Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Investigation On The Optimal Cooling Tower Input Capacity Of A Cooling Tower Assisted Ground Source Heat Pump System, Xuemei Gong, Lei Xia, Zhenjun Ma, Guangming Chen, Lili Wei

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Coupling auxiliary cooling devices with ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems in cooling dominated areas can effectively solve the ground thermal imbalance problem. However, the input capacity of the auxiliary heat rejecter directly affects the performance of such hybrid ground source heat pump (HGSHP) systems. This paper presents an investigation on the optimal cooling tower input capacity of a cooling tower assisted GSHP system through both experiments and simulations. The experiments were carried out based on a HGSHP system implemented in an office building and the experimental results were used to validate a numerical model. A simulation system of the …

Getting The Temperature Just Right Helps People With Dementia Stay Cool, Paul Cooper, Federico Tartarini, Richard Fleming

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Everyone knows how bad it feels when the temperature is uncomfortably hot or cold. For most of us it doesn't last long as we can take simple steps to get comfortable, such as putting on clothes, opening a window, or switching on a heater. But what happens when you can't control the temperature where you live? This problem is faced by many residents of aged care facilities, and can be particularly difficult for those living with dementia. To find out how these residents cope we recently carried out a three-year research project on the effects of indoor environment in aged …

An Approach To Measure Infill Matric Suction Of Irregular Infilled Rock Joints Under Constant Normal Stiffness Shearing, Libin Gong, Ana Heitor, Buddhima Indraratna

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Rock joints infilled with sediments can strongly influence the strength of rock mass. As infilled joints often exist under unsaturated condition, this study investigated the influence of matric suction of infill on the overall joint shear strength. A novel technique that allows the direct measurement of matric suction of infill using high capacity tensiometers (HCTs) during direct shear of infilled joints under constant normal stiffness (CNS) is described here. The CNS apparatus was modified to accommodate the HCT and the procedure is explained in detail. Joint specimens were simulated by gypsum plaster using 3-D printed surface moulds, and filled with …

Bond Behaviour Of Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete Beams, Mazin Mohammed Sarhan Sarhan, Muhammad N. S Hadi, Lip H. Teh

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This technical note presents an experimental study on the bond behaviour of chequer steel plate reinforcements in concrete members based on the beam-end method. The effects of lozenges of the chequer steel plate, the use of steel bolts, and the thickness of the concrete cover on the bond behaviour are investigated. The experimental program includes five specimens designed as beam-end pullout members. Each specimen is 225 mmwide, 300 mmhigh and 600 mmlong. Stirrups with 80 mmcentre-to-centre spacing are used as confinement for all specimens. The first specimen is reinforced with a deformed steel bar whereas the remaining specimens are reinforced …

Behavior Of Steel Furnace Slag, Coal Wash, And Rubber Crumb Mixtures With Special Relevance To Stress-Dilatancy Relation, Yujie Qi, Buddhima Indraratna, J S. Vinod

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The influence of rubber crumbs on the dilatancy behavior and critical state of steel furnace slag (SFS), coal wash (CW), and rubber crumbs (RC) mixtures was investigated via a series of monotonic drained triaxial tests. These tests revealed that RC contents (R_b, %) have a significant influence on the dilatancy behavior and critical state of the aforementioned waste mixtures; in fact, as more R_b is added, dilatancy and the slope of the critical state line in e−ln p′ space decreases. Within the framework of critical state soil mechanics, a dilatancy model for SFS+CW+RC mixtures was proposed and …

Kalman Filter-Based Chip Differential Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection For Variably Mobile Asynchronous Underwater Multiuser Communications, Guang Yang, Qinghua Guo, Defeng (David) Huang, Jingwei Yin, Maochun Zheng

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

To mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI), multiple access interference (MAI) and the effect of different Doppler shifts within a data package incurred in variably mobile asynchronous underwater multiuser communications (VMAUMC), a Kalman filter-based chip differential blind adaptive multiuser detection (D-KF-BAMUD) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The Kalman filter-based blind adaptive multiuser detection (KF-BAMUD) algorithm has been adopted to combat ISI and MAI in the scenario of static users, and underwater and under-ice multiuser communication experiments have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the KF-BAMUD algorithm. To tackle the more challenging VMAUMC, a differential modulation and demodulation technique …

Structured-Light Based 3d Reconstruction System For Cultural Relic Packaging, Limei Song, Xinyao Li, Yan Yang, Xinjun Zhu, Qinghua Guo, Hui Liu

