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2014

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Articles 11611 - 11640 of 12299

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Online Efficient And Effective Search In Large And Noisy Sequence Databases, Alexios Kotsifakos Jan 2014

Online Efficient And Effective Search In Large And Noisy Sequence Databases, Alexios Kotsifakos

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations

This thesis investigates the problem of similarity search in large and noisy sequence databases. A key application domain of interest in this work is the very challenging Query-By-Humming (QBH) problem, according to which, given a hummed part of a song, we would like to identify the closest matches in a large music repository. The problem of selecting the most appropriate, based on each specific query, distance measure out of a pool of measures for classification in time series data is also investigated. In addition, searching time series databases via examples, which may be either time series or models, is also …

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On Readout Of Vibrational Qubits Using Quantum Beats, Dmytro Shyshlov, Eduardo Berrios, Martin Gruebele, Dmitri Babikov Jan 2014

On Readout Of Vibrational Qubits Using Quantum Beats, Dmytro Shyshlov, Eduardo Berrios, Martin Gruebele, Dmitri Babikov

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Readout of the final states of qubits is a crucial step towards implementing quantum computation in experiment. Although not scalable to large numbers of qubits per molecule, computational studies show that molecular vibrations could provide a significant (factor 2–5 in the literature) increase in the number of qubits compared to two-level systems. In this theoretical work, we explore the process of readout from vibrational qubits in thiophosgene molecule, SCCl2, using quantum beat oscillations. The quantum beats are measured by first exciting the superposition of the qubit-encoding vibrational states to the electronically excited readout state with variable time-delay pulses. …

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Cellulose-Chitosan-Keratin Composite Materials: Synthesis, Immunological And Antibacterial Properties, Meghann Rosewald, Fang Yao Stephen Hou, Tamutsiwa Moven Mututuvari, April L. Harkins, Chieu D. Tran Jan 2014

Cellulose-Chitosan-Keratin Composite Materials: Synthesis, Immunological And Antibacterial Properties, Meghann Rosewald, Fang Yao Stephen Hou, Tamutsiwa Moven Mututuvari, April L. Harkins, Chieu D. Tran

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Novel composites were synthesized from keratin (KER), cellulose (CEL) and chitosan (CS). The method is recyclable because majority (>88%) of [BMIm+Cl-], an ionic liquid (IL), used as the sole solvent, was recovered for reuse. Experimentally, it was confirmed that unique properties of each component remain intact in the composites, namely bactericide (from KER and CS) and anti-inflammatory property (from KER). Specifically, the composites were examined for their anti-inflammatory influence on macrophages. The cells were imaged and immunophenotyped to determine the quantity using the macrophage marker CD11b. The 75:25 [KER+CS] composite was found to have the …

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Semi-Cotangent Bundle And Problems Of Lifts, Furkan Yildirim, Arif Salimov Jan 2014

Semi-Cotangent Bundle And Problems Of Lifts, Furkan Yildirim, Arif Salimov

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Using the fiber bundle M over a manifold B, we define a semi-cotangent (pull-back) bundle t^{\ast}B, which has a degenerate symplectic structure. We consider lifting problem of projectable geometric objects on M to the semi-cotangent bundle. Relations between lifted objects and a degenerate symplectic structure are also presented.

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On Generalized Robertson--Walker Spacetimes Satisfying Some Curvature Condition, Kadri̇ Arslan, Ryszard Deszcz, Ridvan Ezentaş, Marian Hotlos, Cengi̇zhan Murathan Jan 2014

On Generalized Robertson--Walker Spacetimes Satisfying Some Curvature Condition, Kadri̇ Arslan, Ryszard Deszcz, Ridvan Ezentaş, Marian Hotlos, Cengi̇zhan Murathan

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for warped product manifolds (M,g), of dimension \geqslant 4, with 1-dimensional base, and in particular, for generalized Robertson--Walker spacetimes, to satisfy some generalized Einstein metric condition. Namely, the difference tensor R . C - C . R, formed from the curvature tensor R and the Weyl conformal curvature tensor C, is expressed by the Tachibana tensor Q(S,R) formed from the Ricci tensor S and R. We also construct suitable examples of such manifolds. They are quasi-Einstein, i.e. at every point of M rank (S - \alpha g) \leqslant 1, for some \alpha \in R, …

