not true thixotropy, but it would be of interest to study this. This paper is concerned with just this matter, the regulation of silicic acid gels.

The Relation Between The Concentration Of Silica And Time Of Set At Constant Ph, Howard Sheffer

Honors Theses

Silicic acid gels result from practically any sol of hydrated silica, merely with the lapse of time. The gel must, however, contain a large enough concentration of silica to give sufficient strength or rigidity for the gel to set. A sol which contains less than .5 percent SiO2 will give a very weak gel, or no gel at all. Sols which are strongly alkaline will not set at all.

The Formation Of Silicic Acid Gels In Very Strongly Acid Solutions, Raymond William Barclay

Honors Theses

In the past few years much work has been done at Union College in attempting to determine the mechanism of the setting of silicic acid gels. All of this work, however, had been done in alkaline, weakly acid, or moderately acid solutions, and practically no investigation of silicic acid gels in very strongly acid solutions has been made. The purpose of this research was to undertake such an investigation The effect of temperature and pH upon the time of set was studies. Three different temperatures were used, and the pH of all gels are studied was below 1. Concentrated hydrochloric …

Gels Of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide, David Wright Godfrey

Honors Theses

In 1823, Rose (1) reported the preparation of a week structured titania jelly by the treatment if fusion of sodium carbonate and titanium dioxide wit hydrochloric acid. In 1938, Jacober (3) prepared weak titania jellies by a method similar to that used by Klosky and Marzano. Furthering this previous research, Jacober went on to demonstrate that titanium, as might be expected from its close similarity to silicon and its position in the same periodic family, shows a linear relation between the reciprocal of absolute temperature and the logarithm of the time of set of its gels, as silicon does.

Heats Of Solution In Liquid Ammonia, Herbert F. Zuhr

Honors Theses

This paper will present the heat of solution of methyl ammonium chloride as a function of the concentration at -33 degrees. The heats of other amine and imine hydrochlorides, organic salts will also be included, as will the preparation of certain organic salts and calibration data.

Heats Of Solution In Liquid Ammonia, Joseph Sottysiak

Honors Theses

Water, chemically speaking, is the most important individual substance known. Water occupies an outstanding position among solvents. In its capacity as a solvent for salts and as an ionizing agent, it is in a class by itself. Of all known liquids, ammonia most closely resembles water in those properties which make water outstanding among solvents. As a solvent, ammonia is secondary to water, however; many salts insoluble in water dissolve readily in liquid ammonia. Solutions of salts in liquid ammonia are excellent conductors of electricity. Ammonia unites with salts to form ammonia of crystallization. It solvates ions. It is an …

On The Viscosity Of Silicic Acid Gel Mixtures, Arthur Charles Santora

Honors Theses

This thesis contains the results of experiments which were formulated with a view to ascertain the applicability of the viscometer in studying the process of gelation and also effect of electrolytes on the viscosity of gel-forming mixtures.

The Hydrolysis Of Ethyl Orthosilicate And Preparation Of Silicic Acid Gels From It, Matthew Woodrow Wilson

Honors Theses

Ethyl orthosilicate, (C2H5O)4Si, the ester of orthosilicic acid and ethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid boiling at 165° C. It can be hydrolyzed to produce what is known as a hydrated silica sol or a sol of condensed silicic acid and ethyl alcohol; and under suitable conditions the hydrated silica sol or condensed silicic acid sol can be made to form a gel. It was decided to study the rates of the hy­drolysis and gel formation.

We have thus two reactions to be studied: 1. Eteyl orthosilicate + water ► silicic acid or condensed silicic acid + ethyl alcohol. 2. …

Time Of Set And Ph In Silicic Acid Gels, E August Laurence

Honors Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the time of set and the hydrogen ion concentration of a silicic acid gel, basic in nature. A gel prepared from a mixture of 1.2511 normal sodium silicate solution and 1.0158 normal ammonium chloride was used for this purpose. The possibility of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration by the indicator method was used with considerable success by Prasad and Halliangadi (1). Previous work on this problem at Union by Marotta (2) pointed out the uncertainty of the glass electrode method due to the effect of the silicate on the electrode. The possibility …

Heats Of Solution In Liquid Ammonia, Walter A. Denison

Honors Theses

Liquid ammonia has properties which make it useful and interesting for making chemical thermodynamic investigations, as had been pointed out by Franklin, and Kluge.