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The non-contact three-dimensional measurement and reconstruction techniques have played a significant role in the packaging and transportation of precious cultural relics. This paper develops a structured light based three-dimensional measurement system, with a low-cost for cultural relics packaging. The structured light based system performs rapid measurements and generates 3D point cloud data, which is then denoised, registered and merged to achieve accurate 3D reconstruction for cultural relics. The multi-frequency heterodyne method and the method in this paper are compared. It is shown that the relative accuracy of the proposed low-cost system can reach a level of 1/1000. The high efficiency …

Inference For Errors-In-Variables Models In The Presence Of Systematic Errors With An Application To A Satellite Remote Sensing Campaign, Bohai Zhang, Noel A. Cressie, Debra Wunch

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Motivated by a satellite remote sensing mission, this article proposes a multivariable errors-in-variables (EIV) regression model with heteroscedastic errors for relating the satellite data products to similar products from a well-characterized but globally sparse ground-based dataset. In the remote sensing setting, the regression model is used to estimate the global divisor for the satellite data. The error structure of the proposed EIV model comprises two components: A random-error component whose variance is inversely proportional to sample size of underlying individual observations which are aggregated to obtain the regression data, and a systematic-error component whose variance remains the same as the …

Modelling Group Heterogeneity For Small Area Estimation Using M-Quantiles, James Dawber, Raymond L. Chambers

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Small area estimation typically requires model-based methods that depend on isolating the contribution to overall population heterogeneity associated with group (i.e. small area) membership. One way of doing this is via random effects models with latent group effects. Alternatively, one can use an M-quantile ensemble model that assigns indices to sampled individuals characterising their contribution to overall sample heterogeneity. These indices are then aggregated to form group effects. The aim of this article is to contrast these two approaches to characterising group effects and to illustrate them in the context of small area estimation. In doing so, we consider a …

Fabrication And Characterisation Of A Magnetized Metal-Encapsulated Fbg Sensor For Structural Health Monitoring, Sagar Jinachandran, Hui Jun Li, Jiangtao Xi, Gangadhara B. Prusty, Yuliya Semenova, Gerald Farrell, Ginu Rajan

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

A novel means of metal packaging of a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor using stainless steel and tin, together with high temperature resistant samarium cobalt (SmCo) magnet is proposed in this paper. The inclusion of high temperature-capable SmCo magnets enable the metal packaging of the FBG sensor with magnetic capabilities. This packaged sensor can be placed in direct contact with the substrate structures such as iron pipelines and other ferromagnetic components without any adhesives, making them easily detachable and reusable. This is a significant improvement compared to other commercial fibre optic sensors which are, surface attached using epoxies or welded …

Radial Consolidation Characteristics Of Soft Undisturbed Clay Based On Large Specimens, Pankaj Baral, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Buddhima Indraratna, Richard B. Kelly

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

In recent years, reconstituted small samples have often been used to assess the performance of radial consolidation due to prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), but the permeability and compressibility of samples of undisturbed soil often differ from those of the remoulded ones. The problem seems more complex in marine environment due to the presence of random coarse particles including gravels, shells and natural partings. Performing small-scale laboratory experiment with reconstituted samples, especially in marine environment, cannot predict the exact soil behaviour in the field. This paper describes an experimental programme that measures radial consolidation using a conventional Rowe cell and a …

Resource Recovery From Wastewater By Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors: Opportunities And Challenges, Xiaoye Song, Wenhai Luo, Faisal I. Hai, William E. Price, Wenshan Guo, Hao H. Ngo, Long D. Nghiem

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This review examines the potential of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) to serve as the core technology for simultaneous recovery of clean water, energy, and nutrient from wastewater. The potential is significant as AnMBR treatment can remove a board range of trace organic contaminants relevant to water reuse, convert organics in wastewater to biogas for subsequent energy production, and liberate nutrients to soluble forms (e.g. ammonia and phosphorus) for subsequent recovery for fertilizer production. Yet, there remain several significant challenges to the further development of AnMBR. These challenges evolve around the dilute nature of municipal wastewater, which entails the need for …

Understanding The Mechanisms Of Trace Organic Contaminant Removal By High Retention Membrane Bioreactors: A Critical Review, Muhammad Bilal Asif, Ashley Ansari, Shiao-Shing Chen, Long D. Nghiem, William E. Price, Faisal I. Hai

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

High retention membrane bioreactors (HR-MBR) combine a high retention membrane separation process such as membrane distillation, forward osmosis, or nanofiltration with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) as well as the selected high retention membrane process, HR-MBR can achieve effective removal (80-99%) of a broad spectrum of TrOCs. An in-depth assessment of the available literature on HR-MBR performance suggests that compared to CAS and conventional MBRs (using micro- or ultra-filtration membrane), aqueous phase removal of TrOCs in HR-MBR is significantly better. Conceptually, longer retention time may significantly improve TrOC …