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Some Rings For Which The Cosingular Submodule Of Every Module Is A Direct Summand, Derya Keski̇n Tütüncü, Ni̇l Orhan Ertaş, Patrick F. Smith, Rachid Tribak Jan 2014

Some Rings For Which The Cosingular Submodule Of Every Module Is A Direct Summand, Derya Keski̇n Tütüncü, Ni̇l Orhan Ertaş, Patrick F. Smith, Rachid Tribak

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The submodule \overline{Z}(M) = \cap {N M/N is small in its injective hull} was introduced by Talebi and Vanaja in 2002. A ring R is said to have property (P) if \overline{Z}(M) is a direct summand of M for every R-module M. It is shown that a commutative perfect ring R has (P) if and only if R is semisimple. An example is given to show that this characterization is not true for noncommutative rings. We prove that if R is a commutative ring such that the class {M \in Mod-R \overline{Z}_{R}(M) = 0} is closed under factor modules, then …

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Half-Lightlike Submanifolds With Planar Normal Sections In R_2^4, Feyza Esra Erdoğan, Rifat Güneş, Bayram Şahi̇n Jan 2014

Half-Lightlike Submanifolds With Planar Normal Sections In R_2^4, Feyza Esra Erdoğan, Rifat Güneş, Bayram Şahi̇n

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We investigate half-lightlike submanifolds with planar normal sections of 4-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a half-lightlike submanifold of R_2^4 such that it has degenerate or nondegenerate planar normal sections.

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\Xi^{\Perp}-Submanifolds Of Para-Sasakian Manifolds, Selcen Yüksel Perktaş, Mukut Mani Tripathi, Erol Kiliç, Sadik Keleş Jan 2014

\Xi^{\Perp}-Submanifolds Of Para-Sasakian Manifolds, Selcen Yüksel Perktaş, Mukut Mani Tripathi, Erol Kiliç, Sadik Keleş

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Almost semiinvariant \xi^{\perp}-submanifolds of an almost paracontact metric manifold are defined and studied. Some characterizations of almost semiinvariant \xi^{\perp}-submanifolds and semiinvariant \xi^{\perp}-submanifolds are presented. A para-CR-structure is defined and it is proven that an almost semiinvariant \xi^{\perp}-submanifold of a normal almost paracontact metric (and hence para-Sasakian) manifold with the proper invariant distribution always possesses a para-\textit{CR}-structure. A counter example is also given. Integrability conditions for certain natural distributions arising on almost semiinvariant \xi^{\perp} -submanifolds are obtained. Finally, certain parallel operators on submanifolds are investigated.

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Erratum: Measurement Of D* ± Production In Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera (Journal Of High Energy Physics (2013) (097)), H. Abramowicz, I. Abt, L. Adamczyk, M. Adamus, R. Aggarwal, S. Antonelli, P. Antonioli, A. Antonov, M. Arneodo, O. Arslan, V. Aushev, Y. Aushev, O. Bachynska, A. Bamberger, A. N. Barakbaev, G. Barbagli, G. Bari, F. Barreiro, N. Bartosik, D. Bartsch, M. Basile, O. Behnke, J. Behr, U. Behrens, L. Bellagamba, A. Bertolin, S. Bhadra, M. Bindi, C. Blohm, V. Bokhonov, T. Bold, Margarita C. K. Mattingly Jan 2014

Erratum: Measurement Of D* ± Production In Deep Inelastic Scattering At Hera (Journal Of High Energy Physics (2013) (097)), H. Abramowicz, I. Abt, L. Adamczyk, M. Adamus, R. Aggarwal, S. Antonelli, P. Antonioli, A. Antonov, M. Arneodo, O. Arslan, V. Aushev, Y. Aushev, O. Bachynska, A. Bamberger, A. N. Barakbaev, G. Barbagli, G. Bari, F. Barreiro, N. Bartosik, D. Bartsch, M. Basile, O. Behnke, J. Behr, U. Behrens, L. Bellagamba, A. Bertolin, S. Bhadra, M. Bindi, C. Blohm, V. Bokhonov, T. Bold, Margarita C. K. Mattingly

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Periodical Winter 2014, Southern Adventist University Jan 2014

The Periodical Winter 2014, Southern Adventist University

the Periodical – Chemistry Department Newsletter

Volume 1, issue 1 of the Periodical includes articles about Rhonda Scott's time as chair of the department, faculty news, a pictorial directory of 2014 graduates, an alumni spotlight, and Chemistry Club news.

