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Articles 3691 - 3720 of 6849

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Family, Peer, School, And Community Capital: The Compensating Effects Of The Family On Juvenile Delinquency, Benjamin Gibbs, Dr. Stephen Bahr Jan 2014

Family, Peer, School, And Community Capital: The Compensating Effects Of The Family On Juvenile Delinquency, Benjamin Gibbs, Dr. Stephen Bahr

Journal of Undergraduate Research

I have sought to examine the effects of social capital (family, peer, school and community) on delinquency and to measure the buffering effects of the family when negative peer influence is high. Further understanding of the factors causing delinquency is essential for policy makers and community members. Although millions of dollars are spent by federal, state and local governments to prevent delinquency, a clearer understanding of which forms of capital are the most influential will maximize limited funds and contribute to the most effective solutions.

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The Effects Of Status Factors On Women’S Decision-Making And Personal Autonomy In Bolivian Families, Tina J. Gregory, Dr. Renata Forste Jan 2014

The Effects Of Status Factors On Women’S Decision-Making And Personal Autonomy In Bolivian Families, Tina J. Gregory, Dr. Renata Forste

Journal of Undergraduate Research

As economic and social changes continue to reshape familial relationships and processes in Latin America, there is much debate over whether these changes are increasing or decreasing the family’s quality of life. Some researchers argue that as individual roles within the family are redefined – especially in terms of traditional parental gender roles – family stability is disrupted. Others who are more reform-oriented assert that development, with its emphasis on providing more opportunities for women’s education and employment, is beneficial for families because it is beneficial for mothers. However, both theoretical camps agree that because of autonomy’s implications for familial …

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Fighting Families: Personal And Relationship Factors Associated With Domestic Violence In Latin America, Dallan F. Flake, Dr. Renata Forste Jan 2014

Fighting Families: Personal And Relationship Factors Associated With Domestic Violence In Latin America, Dallan F. Flake, Dr. Renata Forste

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Violence against women is one of Latin America’s most pressing social problems. Over the past twenty years, it has come to be recognized not only as a significant public health concern, but as a human rights issue as well. Latin America is notorious for its high rates of political and social violence. Much less understood is the violence that occurs behind closed doors—between husbands and wives, parents and children. With so much attention centered on Latin America’s corruption, crime, and political instability, it is easily overlooked that the family is perhaps this region’s most violent social institution.

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Female Occupational Complexity And Marital Happiness: Relationship And Results, Jared A. Lyle, Dr. Mikaela Dufur Jan 2014

Female Occupational Complexity And Marital Happiness: Relationship And Results, Jared A. Lyle, Dr. Mikaela Dufur

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Does the complexity of a woman’s occupation have a direct influence on her marital happiness? If so, what are the implications on her family and community?

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The Effect Of Social Capital On 8th Grade Academic Achievement, Curtis Child, Dr. Mikaela Dufur Jan 2014

The Effect Of Social Capital On 8th Grade Academic Achievement, Curtis Child, Dr. Mikaela Dufur

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Social capital is a theoretical concept that has been the subject of much research and debate. Because of its abstract nature, it is difficult to define. James Coleman defines social capital in this way: “Social Capital is defined by its function…Like other forms of capital, social capital is productive, making possible the achievement of certain ends that in its absence would not be possible…Unlike other forms of capital, social capital inheres in the structure of the relations between actors and among actors” (1988). Whereas physical capital refers to physical resources that individuals, communities or nations possess, and human capital refers …

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Math Proficiency Aiding Underprivileged Youth, Shawna Raydene Cluff, Dr. Mikaela Dufur Jan 2014

Math Proficiency Aiding Underprivileged Youth, Shawna Raydene Cluff, Dr. Mikaela Dufur

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Jaime Escalante received considerable recognition for an extensive calculus program that he initiated at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. In the 1970’s, Escalante began actively recruiting otherwise-ordinary students to the college mathematics track. He said, “By showing them that there is an upward route to well-paid fulfilling careers through higher education, I immerse them in the concept that they, too, can succeed…” (Escalante and Dirmann 1990:411). The movie, Stand and Deliver, chronicles his success with this program.

