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2014

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Articles 11581 - 11610 of 12299

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Complementary Layered Learning, Sean Mondesire Jan 2014

Complementary Layered Learning, Sean Mondesire

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Layered learning is a machine learning paradigm used to develop autonomous robotic-based agents by decomposing a complex task into simpler subtasks and learns each sequentially. Although the paradigm continues to have success in multiple domains, performance can be unexpectedly unsatisfactory. Using Boolean-logic problems and autonomous agent navigation, we show poor performance is due to the learner forgetting how to perform earlier learned subtasks too quickly (favoring plasticity) or having difficulty learning new things (favoring stability). We demonstrate that this imbalance can hinder learning so that task performance is no better than that of a suboptimal learning technique, monolithic learning, which …


Evidence Of A Positron Bound State On The Surface Of A Topological Insulator, Karthik Shastry Jan 2014

Evidence Of A Positron Bound State On The Surface Of A Topological Insulator, Karthik Shastry

Physics Dissertations

We describe experiments aimed at probing the sticking of positrons to the surfaces of topological insulators performed at university of Texas at Arlington using the Positron Annihilation induced Auger electron Spectrometer. A magnetically guided beam was used to deposit positrons at the surface of Bi₂Te₂Se sample at energy of ~2eV. Peaks observed in the energy spectra and intensities of electrons emitted as a result of positron annihilation showed peaks at energies corresponding to Auger peaks in Bi and Te providing clear evidence of Auger emission associated with the annihilation of positrons in a surface bound state. Theoretical estimates of the …


Phenomenological Studies Of Dark Matter, Miguel Alejandro Gomez Ramirez Jan 2014

Phenomenological Studies Of Dark Matter, Miguel Alejandro Gomez Ramirez

Physics Dissertations

It is common knowledge that eighty percent of the matter in our Universe consists of a mysterious substance called ``dark matter'' (DM) which has only been detected through its gravitational interactions. The ``Standard Model'' (SM) of particle physics, despite its extremely impressive successes, does not have a good candidate particle to fit the DM requirements. If DM is made up of a particle which interacts weakly and it has a mass on the same scale as other SM particles, it should be detectable.In this work, two different phenomenological studies of DM are performed. The first possibility is a weakly-interacting particle …


Investigating The Global Geospace Response To A Period Of Solar Wind High Speed Streams Using The Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry Mhd Simulation, Kevin Pham Jan 2014

Investigating The Global Geospace Response To A Period Of Solar Wind High Speed Streams Using The Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry Mhd Simulation, Kevin Pham

Physics Dissertations

As the solar wind flows past the Earth, it interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and transfers energy and momentum to the geospace environment. During times when the solar cycle is near a minimum, there is a tendency for the Sun to produce high speed streams (HSSs), which are solar wind flows that are faster than the ambient solar wind. The HSSs contain properties that are not typically found in slower ambient solar wind, such as large amplitude Alfvén waves, that affect the transfer of energy and momentum. Large transfers of energy and momentum into the geospace environment that could …


The Role Of Potential Antioxidant In Medicinal Drug-Induced Oxidative Stress, Weili Fan Jan 2014

The Role Of Potential Antioxidant In Medicinal Drug-Induced Oxidative Stress, Weili Fan

Doctoral Dissertations

"Most medicinal drugs have adverse effects. Among the most commonly used of these drugs are several types, known as "oxidative drugs". These are believed to cause adverse effects that induce oxidative stress, an imbalance of generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. So it is a reasonable assumption that the antioxidant might alleviate the toxicity induced by these drugs. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a synthetic thiol, is a free-radical scavenger and a precursor of glutathione (the main endogenous antioxidant). However, the negative charge of NAC at physiological pH limits its bioavailability. N-acetylcysteineamide (NACA) is neutral in charge and is believed to have …


Review Of The Outer Limits Of Reason, Michael S. Barr Jan 2014

Review Of The Outer Limits Of Reason, Michael S. Barr

Reviews

This beautifully-written book explores a variety of topics that are either impossible to resolve or unfeasible (and likely permanently so). It is written in such a way that most (although probably not all) of the material will be accessible to non-mathematicians. Both my wife (who studied no mathematics at the college level) and my daughter (whose mathematical training stopped with calculus) read early versions of this book and agree with that assessment. (Full disclosure: both of them, along with me, are thanked in the Acknowledgments). However, there is much in here that was new and interesting to me, so its …


