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Articles 1081 - 1110 of 27366

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Consciousness, Evolution, And The Self-Organizing Brain, Karen Seymour Apr 2023

Consciousness, Evolution, And The Self-Organizing Brain, Karen Seymour

Journal of Conscious Evolution

While evolution is guided by natural selection, it is internally driven by self-organizing processes. The brain encompasses these complementary forces and dynamics of evolution in both its structure and dynamics by embodying a historical record of the factors that have shaped it throughout its evolutionary past, as well as by being shaped by selective parameters in real time. Self-organization is evident in not only the brain’s structure and form, but also in the processes that support consciousness. From the convergence of complex structure and the novelty-generating dynamics of chaos that both characterize the brain arises the experience of explicit consciousness, …

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Fruit And Vegetable Intake And Home Nutrition Environment Among Low-Income Minority Households With Elementary-Aged Children, Brittni Naylor Metoyer, Ru-Jye Chuang, Minjae Lee, Christine Markham, Eric L Brown, Maha Almohamad, Jayna M Dave, Shreela V Sharma Apr 2023

Fruit And Vegetable Intake And Home Nutrition Environment Among Low-Income Minority Households With Elementary-Aged Children, Brittni Naylor Metoyer, Ru-Jye Chuang, Minjae Lee, Christine Markham, Eric L Brown, Maha Almohamad, Jayna M Dave, Shreela V Sharma

Student and Faculty Publications

Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences were shown to have an influence on child fruit and vegetable intake. This study examined the associations between parent and child fruit and vegetable intake and the home nutrition environment among Hispanic/Latino and African American families. Through a cross-sectional study design, self-reported surveys (

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Thematic Analysis Of Food Safety Literature: The Fda Food Code And State Legislation, Sabrina Nicole Backlund Apr 2023

Thematic Analysis Of Food Safety Literature: The Fda Food Code And State Legislation, Sabrina Nicole Backlund

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

One of the most important purposes of communication is to warn people of environmental dangers. More specifically, communication can identify risks associated with food safety. The government and food safety experts are to provide information on these dangers. This study aims to determine whether these entities use consistent language to communicate these dangers. The reader will first take a journey through relevant communication concepts and an introduction to food safety. This qualitative applied communication analysis uses MAXQDA software to ascertain similarities in word choice between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food code and state legislative material. This comparison uses …

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A Quieter Ocean: Experimentally Derived Differences In Attentive Responses Of Tursiops Truncatus To Anthropogenic Noise Playbacks Before And During The Covid-19-Related Anthropause, Paige E. Stevens, Veda Allen, Jason N. Bruck Apr 2023

A Quieter Ocean: Experimentally Derived Differences In Attentive Responses Of Tursiops Truncatus To Anthropogenic Noise Playbacks Before And During The Covid-19-Related Anthropause, Paige E. Stevens, Veda Allen, Jason N. Bruck

Faculty Publications

The effects of anthropogenic noise continue to threaten marine fauna, yet the impacts of human-produced sound on the broad aspects of cognition in marine mammals remain relatively understudied. The shutdown of non-essential activities due to the COVID-19-related anthropause created an opportunity to determine if reducing levels of oceanic anthropogenic noise on cetaceans affected processes of sensitization and habituation for common human-made sounds in an experimental setting. Dolphins at Dolphin Quest Bermuda were presented with three noises related to human activities (cruise ship, personal watercraft, and Navy low-frequency active sonar) both in 2018 and again during the anthropause in 2021 via …

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Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine N-Oxide Contributes To Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Through Inflammatory And Apoptotic Mechanisms, Tyler W. Benson, Kelsey A. Conrad, Xinmin S. Li, Zeneng Wang, Robert N. Helsley, Rebecca C. Schugar, Taylor M. Coughlin, Caris Wadding-Lee, Salma Fleifil, Hannah M. Russell, Timothy Stone, Michael Brooks, Jennifer A. Buffa, Kevin Mani, Martin Björck, Anders Wanhainen, Naseer Sangwan, Sudha Biddinger, Rohan Bhandari, Akiirayi Ademoya, Crystal Pascual, W. H.Wilson Tang, Michael Tranter, Scott J. Cameron, J. Mark Brown, Stanley L. Hazen, A. Phillip Owens Apr 2023

Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine N-Oxide Contributes To Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Through Inflammatory And Apoptotic Mechanisms, Tyler W. Benson, Kelsey A. Conrad, Xinmin S. Li, Zeneng Wang, Robert N. Helsley, Rebecca C. Schugar, Taylor M. Coughlin, Caris Wadding-Lee, Salma Fleifil, Hannah M. Russell, Timothy Stone, Michael Brooks, Jennifer A. Buffa, Kevin Mani, Martin Björck, Anders Wanhainen, Naseer Sangwan, Sudha Biddinger, Rohan Bhandari, Akiirayi Ademoya, Crystal Pascual, W. H.Wilson Tang, Michael Tranter, Scott J. Cameron, J. Mark Brown, Stanley L. Hazen, A. Phillip Owens

Exercise and Sport Studies: Faculty Publications

Background: Large-scale human and mechanistic mouse studies indicate a strong relationship between the microbiome-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and several cardiometabolic diseases. This study aims to investigate the role of TMAO in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and target its parent microbes as a potential pharmacological intervention. Methods: TMAO and choline metabolites were examined in plasma samples, with associated clinical data, from 2 independent patient cohorts (N=2129 total). Mice were fed a high-choline diet and underwent 2 murine AAA models, angiotensin II infusion in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice or topical porcine pancreatic elastase in C57BL/6J mice. Gut …

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Plants Detect And Adapt, But Do Not Feel, Paul C. Struik Apr 2023

Plants Detect And Adapt, But Do Not Feel, Paul C. Struik

Animal Sentience

Plant sentience is a hot topic in scientific and popular media. There are moral reasons to respect both the service of plants to humanity and their natural integrity as creatures playing their own significant role in a complex ecosystem. However, to infer that plants have certain cognitive capacities that are present also in certain human and nonhuman animals calls for scientific rigor beyond mere analogy. The unique capacities of plants identified by Segundo-Ortin & Calvo are not necessarily linked to sentience. Nor is it likely that sentience is an evolutionary trait that is present to some extent in all living …

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Questions About Sentience Are Not Scientific But Cultural, Yoram Gutfreund Apr 2023

Questions About Sentience Are Not Scientific But Cultural, Yoram Gutfreund

Animal Sentience

Abstract: The findings of complex cognitive-like behaviours in plants are surprising and exciting. However, they do not provide a scientific reason for ascribing sentience to plants. The target article, in trying to provide evidence for sentience in plants, exposes the weakness of the science of animal consciousness in general. In this commentary, I try to explain why the scientific method is incapable of resolving the question of which organisms or systems are sentient.

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Will Populations Of Macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups Survive Precipitation Changes?, Malika Gottfried, Laura Kim, Sophia Zuccala Apr 2023

Will Populations Of Macroinvertebrate Functional Feeding Groups Survive Precipitation Changes?, Malika Gottfried, Laura Kim, Sophia Zuccala

Other Student Projects

Climate change is a pervasive issue that has the potential to have detrimental effects on many freshwater organisms and their habitats. Fluctuations in precipitation, changes in temperature, and other long-term shifts in weather patterns are just a few examples of the ways in which climate change is impacting the world around us (“What is Climate Change?” n.d.). The Mill River in Northampton, Massachusetts is an ideal location to measure some of these impacts on macroinvertebrates in various functional feeding groups. Macroinvertebrates are small organisms that lack an internal skeletal system, and their functional feeding groups refer to “the type of …

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A Review Of The Implications Of The Love Canal Disaster And The Subsequent Actions Of The State And Federal Government, Hannah Albright, Brooklyn Hurtt, Douglas Mock Apr 2023