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Assessment Of Cingulate Gyrus Integrity In Patients With Alzheimer’S Disease, Benjamin C. Ringger, Dr. Donovan Fleming Jan 2014

Assessment Of Cingulate Gyrus Integrity In Patients With Alzheimer’S Disease, Benjamin C. Ringger, Dr. Donovan Fleming

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurogenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, language impairments, impaired visuospatial skills, poor judgment, and mood changes. The pathophysiology of AD is typified by a loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain, development of neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles that start in the temporal lobe and progress to other cortical regions, and generalized cerebral atrophy (Kolb & Whishaw, 2001). Increased atrophy is associated with increased severity of dementia (Fox, Scahill, Crum, & Rossor, 1999; O’Brien et al., 2001). The neuropathology and associated atrophy in AD progresses systematically, starting in the …

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Psychological, Political, And Economic Factors Resulting In Romania’S Tragic Alliances During The Second World War, Matthew J. Thorne, Dr. Valerie Hudson Jan 2014

Psychological, Political, And Economic Factors Resulting In Romania’S Tragic Alliances During The Second World War, Matthew J. Thorne, Dr. Valerie Hudson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

If the purpose of science is to better understand our world, eliminate suffering, and generally make it a more inhabitable place, then lessons on how to avoid war, entangling alliances, and unwanted political ideologies may make Political Science the most important of all the sub sciences. Political Science is difficult because it presents limited possibilities for empirical testing and proofs; political scientists are left to do case studies instead of regressions, and psychological profiles instead of experiments. The importance of such work though can be easily seen when looking at the tragic tears of war, conquest, and subjugation in histories …

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The True Evolution Of Relations Between The United States And Europe, Marcus Ryan, Dr. David Bohn Jan 2014

The True Evolution Of Relations Between The United States And Europe, Marcus Ryan, Dr. David Bohn

Journal of Undergraduate Research

I have recently conducted a great deal of research suggesting that many nations are experiencing a period of decreased nationalism and that they are simultaneously moving toward greater acceptance of and perhaps imitation of the United States. The primary focus of my research was initially Argentina, and my study revealed that Argentine national sentiment is in fact less vibrant now than it has been in the past. After many days of content analysis of newspaper articles and political speeches I was able to demonstrate a definite trend away from anti- Americanism, Marxism, and the intellectual left. I am in the …

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Base Crimes And Voting Patterns In Okinawa: Are There Any Links?, Ryan M. Scoville, Dr. Ray Christensen Jan 2014

Base Crimes And Voting Patterns In Okinawa: Are There Any Links?, Ryan M. Scoville, Dr. Ray Christensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Over the past few decades, U.S. soldiers stationed on the Japanese island of Okinawa have committed a large number of violent crimes against the native population. Even a terse glance at the news should reveal that these crimes—including rape and murder—do not go unnoticed by the Okinawan people. Protesters decried the frequency of base-related crimes at the 2000 G-8 Summit in Okinawa, and activists today continue to voice their outrage whenever an American serviceperson breaks local law. Noticing this opposition, I set out to determine whether or not Okinawan citizens take their outrage to the polls. Specifically, I wanted to …

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Developing A Theory Of Transnational Actor Salience, Christopher O'Keefe, Dr. Daniel Nielson Jan 2014

Developing A Theory Of Transnational Actor Salience, Christopher O'Keefe, Dr. Daniel Nielson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

My study focused on exploring the conditions under which non-state actors (NSAs) play important roles in international relations (IR). This field is known as transnational relations, the study of interactions between non-governmental organizations or individuals that influence world affairs as they act across national borders and states or other transnational actors (TNAs). Counted among these actors are multinational corporations (MNCs), international activist groups, terrorist organizations and drug cartels. Although two of the three central schools of international relations theory agree that states are the primary actors in IR (Baldwin 1993, 9), these organizations obviously play important roles in international politics. …

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Perception And Reality In Japanese Politics: The Rural Vote’S New Relevance For The Ldp, J. Paul Mitchell, Dr. Ray Christensen Jan 2014

Perception And Reality In Japanese Politics: The Rural Vote’S New Relevance For The Ldp, J. Paul Mitchell, Dr. Ray Christensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

An analysis of urban and rural electoral trends in Japan reveals the important role of perceptions in politics. While the story from articles and books on Japanese politics tends to paint a scene of LDP (Liberal Democratic Party, Japan’s dominant political party since 1955) dominance in rural districts contrasted by failings in urban ones, actual electoral data show large relative declines in the rural areas. I tried to discover the causes of this particular misperception and then apply those findings to politics in general.