Search For H-Dibaryon At J-Parc With A Large Acceptance Tpc, H. Sako, J. K. Ahn, K. Y. Baek, B. Bassalleck, H. Fujioka, Lei Guo, S. Hasegawa, K. Hicks, R. Honda, S. H. Hwang, Y. Ichikawa, M. Ieri, K. Imai, S. H. Kim, R. Kiuchi, H. S. Lee, K. Nakazawa, M. Naruki, A. Ni, M. Niiyama, K. Ozawa, J. Y. Park, S. Y. Ryu, S. Sato, K. Shirotori, H. Sugimura, M. Sumihara, K. Tanida, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi Jan 2014

Search For H-Dibaryon At J-Parc With A Large Acceptance Tpc, H. Sako, J. K. Ahn, K. Y. Baek, B. Bassalleck, H. Fujioka, Lei Guo, S. Hasegawa, K. Hicks, R. Honda, S. H. Hwang, Y. Ichikawa, M. Ieri, K. Imai, S. H. Kim, R. Kiuchi, H. S. Lee, K. Nakazawa, M. Naruki, A. Ni, M. Niiyama, K. Ozawa, J. Y. Park, S. Y. Ryu, S. Sato, K. Shirotori, H. Sugimura, M. Sumihara, K. Tanida, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi

Department of Physics

H-dibaryon has been predicted as a stable 6-quark color-singlet state. It has been searched for by many experiments but has never been discovered. Recent lattice QCD calculations predict H-dibaryon as a weakly bound or a resonant state close to the  threshold. E224 and E522 experiments at KEK observed peaks in  invariant mass spectra near the threshold in (K-, K+) reactions, which were statistically not significant. Therefore, we proposed a new experiment E42 at J-PARC. It will measure decay products of  and p in a (K-, K+) reaction. We design a large acceptance spectrometer based on a Time …


Maps Of Sea Level Rise - Nautilus Island, Miami Beach, Fl, Peter Harlem Jan 2014

Maps Of Sea Level Rise - Nautilus Island, Miami Beach, Fl, Peter Harlem

Sea Level Rise Collection

A series of 7 maps illustrating the impact of sea level rise on Nautilus Island in Miami Beach.


Endocranial Morphology Of The Extinct Antillean Shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) From Natural And Digital Endocasts Of Cuban Taxa, Alberto Blanco-Piñón, Florentin Jean-Marie Robert Maurrasse, Francisco Javier Zavala Díaz-De La Serna, Rubén Alfonso López-Doncel, Susana Abigail Ángeles-Trigueros, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Edgar Juárez Arriaga Jan 2014

Endocranial Morphology Of The Extinct Antillean Shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) From Natural And Digital Endocasts Of Cuban Taxa, Alberto Blanco-Piñón, Florentin Jean-Marie Robert Maurrasse, Francisco Javier Zavala Díaz-De La Serna, Rubén Alfonso López-Doncel, Susana Abigail Ángeles-Trigueros, Juan Hernández-Ávila, Edgar Juárez Arriaga

Department of Earth and Environment

This paper documents and describes fossil microbial structures inferred to be of algal/bacterial origin in the Upper Cretaceous Agua Nueva Formation in the Xilitla area (San Luis Potosi, Mexico), located in the southern part of the Tampico-Misantla basin. The sequence consists of alternating decimeter-thick beds of limestone with occasional brown shale and green bentonite layers. The limeston also include intermittent beds of black chert. The sedimentary succession shows two calcareous facies: 1) dark laminated limestones containing fossil remains of holosteans, teleosteans and shark teeth, as well as lenticular layers of sedimentary pyrite, and high content of organic matter (Corg 1 …


A Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) Daghanirhynchia Brachiopod Fauna From Jordan, Howard R. Feldman, Mena Schemm-Gregory, Fayez Ahmad, Mark A. Wilson Jan 2014

A Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) Daghanirhynchia Brachiopod Fauna From Jordan, Howard R. Feldman, Mena Schemm-Gregory, Fayez Ahmad, Mark A. Wilson

Lander College for Women - The Anna Ruth and Mark Hasten School Publications and Research

A Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) brachiopod fauna from Jordan consists of seven rhynchonellid species all belonging to the genus Daghanirhynchia of which two are new: Daghanirhynchia rawyaensis and D. jordanica. Emended diagnoses are given for Daghanirhynchia daghaniensis and D. macfadyeni. Additional taxa described include Daghanirhynchia angulocostata, D. susanae and D. triangulata. Threedimensional reconstructions illustrate the internal morphology of the articulated shells for the first time in this genus. The material studied herein was collected from Wadi Zarqa in northwestern Jordan, almost due north of the Dead Sea, and to the east of the Rift Valley. Most species seem to be geographically restricted …


Geology And Abiotic Factors: Their Effect On An Aquatic Insect Fauna On The Shawangunk Ridge, Beryl Kahn, Howard Feldman Jan 2014

Geology And Abiotic Factors: Their Effect On An Aquatic Insect Fauna On The Shawangunk Ridge, Beryl Kahn, Howard Feldman

Lander College for Women - The Anna Ruth and Mark Hasten School Publications and Research

The Shawangunk Ridge in the lower mid-Hudson Valley extends from the vicinity of Rosendale through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Within the first thirty miles can be found five “sky lakes”: Mohonk, Minnewaska, Awosting, Mud Pond and Maratanza. Since these lakes occur on the top of the ridge they have no drainage basin. Here we report on the pH and other abiotic factors that impact the aquatic fauna of the Lily Pond (pH 6.58), a small, shallow body of water with a diverse faunal community on the grounds of Mohonk Mountain House. The pH of Mohonk Lake is 7 …


Comparison Of Casimir , Elastic, Electrostatic Forces For A Micro-Cantilever, Ammar Alhasan Jan 2014

Comparison Of Casimir , Elastic, Electrostatic Forces For A Micro-Cantilever, Ammar Alhasan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Casimir force is a cause of stiction (adhesion) between metal surfaces in Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Casimir Force depends strongly on the separation of the two surfaces and the contact area. This thesis reviews the theory and prior experimental demonstrations of the Casimir force. Then the Casimir attractive force is calculated for a particular MEMS cantilever device, in which the metal cantilever tip is required to repeatedly touch and release from a metal tip pad on the substrate surface in response to a periodic driving electrostatic force. The elastic force due to the bending of the cantilever support arms is …


Exploring Sparsity, Self-Similarity, And Low Rank Approximation In Action Recognition, Motion Retrieval, And Action Spotting, Chuan Sun Jan 2014

Exploring Sparsity, Self-Similarity, And Low Rank Approximation In Action Recognition, Motion Retrieval, And Action Spotting, Chuan Sun

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis consists of 4 major parts. In the first part (Chapters 1-2), we introduce the overview, motivation, and contribution of our works, and extensively survey the current literature for 6 related topics. In the second part (Chapters 3-7), we explore the concept of "Self-Similarity" in two challenging scenarios, namely, the Action Recognition and the Motion Retrieval. We build three-dimensional volume representations for both scenarios, and devise effective techniques that can produce compact representations encoding the internal dynamics of data. In the third part (Chapter 8), we explore the challenging action spotting problem, and propose a feature-independent unsupervised framework that …


Pen-Based Methods For Recognition And Animation Of Handwritten Physics Solutions, Salman Cheema Jan 2014

Pen-Based Methods For Recognition And Animation Of Handwritten Physics Solutions, Salman Cheema

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

There has been considerable interest in constructing pen-based intelligent tutoring systems due to the natural interaction metaphor and low cognitive load afforded by pen-based interaction. We believe that pen-based intelligent tutoring systems can be further enhanced by integrating animation techniques. In this work, we explore methods for recognizing and animating sketched physics diagrams. Our methodologies enable an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) to understand the scenario and requirements posed by a given problem statement and to couple this knowledge with a computational model of the student's handwritten solution. These pieces of information are used to construct meaningful animations and feedback mechanisms …


