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2006

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Articles 3721 - 3750 of 5872

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Decision Support System For Rural Water Supply In The Nilgris District Of South India, Daniel Olsen, Sarah E. Dickson, Brian Baetz Jan 2006

Decision Support System For Rural Water Supply In The Nilgris District Of South India, Daniel Olsen, Sarah E. Dickson, Brian Baetz

Sarah E Dickson

A considerable amount of knowledge exists for planning, designing, and implementing rural water supply schemes in developing countries around the world. Generalized decision support systems (DSSs) are used to tackle the daunting task of providing water in areas that have poor water resources and limited financial capacity. However, there is a lack of site-specific DSSs that utilise local hydrological and socio-economic data for assessing regionally-based rural water supply schemes. In the Nilgiris District of South India, an organizational structure exists for improving local water resources through watershed management projects, but many of the tools used to make informed decisions are …

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A Novel Amendment Delivery System, Erica Ryter Jan 2006

A Novel Amendment Delivery System, Erica Ryter

Sarah E Dickson

No abstract provided.

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Wrapped M5-Branes Leading To Five Dimensional 2-Branes, Moataz Emam Jan 2006

Wrapped M5-Branes Leading To Five Dimensional 2-Branes, Moataz Emam

Moataz Emam

No abstract provided.

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Dewey: The First Ghost-Buster?, Leslie Marsh Jan 2006

Dewey: The First Ghost-Buster?, Leslie Marsh

Leslie Marsh

Ghost-busting, or less colloquially, anti-Cartesianism or non-representationalism, is a loose and internally fluid coalition (philosophical and empirical) comprising Dynamical, Embodied, Extended, Distributed, and Situated (DEEDS) theories of cognition. Gilbert Ryle – DEEDS’ anglophonic masthead [1] – supposedly exorcised the Cartesian propensity to postulate mind as an apparition-like entity somehow situated in the body. Ryle’s behaviouristic recommendation was, that just as we don’t see the wind blowing but only see the trees waving, so too should we conceive intelligence as manifest though action. The Cartesian ghost of old has mutated, taking the form of the ‘Machine in the Machine’, the brain …

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Alaskan And Canadian Forest Fires Exacerbate Ozone Pollution Over Houston, Texas, On 19 And 20 July 2004, Gary A. Morris, Scott Hersey, Anne M. Thompson, Steven Pawson, J. Eric Nielsen, Peter R. Colarco, W. Wallace Mcmillian, Solene Turquety, Juying Warner, Bryan J. Johnson, Tom L. Kucsera, David E. Larko, Samuel Oltmans, Jacquie Witte Jan 2006

Alaskan And Canadian Forest Fires Exacerbate Ozone Pollution Over Houston, Texas, On 19 And 20 July 2004, Gary A. Morris, Scott Hersey, Anne M. Thompson, Steven Pawson, J. Eric Nielsen, Peter R. Colarco, W. Wallace Mcmillian, Solene Turquety, Juying Warner, Bryan J. Johnson, Tom L. Kucsera, David E. Larko, Samuel Oltmans, Jacquie Witte

Gary A. Morris

On Monday, 19 July, and Tuesday, 20 July 2004, the air over Houston, Texas, appeared abnormally hazy. Transport model results and data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), the Measurement of Ozone by Airbus In-service airCraft (MOZAIC) experiment, and the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) indicate that an air mass originating on 12 July 2004 over forest fires in eastern Alaska and western Canada arrived in Houston about 1 week later. Ozonesonde data from Houston on 19 and 20 July show elevated ozone at the surface (>125 ppbv) and even higher concentrations aloft …

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A Lower Carboniferous Two-Stage Extensional Basin Along The Avalon-Meguma Terrane Boundary: Evidence From Southeastern Isle Madame, Nova Scotia, Eric R. Force, Sandra M. Barr Jan 2006

A Lower Carboniferous Two-Stage Extensional Basin Along The Avalon-Meguma Terrane Boundary: Evidence From Southeastern Isle Madame, Nova Scotia, Eric R. Force, Sandra M. Barr