A Review Of The Implications Of The Love Canal Disaster And The Subsequent Actions Of The State And Federal Government, Hannah Albright, Brooklyn Hurtt, Douglas Mock

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

There is much literature written about environmental law and policy. The one focused on in this poster presentation is “Love Canal: A Toxic History from Colonial Times to the Present” by Richard S. Newman. The novel focuses on the Love Canal tragedy in upstate New York, where a chemical plant caused housewives to turn into activists after their neighbors, friends, and even their own families became extremely ill or succumbed because of the toxic waste. The tragedy at Love Canal was the precursor to grassroots movements across the United States.

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Enhancing Telomerase Activity In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Through A Genetic Screen For Gain-Of-Function Mutations, Keenan Conley, Hailey Rietz, Mackenzie Neal, Melissa Mefford Apr 2023

Enhancing Telomerase Activity In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Through A Genetic Screen For Gain-Of-Function Mutations, Keenan Conley, Hailey Rietz, Mackenzie Neal, Melissa Mefford

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Telomeres are located at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and are composed of repeated nucleotide sequences. The main function of telomeres is to protect chromosomal ends. However, telomeres cannot be copied entirely during DNA replication leading to a gradual shortening known as the “end-replication problem”. To counteract this problem, the RNA-dependent enzyme complex telomerase works to extend telomeres and maintain the chromosomal ends which helps to prevent senescence. Understanding the structure and function of telomerase could have important implications for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics, since telomerase is over-active in >85% of all human cancers. While the general role …

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Collapse: The History Of How We Fail, And What We Can Do To Save Ourselves, David Ace, Grace Funke, Aj Abdel-Rahman, Nate Floccare, Kristen Russell, Madison Ingram, Douglas Mock Apr 2023

Collapse: The History Of How We Fail, And What We Can Do To Save Ourselves, David Ace, Grace Funke, Aj Abdel-Rahman, Nate Floccare, Kristen Russell, Madison Ingram, Douglas Mock

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Using Diamond's Five point framework for how societies have collapsed in the past allow us in the present to recognize these signs in modern societies. We have the gift of hindsight in which we now know that factors such as climate change, impact on the environment, decline on friendly contact, increase in hostile contact, and a conservative outlook have all contributed to past societies' collapse. We now recognize these issues in modern societies such as China, Australia, Rwanda, and Haiti. This allows these societies to reevaluate their current environmental standards on whether they are compatible with their survival or collapse. …

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The Impact Of Nursing Skill Competency On Patient Outcomes: A Quality Improvement Project, Abby Blair, Riley Boling, Natalie Crace, Jascie Greene, Peyton Kennedy, Andrew Morris, Joseph Sewell, Abigail Wesselkamper, Suzi White Apr 2023

The Impact Of Nursing Skill Competency On Patient Outcomes: A Quality Improvement Project, Abby Blair, Riley Boling, Natalie Crace, Jascie Greene, Peyton Kennedy, Andrew Morris, Joseph Sewell, Abigail Wesselkamper, Suzi White

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

45 out of 50 facilities that implemented continued education saw improved patient outcomes. This presentation focuses on the importance of nurse participation in continued professional development programs because it is a shortcoming that we noticed in clinical practice.

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The Diversity Of Life By E.O. Wilson, Emma Collins, Matthew Grace, Brady Lawson, Michelle Lopez, Zane Rousey, Douglas Mock Apr 2023

The Diversity Of Life By E.O. Wilson, Emma Collins, Matthew Grace, Brady Lawson, Michelle Lopez, Zane Rousey, Douglas Mock

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

In The Diversity of Life, E. O. Wilson tells a tale about how our earth is on track for another extinction event and humans are at fault. Wilson discusses various topics such as environmental preservation, biodiversity and its importance, and how life has evolved over time. Wilson views biodiversity differently than many as he focuses on all species found in the ecosystem rather than narrowing his focus on one. He mentions how new species can be created by groups evolving and developing new skills or existing in new environments. Species are going extinct and being created constantly; these extinctions don't …