Zinc Sulfide: Manganese Doped Quantum Rods For Detection Of Metal Ions And A Business Model For Future Sales, Andrew Teblum Jan 2014

Zinc Sulfide: Manganese Doped Quantum Rods For Detection Of Metal Ions And A Business Model For Future Sales, Andrew Teblum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hexavalent chromium is an extremely carcinogenic chemical that has been widely produced in the United States. This has led to major waste contamination and pollution throughout the country. According to the Environmental Working Group Hexavalent chromium has been found in 89% of city tap water. Most people believe they are safe using regular home filter systems however that is not true. A more expensive ion exchange water treatment unit is required. Therefore to protect yourselves from this carcinogenic metal a reliable test is required. In this study we have developed a Zinc Sulfide Manganese doped Quantum Rod technology to detect …


Multimaterial Fibers In Photonics And Nanotechnology, Guangming Tao Jan 2014

Multimaterial Fibers In Photonics And Nanotechnology, Guangming Tao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Recent progress in combing multiple materials with distinct optical, electronic, and thermomechanical properties monolithically in a kilometer-long fiber drawn from a preform offers unique multifunctionality at a low cost. A wide range of unique in-fiber devices have been developed in fiber form-factor using this strategy. Here, I summary my recent results in this nascent field of 'multimaterial fibers'. I will focus on my achievements in producing robust infrared optical fibers and in appropriating optical fiber production technology for applications in nanofabrication. The development of optical components suitable for the infrared (IR) is crucial for applications in this spectral range to …


Investigation Of How Microbes Involved In Anerobic Digestion Of Vinasse Change As Functions Of Temperature, Vinasse Compositions And Time, Madhu Sanjog Sabnis Jan 2014

Investigation Of How Microbes Involved In Anerobic Digestion Of Vinasse Change As Functions Of Temperature, Vinasse Compositions And Time, Madhu Sanjog Sabnis

Earth & Environmental Sciences Dissertations

Recent fossil fuel supply crunches and price spikes have prompted increased interest in ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel. However, vinasse, the liquid residue left from the distillation of ethanol, poses serious disposal challenges due to its high acidity, chemical oxygen demand, and concentrations of solids, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. On average, 12-14 liters of vinasse are produced per liter of ethanol. Brazilian production of ethanol is estimated as 15.1 billion liters per year, meaning that the vinasse treatment and disposal problem for Brazil is particularly significant.Degradation via anaerobic microbes has been demonstrated as a viable option for vinasse treatment, …


Application Of In-Situ Remediation By Using Soil Phosphate Amendments At Three Lead Contaminated Soil Sites (Residential Yards) In New Orleans, La., Dhary Saad Alkandary Jan 2014

Application Of In-Situ Remediation By Using Soil Phosphate Amendments At Three Lead Contaminated Soil Sites (Residential Yards) In New Orleans, La., Dhary Saad Alkandary

Earth & Environmental Sciences Dissertations

Lead (Pb) contamination of soil continues as a threat to public health. The problem exists, in part, due to the abundance of lead in soil in certain contexts which has the potential to cause adverse health effects in children at relatively low exposure levels. The dominant source of lead in soils in the city of New Orleans, in the older urban areas close to residences, is old deteriorated lead-based paint. A cost-effective intervention method to address the problem of lead in these soils is needed to reduce the Pb exposure risk for people in these areas.Excavation and removal of lead …


A Look Into The Industry Of Video Games Past, Present, And Yet To Come, Chad Hadzinsky Jan 2014

A Look Into The Industry Of Video Games Past, Present, And Yet To Come, Chad Hadzinsky

CMC Senior Theses

Since its inception, the video game industry has been both a new medium for art and innovation as well as a major driving force in the advancements of many technologies. The often overlooked video game industry has turned from a hobby to a multi-billion dollar industry in its short, forty year life. People of all ages and genders across the world are playing video games at a higher clip than ever before. With so many new gamers and emerging technologies, it is an exciting time for the industry. The landscape is constantly changing and successful business models of the past …


Finding Zeros Of Rational Quadratic Forms, John F. Shaughnessy Jan 2014

Finding Zeros Of Rational Quadratic Forms, John F. Shaughnessy

CMC Senior Theses

In this thesis, we introduce the notion of quadratic forms and provide motivation for their study. We begin by discussing Diophantine equations, the field of p-adic numbers, and the Hasse-Minkowski Theorem that allows us to use p-adic analysis determine whether a quadratic form has a rational root. We then discuss search bounds and state Cassels' Theorem for small-height zeros of rational quadratic forms. We end with a proof of Cassels' Theorem and suggestions for further reading.