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Ramsey Theory Using Matroid Minors, Dixie Smith Horne Jan 2014

Ramsey Theory Using Matroid Minors, Dixie Smith Horne

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis considers a Ramsey Theory question for graphs and regular matroids. Specifically, how many elements N are required in a 3-connected graphic or regular matroid to force the existence of certain specified minors in that matroid? This question cannot be answered for an arbitrary collection of specified minors. However, there are results from the literature for which the number N exists for certain collections of minors. We first encode totally unimodular matrix representations of certain matroids. We use the computer program MACEK to investigate this question for certain classes of specified minors.

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On The Continued Fraction Expansion Of Some Hyperquadratic Functions, Khalil Ayadi, Fatma Taktak Jan 2014

On The Continued Fraction Expansion Of Some Hyperquadratic Functions, Khalil Ayadi, Fatma Taktak

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we consider continued fraction expansions for algebraic power series over a finite field. Especially, we are interested in studying the continued fraction expansion of a particular subset of algebraic power series over a finite field, called hyperquadratic. This subset contains irrational elements \alpha satisfying an equation \alpha = f(\alpha^r), where r is a power of the characteristic of the base field and f is a linear fractional transformation with polynomials coefficients. The continued fraction expansion for these elements can sometimes be given fully explicitly. We will show this expansion for hyperquadratic power series satisfying certain types of …

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Monomial Ideals Of Linear Type, Monica La Barbiera, Paola Lea Stagliano' Jan 2014

Monomial Ideals Of Linear Type, Monica La Barbiera, Paola Lea Stagliano'

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let S=K[x_1,…,x_n;y_1,…,y_m] be the polynomial ring in 2 sets of variables over a field K. We investigate some classes of monomial ideals of S in order to classify ideals of the linear type.

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Two-Weighted Norm Inequality On Weighted Morrey Spaces, Xiaofeng Ye, Tengfei Wang Jan 2014

Two-Weighted Norm Inequality On Weighted Morrey Spaces, Xiaofeng Ye, Tengfei Wang

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let u and \omega be weight functions. We shall introduce the weighted Morrey spaces L^{p,\kappa} (\omega) and investigate the sufficient condition and necessary condition about the 2-weighted boundedness of the Hardy--Littlewood maximal operator.

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On Density Theorems For Rings Of Krull Type With Zero Divisors, Başak Ay Saylam Jan 2014

On Density Theorems For Rings Of Krull Type With Zero Divisors, Başak Ay Saylam

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let R be a commutative ring and I(R) denote the multiplicative group of all invertible fractional ideals of R, ordered by A \leqslant B if and only if B \subseteq A. If R is a Marot ring of Krull type, then R_{(P_i)}, where {P_i}_{i \in I} are a collection of prime regular ideals of R, is a valuation ring and R = \bigcap R_{(P_i)}. We denote by G_i the value group of the valuation associated with R_{(P_i)}. We prove that there is an order homomorphism from I(R) into the cardinal direct sum \coprod_{i \in I} G_i and we investigate the …

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Degenerate Hopf Bifurcations, Hidden Attractors, And Control In The Extended Sprott E System With Only One Stable Equilibrium, Zhouchao Wei, Irene Moroz, Anping Liu Jan 2014

Degenerate Hopf Bifurcations, Hidden Attractors, And Control In The Extended Sprott E System With Only One Stable Equilibrium, Zhouchao Wei, Irene Moroz, Anping Liu