Eric R Force

ABSTRACT Anomalously thick and coarse clastic sedimentary successions, including over 5000 m of conglomerate, are ex- posed on Isle Madame off the southern coast of Cape Breton Island. Two steeply to moderately dipping stratigraphic packages are recognized: one involving Horton and lower Windsor groups (Tournasian–Visean); the other involving upper Windsor and Mabou (Visean–Namurian) groups. Also anomalous on Isle Madame are three long narrow belts of “basement” rocks, together with voluminous chloritic microbreccia and minor semi-ductile mylonite, which are separated from the conglomerate-dominated successions by faults. The angular relations between the cataclastic rocks and the conglomerate units, combined with the presence …

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Non-Normal Path Analysis In The Presence Of Measurement Error And Missing Data: A Bayesian Analysis Of Nursing Homes' Structure And Outcomes, Byron J. Gajewski, Robert Lee, Sarah Thomspn, Dunton Nancy, Annette Becker, Valorie Coffland Jan 2006

Non-Normal Path Analysis In The Presence Of Measurement Error And Missing Data: A Bayesian Analysis Of Nursing Homes' Structure And Outcomes, Byron J. Gajewski, Robert Lee, Sarah Thomspn, Dunton Nancy, Annette Becker, Valorie Coffland

Byron J Gajewski

Path analytic models are useful tools in quantitative nursing research. They allow researchers to hypothesize causal inferential paths and test the significance of these paths both directly and indirectly through a mediating variable. A standard statistical method in the path analysis literature is to treat the variables as having a normal distribution and to estimate paths using several least squares regression equations. The parameters corresponding to the direct paths have point and interval estimates based on normal distribution theory. Indirect paths are a product of the direct path from the independent variable to the mediating variable and the direct path …

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Inter-Rater Reliability Of Nursing Home Surveys: A Bayesian Latent Class Approach, Byron J. Gajewski, Sarah Thompson, Nancy Dunton, Annette Becker, Marcia Wrona Jan 2006

Inter-Rater Reliability Of Nursing Home Surveys: A Bayesian Latent Class Approach, Byron J. Gajewski, Sarah Thompson, Nancy Dunton, Annette Becker, Marcia Wrona

Byron J Gajewski

In the U.S., federal and state governments perform routine inspections of nursing homes. Results of the inspections allow government to generate nes for ndings of non-compliance as well as allow consumers to rank facilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the nursing home survey process. In general, the survey data involves 191 binary deciency variables interpreted as ‘decient’ or ‘non-decient’. To reduce the dimensionality of the problem, our proposed method involves two steps. First, we reduce the deciency categories to sub-categories using previous nursing home studies. Second, looking at the State of Kansas specically, …

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On The Robustness Of Robustness Checks Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Marzio Galeotti, Matteo Manera, Alessandro Lanza Jan 2006

On The Robustness Of Robustness Checks Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Marzio Galeotti, Matteo Manera, Alessandro Lanza

Matteo Manera

Since its first inception in the debate on the relationship between environment and growth in 1992, the Environmental Kuznets Curve has been subject of continuous and intense scrutiny. The literature can be roughly divided in two historical phases. Initially, after the seminal contributions, additional work aimed to extend the investigation to new pollutants and to verify the existence of an inverted-U shape as well as assessing the value of the turning point. The following phase focused instead on the robustness of the empirical relationship, particularly with respect to the omission of relevant explanatory variables other than GDP, alternative datasets, functional …

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The Asymmetric Effects Of Oil Shocks On Output Growth: A Markov-Switching Analysis For The G-7 Countries, Alessandro Cologni, Matteo Manera Jan 2006

The Asymmetric Effects Of Oil Shocks On Output Growth: A Markov-Switching Analysis For The G-7 Countries, Alessandro Cologni, Matteo Manera

Matteo Manera

In this paper we specify and estimate different Markov-switching (MS) regime autoregressive models. The empirical performance of the univariate MS models used to describe the switches between different economic regimes for the G-7 countries is in general not satisfactory. We extend these models to verify if the inclusion of asymmetric oil shocks as an exogenous variable improves the ability of each specification to identify the different phases of the business cycle for each country under scrutiny. Following the wide literature on this topic, we have considered six different definitions of oil shocks: oil price changes, asymmetric transformations of oil price …

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The Role Of Connective Tissue Growth Factor In Skeletal Growth And Development, Philadelphia University Jan 2006

The Role Of Connective Tissue Growth Factor In Skeletal Growth And Development, Philadelphia University

Philadelphia University, Jordan

No abstract provided.