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The Validation Of The Outcome Questionnaire As A Tool Of Measurement For Change On The Native American Population In A College Counseling Center, Kärstin L. Slade, Elizabeth Richardson, Dr. Michael J. Lambert Jan 2014

The Validation Of The Outcome Questionnaire As A Tool Of Measurement For Change On The Native American Population In A College Counseling Center, Kärstin L. Slade, Elizabeth Richardson, Dr. Michael J. Lambert

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In recent years there has been an increasing demand for psychotherapy outcome measures, which can be attributed mainly to the changing health care industry. This, in turn, affects the subsequent demands by corporate purchasers, those in the insurance industry, and government agencies, for evidence of the efficacy of psychotherapy. Although hundreds of therapy measures exist, there are limitations of their use as outcome measures within the managed care system. Most instruments that measure psychotherapy’s efficacy have a very narrow focus while others are designed to address a wider range of clinical issues, and are long and tedious for both clients …

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The Grass Is Greener: Cue-Mediated Deviations From Matching, Spencer C. Smith, Dr. Hal Miller Jan 2014

The Grass Is Greener: Cue-Mediated Deviations From Matching, Spencer C. Smith, Dr. Hal Miller

Journal of Undergraduate Research

In human behavior study, the arena of choice distribution has become a topic of increasing interest. BYU’s Laboratory for Human Behavior Analysis has been looking, specifically, at variations of an already explored and documented “matching law.” This established theory offers a way to create and interpret predictable actions of an individual when given rewardproducing choices “[The matching law] states that relative responding matches the relative reinforcement produced by that responding” (Catania, 1998, p. 188). If a pattern of reinforcements is instantiated, the matching law suggests that the subject’s responses will match that pattern. Any deviations from this established pattern could …

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The Influence Of Migraine Pain And Analgesic Effects Of Pharmaceuticals In Visual Field Serial To Parallel Processing, Based Upon The P300 Event Related Potential And Reaction Time., Benjamin C. Ringger, Dr. Donovan Fleming Jan 2014

The Influence Of Migraine Pain And Analgesic Effects Of Pharmaceuticals In Visual Field Serial To Parallel Processing, Based Upon The P300 Event Related Potential And Reaction Time., Benjamin C. Ringger, Dr. Donovan Fleming

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The p300 event related potential is a particular wave of the measured electrical activity of the brain. This wave may be evoked by a visual stimulus presented to the subject and occurs approximately 300 msec. following presentation of the stimulus. In previous studies, it has been suggested that a processing continuum exists between serial and parallel processing at opposite ends of the continuum. Serial processing, which involves attending to only one object, is generally associated with a slower reaction time, while parallel processing, which attends to two objects, is usually accompanied by a quicker response. Depending on various characteristics of …

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The Effects Of Abstinence, Nicotine Consumption, And Type Of Cigarette On Desire To Smoke, Craig Shepherd, Dr. Harold Miller Jan 2014

The Effects Of Abstinence, Nicotine Consumption, And Type Of Cigarette On Desire To Smoke, Craig Shepherd, Dr. Harold Miller

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) assesses one’s desire to smoke based on the combination of positive and negative reinforcers. Because of its high psychometric properties— when compared with other tests of a similar nature—and its ability to count for unique variance in individual’s desires to smoke, this form has become increasingly popular in recent years.1

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Effects Of Migraine On Visual Processing, Jennifer Penn, Dr. Donavon Fleming Jan 2014