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we introduce an extended Sprott E system by a general quadratic control scheme with 3 arbitrary parameters for the new system. The resulting system can exhibit codimension-one Hopf bifurcations as parameters vary. The control strategy used can be applied to create degenerate Hopf bifurcations at desired locations with preferred stability. A complex chaotic attractor with only one stable equilibrium is derived in the sense of having a positive largest Lyapunov exponent. The chaotic attractor with only one stable equilibrium can be generated via a period-doubling bifurcation. To further suppress chaos in the extended Sprott E system coexisting …

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Seiberg--Witten-Like Equations On 5-Dimensional Contact Metric Manifolds, Nedi̇m Deği̇rmenci̇, Şenay Bulut Jan 2014

Seiberg--Witten-Like Equations On 5-Dimensional Contact Metric Manifolds, Nedi̇m Deği̇rmenci̇, Şenay Bulut

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we write Seiberg--Witten-like equations on contact metric manifolds of dimension 5. Since any contact metric manifold has a Spin^c-structure, we use the generalized Tanaka--Webster connection on a Spin^c spinor bundle of a contact metric manifold to define the Dirac-type operators and write the Dirac equation. The self-duality of 2-forms needed for the curvature equation is defined by using the contact structure. These equations admit a nontrivial solution on 5-dimensional strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds whose contact distribution has a negative constant scalar curvature.

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On 4-Dimensional Almost Para-Complex Pure-Walker Manifolds, Murat İşcan, Hi̇lmi̇ Sarsilmaz, Si̇bel Turanli Jan 2014

On 4-Dimensional Almost Para-Complex Pure-Walker Manifolds, Murat İşcan, Hi̇lmi̇ Sarsilmaz, Si̇bel Turanli

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

This paper is concerned with almost para-complex structures on Walker 4-manifolds. For these structures, we study some problems of Kähler manifolds. We also give an example of a flat almost para-complex manifold, which consists of a nonintegrable almost para-complex structure on Walker 4-manifolds.

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Hd-Mr: A New Algorithm For Number Recognition In Electrical Meters, Miguel Rodriguez, Geovanni Berdugo, Daladier Jabba, Maria Calle, Miguel Jimeno Jan 2014

Hd-Mr: A New Algorithm For Number Recognition In Electrical Meters, Miguel Rodriguez, Geovanni Berdugo, Daladier Jabba, Maria Calle, Miguel Jimeno

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Utility companies in developing countries employ analog electrical meters to determine consumption and bill their customers accordingly. Obtaining an accurate reading is an expensive and time-consuming process. High consumption levels of water, energy, or gas are fined by the government; thus, it is necessary to develop tools that allow users to be informed about their consumption in real time. This paper proposes a new number recognition algorithm named the Hausdorff distance for meter reading (HD-MR). Experiments prove that HD-MR can achieve a 99.9% recognition rate, even when recognized numbers are under rotation. The maximum recognition time is 31 ms; hence, …

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East-Derived Strata In The Methow Basin Record Rapid Mid-Cretaceous Uplift Of The Southern Coast Mountains Batholith, Kathleen D. Surpless, Zachary T. Sickmann, Trevor Koplitz Jan 2014

East-Derived Strata In The Methow Basin Record Rapid Mid-Cretaceous Uplift Of The Southern Coast Mountains Batholith, Kathleen D. Surpless, Zachary T. Sickmann, Trevor Koplitz

Geosciences Faculty Research

The Jurassic–Cretaceous Methow basin of northern Washington State and southern British Columbia forms an overlap sequence linking several small tectonostratigraphic terranes. Sandstone petrography, sandstone and mudrock geochemistry, and detrital zircon U–Pb age and Hf analysis of mid-Cretaceous, east-derived Methow strata together document a remarkably uniform provenance signature that suggests proximal, abundant, and unchanging sediment sources throughout deposition. The eastern belt of the Coast Mountains batholith, intruded into Stikine and related inboard terranes of the Intermontane superterrane, along with Jurassic and Cretaceous plutons of the westernmost Okanogan Range, provide the best match to the provenance signature of east-derived sediment in the …

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Global Assessment Of Radiocarbon Isotopic Analysis For Particulate And Dissolved Organic Carbon In Riverine Systems, Ashley Tucker Jan 2014