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On The Existence Of Universal Series By Trigonometric System, Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan) Jan 2006

On The Existence Of Universal Series By Trigonometric System, Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan)

Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan)

No abstract provided.

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On Divergence Of Greedy Algorithm By Generalized Walsh Systems In L1, Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan) Jan 2006

On Divergence Of Greedy Algorithm By Generalized Walsh Systems In L1, Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan)

Sergo Armenak Episkoposian (Yepiskoposyan)

No abstract provided.

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Polarizable Contributions To The Surface Tension Of Liquid Water, J. L. Rivera, Francis W. Starr, P. Paricaud, P. T. Cummings Jan 2006

Polarizable Contributions To The Surface Tension Of Liquid Water, J. L. Rivera, Francis W. Starr, P. Paricaud, P. T. Cummings

Francis Starr

No abstract provided.

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Some Asymptotic Methods For Strongly Nonlinear Equations, Ji-Huan He Jan 2006

Some Asymptotic Methods For Strongly Nonlinear Equations, Ji-Huan He

Ji-Huan He

This paper features a survey of some recent developments in asymptotic techniques, which are valid not only for weakly nonlinear equations, but also for strongly ones. Further, the obtained approximate analytical solutions are valid for the whole solution domain. The limitations of traditional perturbation methods are illustrated, various modified perturbation techniques are proposed, and some mathematical tools such as variational theory, homotopy technology, and iteration technique are introduced to overcome the shortcomings. In this paper the following categories of asymptotic methods are emphasized: (1) variational approaches, (2) parameter-expanding methods, (3) parameterized perturbation method, (4) homotopy perturbation method (5) iteration perturbation …

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Fast Three-Step Phase-Shifting Algorithm, Song Zhang, Peisen S. Huang Jan 2006

Fast Three-Step Phase-Shifting Algorithm, Song Zhang, Peisen S. Huang

Song Zhang

We propose a new three-step phase-shifting algorithm, which is much faster than the traditional three-step algorithm. We achieve the speed advantage by using a simple intensity ratio function to replace the arctangent function in the traditional algorithm. The phase error caused by this new algorithm is compensated for by use of a lookup table. Our experimental results show that both the new algorithm and the traditional algorithm generate similar results, but the new algorithm is 3.4 times faster. By implementing this new algorithm in a high-resolution, real-time three-dimensional shape measurement system, we were able to achieve a measurement speed of …

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High-Resolution, Real-Time 3d Absolute Coordinate Measurement Based On A Phase-Shifting Method, Song Zhang, Shing-Tung Yau Jan 2006

High-Resolution, Real-Time 3d Absolute Coordinate Measurement Based On A Phase-Shifting Method, Song Zhang, Shing-Tung Yau

Song Zhang

We describe a high-resolution, real-time 3D absolute coordinate measurement system based on a phase-shifting method. It acquires 3D shape at 30 frames per second (fps), with 266K points per frame. A tiny marker is encoded in the projected fringe pattern, and detected by software from the texture image and the gamma map. Absolute 3D coordinates are obtained from the detected marker position and the calibrated system parameters. To demonstrate the performance of the system, we measure a hand moving over a depth distance of approximately 700 mm, and human faces with expressions. Applications of such a system include manufacturing, inspection, …

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Refine Slip Rates And Segmentation Of The Northern Sangre De Cristo Fault, Colorado’S Largest Active Fault, James P. Mccalpin Jan 2006

Refine Slip Rates And Segmentation Of The Northern Sangre De Cristo Fault, Colorado’S Largest Active Fault, James P. Mccalpin