Effects Of Migraine On Visual Processing, Jennifer Penn, Dr. Donavon Fleming

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Migraines are one of the most prevalent and debilitating headaches in America. They affect 28 million people in this country, nearly 13% of the U.S. population (National Headache Foundation). Migraines are a unique headache syndrome characterized by an excruciating pulsating pain associated with nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and sensitivity to sound. In some migraine patients, and ‘aura’ may begin or accompany a migraine. Migraines, and aura, have been most frequently accompanied with visual disturbances that range from zig-zag patterns, wavy lines, to spots or stars seen in the central portion of the visual field (Wray, Mijovic-Prelec, and Kosslyn, 1995). …

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Effect Of Harmony And Dissonance Is Auditory Evoked Potentials, James Daren Pack, Dell P. Dunn, Donovan Fleming, Dr. Scott Steffensen Jan 2014

Effect Of Harmony And Dissonance Is Auditory Evoked Potentials, James Daren Pack, Dell P. Dunn, Donovan Fleming, Dr. Scott Steffensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the study of the brain’s electrical activity. It has been used extensively as a research tool as well as in clinical settings. When sensory stimuli are presented and EEG is recorded electrical potential is evoked. The most widely studied of these evoked potentials is called the P300–a large positive wave that occurs about 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is presented. A P300 can be elicited and recorded using any sensory modality. A similar evoked potential is the N450 which occurs about 150 milliseconds after the P300 and is negative in amplitude. Our experiment examined the effect of …

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Assessment Of Cingulate Gyrus Integrity In Patients With Alzheimer’S Disease, Michael J. Larson, Dr. Ramona O. Hopkins Jan 2014

Assessment Of Cingulate Gyrus Integrity In Patients With Alzheimer’S Disease, Michael J. Larson, Dr. Ramona O. Hopkins

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurogenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, language impairments, impaired visuospatial skills, poor judgment, and mood changes. The pathophysiology of AD is typified by a loss of cholinergic cells in the basal forebrain, development of neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles that start in the temporal lobe and progress to other cortical regions, and generalized cerebral atrophy (Kolb & Whishaw, 2001). Increased atrophy is associated with increased severity of dementia (Fox, Scahill, Crum, & Rossor, 1999; O’Brien et al., 2001). The neuropathology and associated atrophy in AD progresses systematically, starting in the …

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Tracking Change Patterns For Severely And Persistently Mentally Ill (Spmi) Patients: An Analysis Of The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Expanded (Bprs-E), Elizabeth Richardson, Dr. Gary Burlingame Jan 2014

Tracking Change Patterns For Severely And Persistently Mentally Ill (Spmi) Patients: An Analysis Of The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Expanded (Bprs-E), Elizabeth Richardson, Dr. Gary Burlingame

Journal of Undergraduate Research

This study was conducted to determine differential item sensitivity of The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Expanded (BPRS-E) with an SPMI population. Using item sensitivity information, we tested different factor solutions of the BPRS-E to assess how predictive these are of patient improvement. Although I originally planned to compare BPRS-E scores with scores from the Life Status Questionnaire (LSQ) in this report, I will focus on item sensitivity only. As observed by Vermeersch, Lambert, & Burlingame (2000), while it is important to achieve high levels of reliability when constructing a measure of psychological traits, measures designed to assess patient change need …

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The Associations Between Social Relationships And Scholastic Achievement, Brandon Q. Jones, Dr. Julianne Holt-Lunstad Jan 2014

The Associations Between Social Relationships And Scholastic Achievement, Brandon Q. Jones, Dr. Julianne Holt-Lunstad

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Brandon Q. Jones The Associations between Social Relationships and Scholastic Achievement Faculty Mentor: Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Psychology Any college student could tell you that their social environment influences their scholastic achievement. But what are the factors involved? Do different types of relationships help or hinder our achievement? And in what ways do they help or hinder it? In this experiment, I studied the effects of certain types of social relationships on scholastic achievement by analyzing the degree to which stress and rumination (or time spent thinking about an issue) is associated with these relationships. Originally, I hypothesized that relationships did have …

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A Construct Validity Investigation Of Therapeutic Mechanisms In Group: An Analysis Of The Gcq And Cci, Shelby L. Ferrin, Dr. Gary M. Burlingame Jan 2014