Conductivity Measurements In Silicic Acid Gels During Setting, Joseph R. Ciaranello

Honors Theses

During the course of extensive investigations of the properties and behavior of silicic acid gels, the study of the conductivity of these substances was begun in the hope that data could be assembled to throw some light on the mechanism of gelation. The experiments to be described are a continuation of the work on conductivity carried out at Union College under the direction of Dr. C. B. Hurd. H. Swanker (1), in 1932, making use of a Wheatstone bridge at 1000 cycles, failed to find any change in conductivity, but R. W. Gurry (2), using refined methods, was able to …

Study Of The Setting Of Gels Of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide, Elliott Fraser

Honors Theses

Since titanium is in the same group in the periodic table as silicon, it should form gels in a similar manner. This expected similarity was the starting point for the following research.

The Preparation Of Pure Silicic Acid Gels By The Oxidation Of Silane, William G. Gapcynski

Honors Theses

The oxidation of silane, SiH, with ozone to give a hydrosol of silica of a very high degree of purity has been accomplished by Baibajew and Kargin. Such a sol is practically free from any electrolytes or other impurities. The purpose of this research work was to prepare by this method pure silica sols of a concentration great enough to eventually form a gel free from any electrolytes. It was desired to study some of the properties of such gels, especially the time of set and the changes if any in the pH of the gel during the time it …

Influence Of Temperature And Acid On Time Of Set Of Silicic Acid Gels, Angelo J. Marotta

Honors Theses

The chief purpose of this research was to study the time of set of silicic acid gels produced by the reaction of phosphoric acid and sodium silicate solutions. The secondary purpose was to determine the hear of activation by means of the data procured through the main purpose. The times of set of these gels were measured at four different temperatures. The pH of each gel was measured also. The pH of the above mentioned gels ranged from a pH of 3 to a pH of 10.

The Effect Of The Change Of Ph During The Time Of Set, Upon The Time Of Set Of Silicic Acid Gels, Harris W. Paton

Honors Theses

The study of this particular subject was made in the hope that it might lead to a more complete explanation of the manner of setting of gels. It was thought that by changing the pH during the time of set irregularities in the course of the setting of the gel might be found. It was thought, for example, that there might be a period during which the addition might have less effect than average, or a period where it would have a much greater than average effect. These periods might possibly have occurred at any part of the time of …

Effect Of Salts On The Setting Time Of Silicic Acid Gels, Gustav F. Hallstrom

Honors Theses

It has been stated by Prasad and Hattiangadi (1) that the process of setting of mixtures of solutions of sodium silicate and acetic acid consists of three stages: (a) The formation of silicic acid by the interaction of the acid with sodium silicate (b) The formation of the colloidal solution of silicic acid (c) The coagulation of the colloidal solution by the electrolytes liberated in the first reaction The present investigation was undertaken with a view to examine the effect produced on the time of setting of the silicic acid gels by the addition of extra quantities of electrolytes to …

Influence Of Temperature And Acid On Time And Set Of Silicic Acid Gels, Kenneth Jacob Frederick

Honors Theses

The underlying purpose of this research was to gain a further insight into the mechanism of the setting of silicic acid gels. The primary purpose, however, was to study the effect upon the heat of activation of the substitution of the weak acids, heretofore used almost entirely in the work done at Union College on these gels, by certain strong acids. The acids employed in this research were hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric. Several gels were prepared from a standard silicate solution and each of these acids. Measurements of the time of set and pH were taken for each gel. Four …

Heats Of Solution In Liquid Ammonia, Herman Dettbarn Kluge

Honors Theses

Liquid ammonia in many of its reactions and properties stimulates water. Next to water liquid ammonia is the best known electrolytic solvent. It dissolves a large number of salts to form, in general, conducting solutions, in which the ions are more mobile. Dilution Curve. The heat of dilutes is plotted against the change in the moles of ammonia. The curves approach a constant value which is the heat of dilution. These curves were plotted to compare the heat of dilution of ammonia chloride and ammonium bromide.