James P. McCalpin

We excavated a 25 m-long trench on the northern part of the Crestone section of the Northern Sangre de Cristo fault zone, to see whether the Crestone section might be composed of more than one (independent) rupture segments. The Carr Gulch trench exposed evidence for 3 paleoearthquake displacements in the past 27.4 ka. The existence of 3 colluvial deposits (units 2, 3, 4) indicates that the ca. 4.5 m of surface offset was formed during 3 surface-faulting events with an average displacement of about 1.5 m each. The events occurred at about 8 ka, 20 ka, and between 22.5 and …

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Strain-Induced Disorder, Phase Transformations, And Transformation-Induced Plasticity In Hexagonal Boron Nitride Under Compression And Shear In A Rotational Diamond Anvil Cell: In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study And Modeling, Valery I. Levitas, Yanzhang Ma, Javad Hashemi, Mark Holtz, Necip Guven Jan 2006

Strain-Induced Disorder, Phase Transformations, And Transformation-Induced Plasticity In Hexagonal Boron Nitride Under Compression And Shear In A Rotational Diamond Anvil Cell: In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study And Modeling, Valery I. Levitas, Yanzhang Ma, Javad Hashemi, Mark Holtz, Necip Guven

Valery I. Levitas

Plastic shear significantly reduces the phase transformation (PT) pressure when compared to hydrostatic conditions. Here, a paradoxical result was obtained: PT of graphitelike hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to superhard wurtzitic boron nitride under pressure and shear started at about the same pressure(∼10GPa) as under hydrostatic conditions. In situ x-ray diffraction measurement and modeling of the turbostratic stacking fault concentration (degree of disorder) and PT in hBN were performed. Under hydrostaticpressure, changes in the disorder were negligible. Under a complex compression and shear loading program, a strain-induced disorder was observed and quantitatively characterized. It is found that the strain-induced disorder suppresses …

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Posterminaries: Plain Text, Alexander H. King Jan 2006

Posterminaries: Plain Text, Alexander H. King

Alexander H. King

You just can’t win an argument with an English professor.

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Gpu-Assisted High-Resolution, Real-Time 3-D Shape Measurement, Song Zhang, Dale Royer, Shing-Tung Yau Jan 2006

Gpu-Assisted High-Resolution, Real-Time 3-D Shape Measurement, Song Zhang, Dale Royer, Shing-Tung Yau

Song Zhang

This paper describes a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-assisted real-time three-dimensional shape measurement system. Our experiments demonstrated that the absolute coordinates calculation and rendering speed of a GPU is more than four times faster than that of a dual CPU workstation with the same graphics card. By implementing the GPU into our system, we realized simultaneous absolute coordinate acquisition, reconstruction and display at 30 frames per second with a resolution of approximately 266K points per frame. Moreover, a 2+1 phase-shifting algorithm was employed to alleviate the measurement error caused by motion. Applications of the system include medical imaging, manufacturing, entertainment, and …

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Gold Nanoparticles Propulsion From Surface Fueled By Absorption Of Femtosecond Laser Pulse At Their Surface Plasmon Resonance, Wenyu Huang, Wei Qian, Mostafa A. El-Sayed Jan 2006

Gold Nanoparticles Propulsion From Surface Fueled By Absorption Of Femtosecond Laser Pulse At Their Surface Plasmon Resonance, Wenyu Huang, Wei Qian, Mostafa A. El-Sayed

Wenyu Huang

Femtosecond laser irradiation of assembled nanoprisms on a quartz substrate at their strong absorbing surface plasmon resonance frequency causes their propulsion from the substrate. SEM and AFM show that the particles fly while keeping their prismatic shape, but they decrease in size by an amount that can be calculated assuming atomic sublimation. Several mechanisms are mentioned, but the sublimation mechanism, which rapidly builds up pressure under the particle and propels it away from substrate, is discussed in detail. From the kinetic energy given to the flying nanoparticle, an initial velocity of ∼160 m/s (∼360 miles/h) is calculated. The dependence of …

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Thermal Effects On Domain Orientation Of Tetragonal Piezoelectrics Studied By In Situ X-Ray Diffraction, Wonyoung Chang, Alexander H. King, Keith J. Bowman Jan 2006