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Age And Growth Of The Highland Shiner (Notropis Micropteryx) In Rockcastle County, Kentucky, Caitlyn Senters, Zoe Baker, Shelbie Black, Jared Vise, David J. Eisenhour Apr 2023

Age And Growth Of The Highland Shiner (Notropis Micropteryx) In Rockcastle County, Kentucky, Caitlyn Senters, Zoe Baker, Shelbie Black, Jared Vise, David J. Eisenhour

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Notropis micropteryx, the Highland Shiner, is common in small to large streams of the Cumberland, Tennessee, and upper Green River drainages. It usually inhabits rocky riffles (Eisenhour and Eisenhour 2004)). While their population size was assessed as stable by the IUCN in 2012, little is known about the age and growth of this minnow species. Despite being a small fish, attention must be given to the health of its population as it serves an ecological niche and impact on the surrounding ecosystem.

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Colorimetric Redox Reactions To Determine Base Composition In Unknown Monomeric Dna Samples, James T. Dials, Mara J. Stout, Elizabeth M. Thomas Apr 2023

Colorimetric Redox Reactions To Determine Base Composition In Unknown Monomeric Dna Samples, James T. Dials, Mara J. Stout, Elizabeth M. Thomas

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) codes for proteins using a unique order of four major nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. In several biological applications, such as the determination of DNA stability, production of biologic based drugs, and even taxonomic reorganization of species, it becomes necessary to understand the relative amounts of each nucleotide in a DNA sample, regardless of their sequence. However, most assays used to determine base composition use expensive equipment, harsh chemicals, and advanced computer software. In addition, the determination of base composition is an important educational tool in undergraduate laboratories, but these limitations are infeasible for many …

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Age And Growth Of The Popeye Shiner (Notropis Ariommus) In The Rockcastle River, Shelbie Black, Jared Vise, Zoe Baker, Caitlyn Senters, David J. Eisenhour Apr 2023

Age And Growth Of The Popeye Shiner (Notropis Ariommus) In The Rockcastle River, Shelbie Black, Jared Vise, Zoe Baker, Caitlyn Senters, David J. Eisenhour

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

The Popeye Shiner (Notropis ariommus), occupies clear, gravel runs and flowing pools of creeks and small rivers throughout the Ohio River basin, but has declined in many areas. This species is a small silvery minnow with an unusually large eye. Despite being a candidate for the endangered species list (Department of the Interior, 2011), little life-history data have been published, which are needed to make conservation management decisions.

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A Search For The Time Variability In The Population Of X-Ray Binary Systems In The Galaxy Ic 342, Bannon Jones, Thomas Pannuti Apr 2023

A Search For The Time Variability In The Population Of X-Ray Binary Systems In The Galaxy Ic 342, Bannon Jones, Thomas Pannuti

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

X-ray binaries (XRBs) are comprised of a neutron star (NS) or stellar-mass black hole (BH) that is accreting material from a stellar companion. Studies of these sources yield insights into the properties of NSs and BHs as well as the dynamics of mass transfer and stellar evolution in binary star systems with sources at stages of advanced stellar evolution. Studies of X-ray binaries in the Galaxy are compromised by massive absorption extinction along Galactic lines of sight and by significant uncertainties in the distances to these sources. In contrast, studies of XRBs in nearby face-on galaxies with high current rates …

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Period Analyses Of Variable Stars Alpha Orionis And Beta Lyrae, Gianna Federico, Jennifer Birriel Apr 2023

Period Analyses Of Variable Stars Alpha Orionis And Beta Lyrae, Gianna Federico, Jennifer Birriel