A Construct Validity Investigation Of Therapeutic Mechanisms In Group: An Analysis Of The Gcq And Cci, Shelby L. Ferrin, Dr. Gary M. Burlingame

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Group psychotherapy is a growing field of both psychological research and clinical application. Credit for this growth has been ascribed to a variety of factors, among them the efficiency of seeing multiple clients at one time. Previous research has demonstrated that group therapy is as efficacious in the treatment of many disorders as individual therapy while also being more timeand cost-efficient. The efficacy of small group therapy is frequently attributed to the unique properties of group involvement (e.g., cohesion, avoidance, or engagement). However, researchers find it difficult to measure these properties. Even in research areas where many studies have been …

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I Get Mad Just Thinking About It: Comparing Students’ Emotions And Beliefs Evoked By Anger In Mozambique And At Brigham Young University’S, Ryan Curtis, Dr. Matthew Spackman Jan 2014

I Get Mad Just Thinking About It: Comparing Students’ Emotions And Beliefs Evoked By Anger In Mozambique And At Brigham Young University’S, Ryan Curtis, Dr. Matthew Spackman

Journal of Undergraduate Research

An emotion consists of many things. Research in emotion has been a constant debate between those who believe that emotions are more biologically based, and those who believe emotions are more culturally based. Cross-cultural studies of emotion have been used from the beginning of this debate to assess the effect of culture on emotions. The purpose of this study was to help determine the role of culture in emotions. Specifically, it studies 1) the effect of culture on the appraisal of anger, and 2) the effect of culture on the experience of secondary emotions that come from remembering an anger …

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Recent Research Has Reveled That Exposure To Media Can Influence People’S Attitudes To Move In The Direction Of The Messages Endorsed By That Media. This Concept Has Come To Be Known As The Cultivation Effect.1 Currently The Research Literature On The Specific Effect That Popular Media Has On Individual’S Perceptions Of Ideal Loving Relationships Is Wanting. Reason Leads One To Believe That Popular Media With Its Many “Love” Messages Would Cultivate Society’S Attitudes In Regarding Love. In An Article On Relationships B. Livermore Classifies Four Different Love Styles And Their Correlation To Relationship Satisfaction Or Dissatisfaction. Using This Information The Present Study Was Designed To Test The Hypothesis That High Exposure To Popular Media Would Correlate To Egoistic And Dependent Perceptions Of Ideal Love While Low Exposure Would Correlate To More Healthy And Perceptions Of Love, Especially Altruistic Perceptions., Jeremy Bartz, Dr. Matt Spackman Jan 2014

Recent Research Has Reveled That Exposure To Media Can Influence People’S Attitudes To Move In The Direction Of The Messages Endorsed By That Media. This Concept Has Come To Be Known As The Cultivation Effect.1 Currently The Research Literature On The Specific Effect That Popular Media Has On Individual’S Perceptions Of Ideal Loving Relationships Is Wanting. Reason Leads One To Believe That Popular Media With Its Many “Love” Messages Would Cultivate Society’S Attitudes In Regarding Love. In An Article On Relationships B. Livermore Classifies Four Different Love Styles And Their Correlation To Relationship Satisfaction Or Dissatisfaction. Using This Information The Present Study Was Designed To Test The Hypothesis That High Exposure To Popular Media Would Correlate To Egoistic And Dependent Perceptions Of Ideal Love While Low Exposure Would Correlate To More Healthy And Perceptions Of Love, Especially Altruistic Perceptions., Jeremy Bartz, Dr. Matt Spackman

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Recent research has reveled that exposure to media can influence people’s attitudes to move in the direction of the messages endorsed by that media. This concept has come to be known as the cultivation effect.1 Currently the research literature on the specific effect that popular media has on individual’s perceptions of ideal loving relationships is wanting. Reason leads one to believe that popular media with its many “love” messages would cultivate society’s attitudes in regarding love. In an article on relationships B. Livermore classifies four different love styles and their correlation to relationship satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Using this information …