Thermal Effects On Domain Orientation Of Tetragonal Piezoelectrics Studied By In Situ X-Ray Diffraction, Wonyoung Chang, Alexander H. King, Keith J. Bowman

Alexander H. King

Thermal effects on domain orientation in tetragonal lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead titanate (PT) have been investigated by using in situ x-ray diffraction with an area detector. In the case of a soft PZT, it is found that the texture parameter called multiples of a random distribution (MRD) initially increases with temperature up to approximately 100 °C and then falls to unity at temperatures approaching the Curie temperature, whereas the MRD of hard PZT and PT initially undergoes a smaller increase or no change. The relationship between the mechanical strain energy and domain wall mobility with temperature is discussed.

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Recycling Krylov Subspaces For Sequences Of Linear Systems, Michael L. Parks, Eric De Sturler, Greg Mackey, Duane D. Johnson, Spandan Maiti Jan 2006

Recycling Krylov Subspaces For Sequences Of Linear Systems, Michael L. Parks, Eric De Sturler, Greg Mackey, Duane D. Johnson, Spandan Maiti

Duane D. Johnson

Many problems in science and engineering require the solution of a long sequence of slowly changing linear systems. We propose and analyze two methods that significantly reduce the total number of matrix‐vector products required to solve all systems. We consider the general case where both the matrix and right‐hand side change, and we make no assumptions regarding the change in the right‐hand sides. Furthermore, we consider general nonsingular matrices, and we do not assume that all matrices are pairwise close or that the sequence of matrices converges to a particular matrix. Our methods work well under these general assumptions, and …

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Solid-Solid Phase Transformation Via Internal Stress-Induced Virtual Melting, Significantly Below The Melting Temperature. Application To Hmx Energetic Crystal, Valery I. Levitas, Bryan F. Henson, Laura B. Smilowitz, Blaine W. Asay Jan 2006

Solid-Solid Phase Transformation Via Internal Stress-Induced Virtual Melting, Significantly Below The Melting Temperature. Application To Hmx Energetic Crystal, Valery I. Levitas, Bryan F. Henson, Laura B. Smilowitz, Blaine W. Asay

Valery I. Levitas

We theoretically predict a new phenomenon, namely, that a solid−solid phase transformation (PT) with a large transformation strain can occur via internal stress-induced virtual melting along the interface at temperatures significantly (more than 100 K) below the melting temperature. We show that the energy of elastic stresses, induced by transformation strain, increases the driving force for melting and reduces the melting temperature. Immediately after melting, stresses relax and the unstable melt solidifies. Fast solidification in a thin layer leads to nanoscale cracking which does not affect the thermodynamics or kinetics of the solid−solid transformation. Thus, virtual melting represents a new …

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Nmr Studies Of Lysozyme Surface Accessibility By Using Different Paramagnetic Relaxation Probes, Andrea Bernini, Ottavia Spiga, Vincenzo Venditti, Filippo Prischi, Luisa Bracci, Angela Pui-Ling Tong, Wing-Tak Wong, Neri Niccolai Jan 2006

Nmr Studies Of Lysozyme Surface Accessibility By Using Different Paramagnetic Relaxation Probes, Andrea Bernini, Ottavia Spiga, Vincenzo Venditti, Filippo Prischi, Luisa Bracci, Angela Pui-Ling Tong, Wing-Tak Wong, Neri Niccolai

Vincenzo Venditti

Paramagnetic probes, whose approach to proteins can be monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, have been found to be of primary relevance for investigating protein surfaces' accessibility. Here, a Gd(III) neutral complex which contains two metal ions, [Gd2(L7)(H2O)2], is suggested as a paramagnetic probe particularly suited for systematic NMR investigation of protein surface accessibility, due to an expected high relaxivity and to the lack of electric charge which could favor specific interactions. Hen egg white lysozyme has been used as a model system to verify the absence of preferential approaches of this paramagnetic probe to specific protein moieties by …