Global Assessment Of Radiocarbon Isotopic Analysis For Particulate And Dissolved Organic Carbon In Riverine Systems, Ashley Tucker

Theses and Dissertations

Rivers are a significant source of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC) into inland waters and coastal systems and provide a fundamental linkage between the terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric carbon reservoirs. Recent studies have examined the relationship between the quantity and form (POC vs. DOC) of carbon delivered to the aquatic system; however, little is known about the age of POC and DOC exported and how the radiocarbon age may vary with latitude, topographic gradient, vegetation, and land use. I provide the first global synthesis of published radiocarbon values of POC and DOC (∆14C). Inclusion of DOC and POC …

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The Study Of Au(Iii) Compounds And Their Interaction With Zinc Finger Proteins, Sarah Spell Jan 2014

The Study Of Au(Iii) Compounds And Their Interaction With Zinc Finger Proteins, Sarah Spell

Theses and Dissertations

Gold compounds have been used in medicine dating back as early as 2500 BC. Over the years gold(I) and gold(III) compounds have been used and designed to target rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and viral diseases. New drug targets have been found for gold compounds that give insight into their mechanisms of action. Here we focus on the synthesis of Au(III) compounds designed to selectively target zinc finger (ZF) proteins. ZF proteins exhibit a variety of functions, including transcription, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Displacement of the central zinc ion, along with mutation of coordinated amino acids can result in a loss of …

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On Rudin's Pathological Submodules Over Bidisk, Yueshi Qin Jan 2014

On Rudin's Pathological Submodules Over Bidisk, Yueshi Qin

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Operator theory has been greatly enriched after the introduction of

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Uncovering Organosulfur Natural Products In The "Shy-Plant" Mimosa Pudica Via Direct Analysis In Real Time Mass Spectrometry : Volatiles Emission From Touch Sensitive Roots, Max Jacob Maron Jan 2014

Uncovering Organosulfur Natural Products In The "Shy-Plant" Mimosa Pudica Via Direct Analysis In Real Time Mass Spectrometry : Volatiles Emission From Touch Sensitive Roots, Max Jacob Maron

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosaceae) is a small shrub endemic to South America, now pantropically distributed. M. pudica displays the properties of seismonasty where the leaves fold and stems droop in response to both touch, as well as nyctinasty, a type of circadian rhythm. It was previously reported that the principal component of the odor that is produced when M. pudica is uprooted is caused by CS2 and COS, both of which were detected by GC-MS. The present study has found that the roots emit a foul odor in response to direct root stimulation. Further, neither CS2 nor COS were observed …

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Petrography, Stable Isotope Compositions, Microraman Spectroscopy, And Presolar Components Of Roberts Massif 04133: A Reduced Cv3 Carbonaceous Chrondrite, Jemma Davidson, Devin L. Schrader, Conel M. Alexander, Dante S. Lauretta, Henner Busemann, Ian A. Franchi, Richard C. Greenwood, Harold Connolly Jr., Kenneth J. Domanik, Alexander Verchovsky Jan 2014

Petrography, Stable Isotope Compositions, Microraman Spectroscopy, And Presolar Components Of Roberts Massif 04133: A Reduced Cv3 Carbonaceous Chrondrite, Jemma Davidson, Devin L. Schrader, Conel M. Alexander, Dante S. Lauretta, Henner Busemann, Ian A. Franchi, Richard C. Greenwood, Harold Connolly Jr., Kenneth J. Domanik, Alexander Verchovsky

School of Earth & Environment Departmental Research

Here, we report the mineralogy, petrography, C-N-O-stable isotope compositions, degree of disorder of organic matter, and abundances of presolar components of the chondrite Roberts Massif (RBT) 04133 using a coordinated, multitechnique approach. The results of this study are inconsistent with its initial classification as a Renazzo-like carbonaceous chondrite, and strongly support RBT 04133 being a brecciated, reduced petrologic type >3.3 Vigarano-like carbonaceous (CV) chondrite. RBT 04133 shows no evidence for aqueous alteration. However, it is mildly thermally altered (up to approximately 440 °C); which is apparent in its whole-rock C and N isotopic compositions, the degree of disorder of C …