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Measuring A Highly Religious Population: Development Of An Empirical Test For Brigham Young University Students, Marin Turley, Dr. Steven R. Thomsen Jan 2014

Measuring A Highly Religious Population: Development Of An Empirical Test For Brigham Young University Students, Marin Turley, Dr. Steven R. Thomsen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

This research charts the development of a reliable scale that can discriminate differences in religiosity in a highly religious population. Approximately 99% of the more than 30,000 students at Brigham Young University are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, presenting a highly religious and highly homogenous population (www.byu.edu). In such a population, a researcher needs a sensitive survey scale to generate a quantifiable measure of religiosity that will discriminate between members. This project applied considerations for defining and measuring religiosity empirically, using the BYU population as a case study. The goal and final product of this …

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The Environmental Attitudes Of Byu Students, Chad D. Hill, Dr. Joann Valenti Jan 2014

The Environmental Attitudes Of Byu Students, Chad D. Hill, Dr. Joann Valenti

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Environmental issues have become hot political topics in recent years. Many voters now consider the environmental policies of political candidates. The formation of environmental attitudes has been the subject of many studies. In this research, I measured the environmental attitudes of students enrolled in spring term classes. To learn more about the formation of these attitudes, I correlated those attitudes with knowledge of environmental issues, political party affiliation, media use, involvement in outdoor activities, and their religious beliefs.

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Emotional Competence In Children With Specific Language Impairment, Jennifer George, Jessica Berg, Dr. Martin Fujiki Jan 2014

Emotional Competence In Children With Specific Language Impairment, Jennifer George, Jessica Berg, Dr. Martin Fujiki

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Children with SLI (Speech Language Impairment) have difficulty with the comprehension and expression of language. SLI is distinct and separate from intellectual ability and children with SLI have non-verbal IQs within the normal range. Many children with SLI have not only language deficits, but social deficits as well.

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Effects Of Multicultural Training On Counseling: A Meta-Analysis, Todd Wilson Dunn, Dr. Tim Smith Jan 2014

Effects Of Multicultural Training On Counseling: A Meta-Analysis, Todd Wilson Dunn, Dr. Tim Smith

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The past two decades have seen a proliferation in the amount of publications on multicultural counseling. For example, over 1000 published reports investigating multicultural counseling and the cultural contexts of psychology have appeared in psychological literature since 1995. Many of these studies have identified serious flaws in traditional methods of helping minority populations with emotional or psychological disturbances, while demonstrating that alternative “culturally sensitive” methods can improve treatment outcomes. Although the sudden proliferation of literature on multicultural counseling clearly indicates growing popular interest in the topic, responsible scientific practice dictates that any body of literature should be systematically evaluated and …

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Measurement Issues With Couple-And Family-Level Data, Dean M. Busby, Franklin O. Poulsen Jan 2014

Measurement Issues With Couple-And Family-Level Data, Dean M. Busby, Franklin O. Poulsen

Faculty Publications

Early in my (D.B.) training as a family therapist, I did some co-therapy with a clinical psychology student who wanted to learn how to work with couples. The couple we were working with was quite volatile, and it was not uncommon for the dialogue between the spouses to get heated. While it was challenging enough to keep the interactions between the partners moving in a productive direction, my co-therapist was quite uncomfortable with conflict and would emotionally "check out" of the session as soon as things became intense. Each time a session was challenging and conflict became intense, my co-therapist …

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The Spirit Of Hans Christian Andersen In The United States, Taru Rauha Spiegel, Kristi Planck Johnson Jan 2014

The Spirit Of Hans Christian Andersen In The United States, Taru Rauha Spiegel, Kristi Planck Johnson

The Bridge

Hans Christian Andersen (1805-75) was a great traveler and would undoubtedly have liked to visit the United States, in which he took a keen interest. As his fame grew, he received numerous invitations from his admirers across the Atlantic. However, as is well known, he became morbidly afraid of sea voyages after his dear friend, Henriette Wulff, perished in a fire onboard ship in 1858. 1 Prone to seasickness and careful of his health and well being, the aging author found the prospect of the long Atlantic voyage daunting and never undertook it.

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