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Magnetic Circular Dichroism Of Ferromagnetic Co2+-Doped Zno, Kevin R. Kittilstved, J. Zhao, W. K. Liu, J. D. Bryan, D. A. Schwartz, D. R. Gamelin Jan 2006

Magnetic Circular Dichroism Of Ferromagnetic Co2+-Doped Zno, Kevin R. Kittilstved, J. Zhao, W. K. Liu, J. D. Bryan, D. A. Schwartz, D. R. Gamelin

Kevin R. Kittilstved

Cobalt-doped ZnO (Co2+:ZnO) films were studied by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. A broad 300 K ferromagnetic MCD signal was observed between 1.4 and 4.0 eV after exposure of paramagnetic Co2+:ZnO films to zinc metal vapor, attributed to low-energy photoionization transitions originating from a spin-split donor impurity band in ferromagnetic n-type Co2+:ZnO.

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Direct Kinetic Correlation Of Carriers And Ferromagnetism In Co2+:Zno, Kevin R. Kittilstved, D. A. Schwartz, A. C. Tuan, S. M. Heald, S. A. Chambers, D. R. Gamelin Jan 2006

Direct Kinetic Correlation Of Carriers And Ferromagnetism In Co2+:Zno, Kevin R. Kittilstved, D. A. Schwartz, A. C. Tuan, S. M. Heald, S. A. Chambers, D. R. Gamelin

Kevin R. Kittilstved

The hypothesis that high-Curie-temperature ferromagnetism in cobalt-doped ZnO (Co2+:  ZnO) is mediated by charge carriers was tested by controlled introduction and removal of the shallow donor interstitial zinc. Using oriented epitaxial Co2+:  ZnO films grown by chemical vapor deposition, kinetics measurements demonstrate a direct correlation between the oxidative quenching of ferromagnetism and the diffusion and oxidation of interstitial zinc. These results demonstrate controlled systematic variation of a key parameter involved in the ferromagnetism of Co2+:  ZnO and, in the process, unambiguously reveal this ferromagnetism to be dependent upon charge carriers. The distinction between defect-bound and free carriers in Co2+:  ZnO …

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Incorporating Targeted Grazing Into Farming Systems, Andrew W. Lenssen, Patrick Hatfield, Hayes Goosey, Sue Blodgett Jan 2006

Incorporating Targeted Grazing Into Farming Systems, Andrew W. Lenssen, Patrick Hatfield, Hayes Goosey, Sue Blodgett

Andrew W. Lenssen

When incorporating targeted grazing into farming systems, livestock producers and farm operators need assurance that the benefits from their activities are worth their investments. This chapter will focus on how integrating grazing, particularly with sheep and goats, into farming systems can offer those benefits. The concepts are not new. Cropping systems were once integrated with livestock production: Livestock gained forage value from crop aftermath, crops were grown to sustain livestock, and livestock were used as implements to produce crops. Today, few cropping systems include livestock. Sheep and goats are traditionally produced on rangelands or pasture forages and supplemented during winter …

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Solute/Defect-Mediated Pathway For Rapid Nanoprecipitation In Solid Solutions: Γ Surface Analysis In Fcc Al-Ag, Daniel Finkenstadt, Duane D. Johnson Jan 2006

Solute/Defect-Mediated Pathway For Rapid Nanoprecipitation In Solid Solutions: Γ Surface Analysis In Fcc Al-Ag, Daniel Finkenstadt, Duane D. Johnson

Duane D. Johnson

In face-centered-cubic (fcc) Al, stacking fault energy (SFE) is high at ca. 150mJ/m2, inhibiting stacking fault (SF) formation and dislocation motion. Yet Ag-rich hcp precipitates form rapidly in Al-rich fcc Al-Ag, even as the energy difference ΔEhcp−fcc between hcp and fcc homogeneous solid solution increases with Ag content. Using electronic density functional theory methods, we calculate the SFE γSF versus distance of Ag (111) planes from intrinsic (isf), extrinsic (esf) and twin (tsf) SFs. We find that an inhomogeneous distribution of Ag solute segregated in layers adjacent to SFs leads to favorable SFE, a manifestation of the well-known Suzuki effect. …

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