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Variable stars change in brightness over regular or semiregular periods of time. Causes of variability include pulsation (changes in size) or the presence of a companion star or planet that eclipses part of the stellar surface. We examine period changes of the bright variable stars Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) and Beta Lyrae using data from the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). Periods were analyzed by applying Fourier and weighted wavelet z-transforms to the light curves of each star over a 30-year time span. Our analyses showed that both the short and long secondary periods of Betelgeuse changed with time. …

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The Thrombin Cleavage Of Protein Tags Of Co-Repressors Umudab And Ddrr Of The Pathogen Acinetobacter Baumaniihave Been Optimized For Cross-Linkage, Mercy Hailu, Deborah Cook, Janelle Hare Apr 2023

The Thrombin Cleavage Of Protein Tags Of Co-Repressors Umudab And Ddrr Of The Pathogen Acinetobacter Baumaniihave Been Optimized For Cross-Linkage, Mercy Hailu, Deborah Cook, Janelle Hare

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

The Acinetobacter baumannii strain 17978 is a Gram-negative and nosocomial ESKAPE pathogen which utilizes its unique SOS genes, umuDAb and ddrR, to inhibit cell division and control mutagenesis in response to DNA damage.

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Healthcare Disparities Among Incarcerated Populations: A Quality Improvement Project, Mariam Bradley, Morgan Callihan, Sandra Frederick, Riley Hall, Marty Helms, Aaliyah Manson, Katelyn Martha, Madison Mason, Suzi White Apr 2023

Healthcare Disparities Among Incarcerated Populations: A Quality Improvement Project, Mariam Bradley, Morgan Callihan, Sandra Frederick, Riley Hall, Marty Helms, Aaliyah Manson, Katelyn Martha, Madison Mason, Suzi White

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

A population that has been consistently subject to unequal treatment when receiving medical attention is the population of prisoners or jail inmates. It is essential to explore the discrepancies prisoners face and the effects it has on their health. The objective of this research was to bring to light the disparities incarcerated patients experience, and how to eliminate these. In order to develop a better understanding of the prejudiced actions incarcerated patients face in the healthcare spectrum, numerous studies have been analyzed.

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Are Gender And Social Disparities Associated With Stem Persistence In Kentucky Colleges?, Riley E. Hicks, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada Apr 2023

Are Gender And Social Disparities Associated With Stem Persistence In Kentucky Colleges?, Riley E. Hicks, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Children have the right to receive a quality education, but concerns about county disparities in school funding, facilities, and resources exist. This is known as the "zip code effect". Because high school STEM classes require lab space, materials, equipment, and specialized teachers, disparities in school funding can impact students who want STEM careers.

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Challenges In Creating Circularized Versions Of Linear Chromosomes, Tanner Hamilton, Melissa A. Mefford Apr 2023

Challenges In Creating Circularized Versions Of Linear Chromosomes, Tanner Hamilton, Melissa A. Mefford

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Prokayotic and eukarotic chromosome structure differs. Generally prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Linear chromosomes contain telomeres, composed of repeated DNA sequences, at the ends of the chromosome. While telomeres play crucial roles in capping telomeres, they create an end-replication problem. To overcome this issue, most eukaryotes possess the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex telomerase. Despite the existence of telomerase, telomeres nonetheless shorten with aging and are thought to be a major contributor to this phenomenon. On the other hand, telomerase is upregulated in >85% of human cancers in order to allow the uncontrolled cell proliferation …

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Fungal Palynology Of High-Latitude Coals And Interseam Rocks From The Miocene Climate Optimum Warming Event, Victoria, Australia, Taylor Horsfall, Alyssa Patel, Laikin Tarlton, Ingrid Romero, Noelia Nunez Otano, Malcolm Wallace, Vera Korasidas, Jen O'Keefe Apr 2023

Fungal Palynology Of High-Latitude Coals And Interseam Rocks From The Miocene Climate Optimum Warming Event, Victoria, Australia, Taylor Horsfall, Alyssa Patel, Laikin Tarlton, Ingrid Romero, Noelia Nunez Otano, Malcolm Wallace, Vera Korasidas, Jen O'Keefe

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

No abstract provided.