Time Of Set Of Silicic Acid Gels, Michael Priznar

Honors Theses

The purpose of this work is to study the time of set of silicic acid gels as a function of the temperature. All data are confined entirely to acid gels made by mixing sodium silicate and an acid.

Change Of Conductivity Of Silicic Acid Gels Upon Setting, Robert E. Russell

Honors Theses

During the studies made on the structure of silicic acid gels, several theories of gel formation have been proposed. The theory at present under consideration has to do with the polymerization of the molecule H2SiO3 into some of structure, most probably due to the splitting out of water molecules as is indicated.

Comparison Of Hydrogen Ion Concentration Results In Silicic Acid Gel Mixtures By Different Methods, Edward David Luneburg

Honors Theses

Since a conclusive theory of the structure of gels has not been presented yet, it is still necessary to obtain as much data about gels as possible, in the hope that the assembled data will lead to a theory which will explain all the known facts. Thus, the effect of such factors as temperature, concentration of acis and the addition of indicators were studied. Also, the change of the properties of viscosity and conductivity during the time of set were studied.

Change Of Conductivity Of Silicic Acid Gels Upon Setting, Robert Louie Slobod

Honors Theses

In the course of the investigation that has been conducted at Union College by Prof. Charles B. Hurd and his student assistants, it was soon found that something more accurate than the Wheatstone bridge would have to be used in measuring the electrical conductivity of gels. This becomes evident if we consider that in such studies we encounter the measurement of very small changes in the total resistance, changes of the order of one or two parts in twenty thousand. Accordingly, a modification of the Carey Foster bridge was developed for this work.

Migration Of Ions Through Silicic Acid Gels, Richard Edward Davies

Honors Theses

Ever since Liesegane (1), rediscovered the phenomenon of rhythmic precipitation first due to Runge (2), the colloid chemists have been using their ingenuity in attempts to explain the factors responsible for the formation of Liesegang rings. The theories resulting from such investigation have not been entirely satisfactory. In recent years the problem has been taken up by the students of waye mechanics in hope of conquering that which has so far defined the chemists. It is hoped that by continuing the work of Bieleski (3) and Rothemich (4) with the probing electrode, one of the many theories concerning the phenomenon …

Change Of Conductivity Of Silicic Acid Gels Upon Setting, Robert W. Gurry

Honors Theses

The problem of how electrical conductivity of colloidal sols changes during setting has been a source of much speculation for a long time. Work has been done upon a variety of sols and gels with various and oftentimes conflicting results. The purpose of this investigation was to find out whether the conductivity of a silicic acid sol changes during setting or not; and, if so, how it varies. It was also hoped that the results might lead definitely to some theory of gelation and gel structure.

Effect Of Silicic Acid Gel On The Determination Of Ph, Robert L. Griffeth

Honors Theses

The general purpose of this investigation, as well as many other investigations made on silicic acid gels at Union College, has been to obtain data which may help to formulate an idea of the gel structure and the process of setting of silicic acid gels. The specific object of the research was to determine whether or not the quinhydrone electrometric set-up for measuring the pH of a solution gives the correct pH of a solution in which there is silicic acid gel present. Since a large amount of data has been taken in connection with silicic acid gels in the …

Growth Of Large Crystals, Samuel Silberkraus

Honors Theses

This problem was undertaken with the purpose of investigating several methods of preparing large perfect crystals from solution. The crystals studied were those of Chrome Alum, Copper Sulfate and Rochelle Salt.

The Effect Of Various Indicators On The Time Of Set And Ph Of The Silicic Acid Gels, Antonia L. Digesero

Honors Theses

This work is a continuation of the work started by M. J. Suter. The first part of the work consisted in repeating with extreme accuracy the work already done. Next, the work was continued under the careful guidance of Professor Hurd. The method of determining the PH values of setting gels by indicators has long been in use. It is very useful, but not as accurate as the electrometric method, as the measurements can be made in a short time. The purpose of the research was to find out whether the gels affect the various indicators. This was done by …

A Systematic Analysis Of The Schenectady City Water Supply, Chauncey Pease Foote

Honors Theses

A systematic analysis of the Schenectady City water supply was under-taken to determine whether the chemical composition of the water varied in any definite manner during the winter and spring. Particularly close check was kept on the composition during the period of spring freshets.