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Electron Donor Contributions To Denitrification In The Elk Valley Aquifer, North Dakota, Amanda M. Krieger Jan 2014

Electron Donor Contributions To Denitrification In The Elk Valley Aquifer, North Dakota, Amanda M. Krieger

Theses and Dissertations

Six denitrification tracer tests were performed over eight and a half years in in situ mesocosms (ISMs) in the Elk Valley Aquifer (EVA) in east-central North Dakota. Groundwater samples were analyzed to determine how much nitrate was lost beyond that explained by dilution of the bromide tracer. Additional losses were attributed to denitrification. The denitrification rates varied from 0.10 to 0.23 mg N/L/day for the six tests. In general, the major electron donors for denitrification are organic carbon (OC), pyrite (FeS2), and ferrous iron silicate minerals. In the EVA tracer tests, increases in sulfate indicated that the oxidation of pyrite …

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Strategic Decision Support System Using Heuristic Algorithm For Practical Outlet Zones Allocation To Dealers In A Beer Supply Distribution Network, Michelle Lee Fong Cheong Jan 2014

Strategic Decision Support System Using Heuristic Algorithm For Practical Outlet Zones Allocation To Dealers In A Beer Supply Distribution Network, Michelle Lee Fong Cheong

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We consider a two-echelon beer supply distribution network with the brewer replenishing the dealers and the dealers serving the outlet zones directly, for multiple product types. The allocation of the outlet zones to the dealers will determine the quantity of products the brewer replenishes each dealer, which will in turn impact the total warehousing and transportation costs. The non-linear optimization model formulated is difficult to solve to optimality, and the model itself does not include practical business considerations in the distribution business. A heuristics algorithm is designed and easily implemented using spreadsheets with Visual Basic programming to effectively and efficiently …

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Particle Formation In Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Thabiso Musapelo Jan 2014

Particle Formation In Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Thabiso Musapelo

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A particle sizing system was developed that couples a light scattering particle sizer with a differential mobility analyzer for particle detection and elucidation with the capability for measuring particle sizes in the range of 10 nm to 20 μm. The particle sizing system was used to investigate particle formation that is associated with several methods of atmospheric pressure ion formation used in mass spectrometry: atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and inlet ionization. The methods for particle formation were 1) ultraviolet (UV) laser ablation, 2) infrared (IR) laser ablation, and 3) shock-generated particle formation. Particles formed by UV laser …

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On Matroid And Polymatroid Connectivity, Dennis Wayne Hall Ii Jan 2014

On Matroid And Polymatroid Connectivity, Dennis Wayne Hall Ii

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Matroids were introduced in 1935 by Hassler Whitney to provide a way to abstractly capture the dependence properties common to graphs and matrices. One important class of matroids arises by taking as objects some finite collection of one-dimensional subspaces of a vector space. If, instead, one takes as objects some finite collection of subspaces of dimensions at most k in a vector space, one gets an example of a k-polymatroid.

Connectivity is a pivotal topic of study in the endeavor to understand the structure of matroids and polymatroids. In this dissertation, we study the notion of connectivity from several …

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Synthetic Routes To Therapeutic Agents Via Masked Functionalities: From Orthogonal Peptide Crosslink To Photothermal Cancer Prodrug, Chyree Shantel Batton Jan 2014

Synthetic Routes To Therapeutic Agents Via Masked Functionalities: From Orthogonal Peptide Crosslink To Photothermal Cancer Prodrug, Chyree Shantel Batton

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The theonellamides are a family of compounds distinguished by their crosslinking ô-histidinoalanine (ô-HAL) residue. Part one of this dissertation details the synthesis of an orthogonally protected ô-HAL building block that will be incorporated into a total synthesis of theonellamide C. Selective deprotection of each amine and acid of this orthogonally protected building block is also demonstrated. Various reaction partners for the assembly of ô-histidinoalanine were explored. One approach involved the coupling of N-Fmoc-â-iodoalanine benzyl ester and (Nðim)-blocked histidine nucleophiles including a fused bicyclic urea and a Boc-His(Nð-Pac)-OMe. While the imidazolium salts were identified by mass spectrometry, elimination of the iodide …

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