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Golding-Yang Gallery Fellowship, Kayle Lane, Macie Lowe Apr 2023

Golding-Yang Gallery Fellowship, Kayle Lane, Macie Lowe

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

No abstract provided.

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High School Students' Response To Writing Mentor Feedback Of "Mirrors, Windows, Doors Literature Circle", Lee Mcconnell, Christopher Logan, Alison Hruby, Andrea Olinger, James Chisholm Apr 2023

High School Students' Response To Writing Mentor Feedback Of "Mirrors, Windows, Doors Literature Circle", Lee Mcconnell, Christopher Logan, Alison Hruby, Andrea Olinger, James Chisholm

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

How do high school writers feel about feedback on their writing drafts from pre-service English teachers, when those drafts are written during a Mirrors, Windows, Doors Literature Circles unit?

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Gender Identity & Perception Of Happiness, Victoria Miller, Lynn Geurin Apr 2023

Gender Identity & Perception Of Happiness, Victoria Miller, Lynn Geurin

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between gender identity and perception of happiness. Researchers examined the topic of gender identity and overall happiness based on a fluid or nonbinary perception of gender.

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The Editorial Process Of The Kentucky Philogical Review, Jalyn Findley, Olyvia Neal, Karen Taylor Apr 2023

The Editorial Process Of The Kentucky Philogical Review, Jalyn Findley, Olyvia Neal, Karen Taylor

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

No abstract provided.

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Relationships Among Maternal Characteristics In Hair Sheep, Rebekah Mills, Audrey Burton, Annika Weaver, Flint Harrelson, Patricia Harrelson Apr 2023

Relationships Among Maternal Characteristics In Hair Sheep, Rebekah Mills, Audrey Burton, Annika Weaver, Flint Harrelson, Patricia Harrelson

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Since the spring of 2022, the MSU sheep flock has been an Innovation Flock for the Sheep GEMS project, managed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The GEMS project is a multi-breed, national project evaluating longevity of ewes within flocks. Our part as a participant in the project involves collecting and sending raw data which is compiled into 1 very large data set. The research discussed here uses our preliminary data from the 2022 and 2023 lambing seasons collected from our Katahdin ewes (n =38; 1-4.5 years of age). Collected data included fecal egg count (FEC), body condition scoring (BCS), FAMACHA …

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A Green Chemistry Experiment: Magnetic Citrate Alginate Hydrogels Remove Methylene Blue From Water, Katelynn R. Setters, Elizabeth M. Thomas Apr 2023

A Green Chemistry Experiment: Magnetic Citrate Alginate Hydrogels Remove Methylene Blue From Water, Katelynn R. Setters, Elizabeth M. Thomas

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

The objective of this research was to design a green chemistry experiment that synthesizes magnetic citrate alginate hydrogels and test their effectiveness for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Methylene blue dye is a common water pollutant that is toxic, carcinogenic, and nonbiodegradable; thus, can cause a severe threat to human health and environmental safety. Hence, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly, efficient technology for removing MB from wastewater.

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The Comparison Between Fetal Kidney And Sacral Length In Determining Gestational Age, Emily Mcadams, Jennifer Clark Apr 2023

The Comparison Between Fetal Kidney And Sacral Length In Determining Gestational Age, Emily Mcadams, Jennifer Clark

2023 Celebration of Student Scholarship - Poster Presentations

Gestational age describes how far along a woman is in her pregnancy. The importance of having a correct gestational age can aid in determining if there are complications in a pregnancy such as growth restriction or macrosomia. Accurate measurements of fetal anatomy are essential in determining proper fetal growth and gestational age. Primarily, head circumference, bi-parietal diameter, abdomen circumference, femur length, cerebellum, amnionic fluid index and cervical length have been the key parameters to determine GA in an obstetrical ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to measure fetal kidney and sacral length to identify if the data correlated to …

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