Block Kaczmarz Method With Inequalities, Jonathan Briskman Jan 2014

Block Kaczmarz Method With Inequalities, Jonathan Briskman

CMC Senior Theses

The Kaczmarz method is an iterative algorithm that solves overdetermined systems of linear equalities. This paper studies a system of linear equalities and inequalities. We use the block version of the Kaczmarz method applied towards the equalities with the simple randomized Kaczmarz scheme for the inequalities. This primarily involves combining Needell and Tropp's work on the block Kaczmarz method with the application of a randomized Kaczmarz approach towards a system of equalities and inequalities performed by Leventhal and Lewis. We give an expected linear rate of convergence for this kind of system and find that using the block Kaczmarz scheme …


Scalable Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms On Apache Spark, Walker Evan Casey Jan 2014

Scalable Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms On Apache Spark, Walker Evan Casey

CMC Senior Theses

Collaborative filtering based recommender systems use information about a user's preferences to make personalized predictions about content, such as topics, people, or products, that they might find relevant. As the volume of accessible information and active users on the Internet continues to grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to compute recommendations quickly and accurately over a large dataset. In this study, we will introduce an algorithmic framework built on top of Apache Spark for parallel computation of the neighborhood-based collaborative filtering problem, which allows the algorithm to scale linearly with a growing number of users. We also investigate several different variants …


Changing The Climate Narrative: How A Long-Term Climate Change Might Save Our Lives, Natalie P. Harreld Jan 2014

Changing The Climate Narrative: How A Long-Term Climate Change Might Save Our Lives, Natalie P. Harreld

CMC Senior Theses

The goal of this paper is to offer new insights into the climate change debate by shifting away from the heated anthropologic arguments that dominate politics, media, and popular science. Instead, I choose to rely on the long-term impacts of a changing climate on our planet. The paper begins with a break down of key processes involved in short-term and long-term climate change, using the latest research. After a foundational understanding of climate sciences is established, we will discuss the failure of the climate change debate in educating the general public about the facts of a changing climate. Finally, the …


Colormoo: An Algorithmic Approach To Generating Color Palettes, Joshua Rael Jan 2014

Colormoo: An Algorithmic Approach To Generating Color Palettes, Joshua Rael

CMC Senior Theses

Selecting one color can be done with relative ease, but this task becomes more difficult with each subsequent color. Colormoo is an online tool aimed at solving this problem. We implement three algorithms for generating color palettes based off of a starting color. Data is collected for each palette that is generated. Our analysis reveals two of the algorithms are preferred, but under different circumstances. Furthermore, we find that users prefer palettes containing colors that are compatible, but not too similar. With refined heuristics, we believe these techniques can be extended and applied beyond the field of graphic design alone.


Energy Aware And Privacy Preserving Protocols For Ad Hoc Networks With Applications To Disaster Management, Mayank Raj Jan 2014

Energy Aware And Privacy Preserving Protocols For Ad Hoc Networks With Applications To Disaster Management, Mayank Raj

Doctoral Dissertations

"Disasters can have a serious impact on the functioning of communities and societies. Disaster management aims at providing efficient utilization of resources during pre-disaster (e.g. preparedness and prevention) and post-disaster (e.g. recovery and relief) scenarios to reduce the impact of disasters. Wireless sensors have been extensively used for early detection and prevention of disasters. However, the sensor's operating environment may not always be congenial to these applications. Attackers can observe the traffic flow in the network to determine the location of the sensors and exploit it. For example, in intrusion detection systems, the information can be used to identify coverage …


Distributing Cms Data Between The Florida T2 And T3 Centers Using Lustre And Xrootd-Fs, Gary Kaganas, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Mengxing Chen, P. Avery, D. Bourilkov, Y. Fu, J. Palencia Jan 2014

Distributing Cms Data Between The Florida T2 And T3 Centers Using Lustre And Xrootd-Fs, Gary Kaganas, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Mengxing Chen, P. Avery, D. Bourilkov, Y. Fu, J. Palencia

Department of Physics

We have developed remote data access for large volumes of data over the Wide Area Network based on the Lustre filesystem and Kerberos authentication for security. In this paper we explore a prototype for two-step data access from worker nodes at Florida Tier3 centers, located behind a firewall and using a private network, to data hosted on the Lustre filesystem at the University of Florida CMS Tier2 center. At the Tier3 center we use a client which mounts securely the Lustre filesystem and hosts an XrootD server. The worker nodes access the data from the Tier3 client using POSIX compliant …


Inclusive And Exclusive Scatterings From Tensor Polarized Deuteron, Misak M. Sargsian, M. I. Strikman Jan 2014

Inclusive And Exclusive Scatterings From Tensor Polarized Deuteron, Misak M. Sargsian, M. I. Strikman

Department of Physics

The possibility of using a tensor polarized deuteron target in electroproduction reactions creates new opportunities for studying different phenomena related to the short-range hadronic and nuclear physics. The use of the tensor polarized deuteron allows us to isolate smaller than average inter-nucleon distances for the bound two-nucleon system. In this report we consider several high Q2 reactions which are particularly sensitive to the short-range two- nucleon configurations in the deuteron. One is the relativistic dynamics of electron-bound- nucleon scattering, which can be studied in both inclusive and exclusive reactions, and the other is the strong final state interaction in …


Electro-Disintegration Of Tensor Polarized Deuterium, Werner U. Boeglin Jan 2014

Electro-Disintegration Of Tensor Polarized Deuterium, Werner U. Boeglin

Department of Physics

A tensor polarized target in Hall A at Jefferson Lab would offer the possibility to measure the D(e, e'p)n cross section for the Ms = 0 and the Ms = ±1 states separately (the quantization axis is along the momentum transfer). These data would serve as a new, stringent test of our current understanding of the deuteron structure for missing momenta up to 450 MeV/c, a region where the deuteron wave function is dominated by the D-state. No data exist to date for missing momenta above 150 MeV/c. The technique to separate these cross sections, possible kinematic settings, …


Delayed Pion Spectroscopy Of Hypernuclei, Amur Margaryan, Patrick Achenbach, Robert Ajvazyan, John Annand, Franco Garibaldi, Nersik Grigoryan, Yuu Fuji, Osamu Hashimoto, Lubomir Majling, Satoshi N. Nakamura, Josef Pochodzalla, Joerg Reinhold, Liguang Tang, Kyo Tsukuda, Henrik Vardanyan, Simon Zhamkochyan Jan 2014

Delayed Pion Spectroscopy Of Hypernuclei, Amur Margaryan, Patrick Achenbach, Robert Ajvazyan, John Annand, Franco Garibaldi, Nersik Grigoryan, Yuu Fuji, Osamu Hashimoto, Lubomir Majling, Satoshi N. Nakamura, Josef Pochodzalla, Joerg Reinhold, Liguang Tang, Kyo Tsukuda, Henrik Vardanyan, Simon Zhamkochyan

Department of Physics

New possibilities of hypernuclear studies at modern electron accelerators based on recently developed radio frequency photomultiplier tubes are discussed.


Social Data Analytics Using Tensors And Sparse Techniques, Miao Zhang Jan 2014

Social Data Analytics Using Tensors And Sparse Techniques, Miao Zhang

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations

The development of internet and mobile technologies is driving an earthshaking social media revolution. They bring the internet world a huge amount of social media content, such as images, videos, comments, etc. Those massive media content and complicate social structures require the analytic expertise to transform those flood of information into actionable strategies, because mining those data can help organizations take control of those data, therefore organizations can improve customer satisfaction, identify patterns and trends, and make smarter marketing strategies. Mining those data can also help the consumers to grasp the most important and convenient information from the overwhelming data …