A Numerical Simulation Study On Mechanical Behaviour Of Coal With Bedding Planes Under Coupled Static And Dynamic Load, Lihai Tan, Ting X. Ren, Xiaohan Yang, Xueqiu He

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

To investigate the bedding influence on coal mechanical behaviour in underground environments such as coal or rock burst, simulations of dynamic SHPB tests of pre-stressed coal specimens with different bedding angles were carried out using a particle flow code 2-dimensional (PFC2D). Three impact velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/s were selected to study dynamic behaviours of coal containing bedding planes under different dynamic loads. The simulation results showed that the existence of bedding planes leads to the degradation of the mechanical properties and their weakening effect significantly depends on the angle θ between the bedding planes and load direction. …

Dispersive Shock Waves Governed By The Whitham Equation And Their Stability, Xin An, Timothy R. Marchant, Noel F. Smyth

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Dispersive shock waves (DSWs), also termed undular bores in fluid mechanics, governed by the non-local Whitham equation are studied in order to investigate short wavelength effects that lead to peaked and cusped waves within the DSW. This is done by combining the weak nonlinearity of the Korteweg-de Vries equation with full linear dispersion relations. The dispersion relations considered are those for surface gravity waves, the intermediate long wave equation and a model dispersion relation introduced by Whitham to investigate the 120◦peaked Stokes wave of highest amplitude. A dispersive shock fitting method is used to find the leading (solitary wave) and …

Identification Of Typical Building Daily Electricity Usage Profiles Using Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Clustering And Hierarchical Clustering, Kehua Li, Zhenjun Ma, Duane A. Robinson, Jun Ma

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper presents a clustering-based strategy to identify typical daily electricity usage (TDEU) profiles of multiple buildings. Different from the majority of existing clustering strategies, the proposed strategy consists of two levels of clustering, i.e. intra-building clustering and inter-building clustering. The intra-building clustering used a Gaussian mixture model-based clustering to identify the TDEU profiles of each individual building. The inter-building clustering used an agglomerative hierarchical clustering to identify the TDEU profiles of multiple buildings based on the TDEU profiles identified for each individual building through intra-building clustering. The performance of this strategy was evaluated using two-year hourly electricity consumption data …

In-Field And Out-Of-File Application In12C Ion Therapy Using Fully 3d Silicon Microdosimeters, Linh T. Tran, Lachlan Chartier, David Bolst, Jeremy A. Davis, Dale A. Prokopovich, Alex Pogossov, Susanna Guatelli, Mark I. Reinhard, Marco Petasecca, Michael L. F Lerch, Naruhiro Matsufuji, Marco Povoli, Anand Summanwar, Angela Kok, Michael A. Jackson, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper presents recent development of Silicon on Insulator (SOI) detectors for microdosimetry at the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) at the University of Wollongong. A new CMRP SOI microdosimeter design, the 3D mushroom microdosimeter is presented. Modification of SOI design and changes to the fabrication processes have led to improved definition of the microscopic sensitive volumes (SV), and thus to better modelling of the deposition of ionizing energy in a biological cell. The electrical and charge collection properties of the devices have been presented in previous works. In this study, the response of the microdosimeters in monoenergetic and …

Hdr Brachytherapy In Vivo Source Position Verification Using A 2d Diode Array: A Monte Carlo Study, Joel Poder, Dean L. Cutajar, Susanna Guatelli, Marco Petasecca, Andrew Howie, Joseph A. Bucci, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Purpose

This study aims to assess the accuracy of source position verification during high‐dose rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy using a novel, in‐house developed two‐dimensional (2D) diode array (the Magic Plate), embedded exactly below the patient within a carbon fiber couch. The effect of tissue inhomogeneities on source localization accuracy is examined.

Method

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of 12 source positions from a HDR prostate brachytherapy treatment were performed using the Geant4 toolkit. An Ir‐192 Flexisource (Isodose Control, Veenendaal, the Netherlands) was simulated inside a voxelized patient geometry, and the dose deposited in each detector of the Magic Plate evaluated. The …

Magnetically Confined Electron Beam System For High Resolution Electron Transmission-Beam Experiments, A I. Lozano, J C. Oller, K Krupa, F Ferreira Da Silva, Paulo Limao-Vieira, Francisco Blanco, Antonio Munoz, R Colmenares, Gustavo Garcia

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

A novel experimental setup has been implemented to provide accurate electron scattering cross sections from molecules at low and intermediate impact energies (1-300 eV) by measuring the attenuation of a magnetically confined linear electron beam from a molecular target. High-resolution electron energy is achieved through confinement in a magnetic gas trap where electrons are cooled by successive collisions with N₂. Additionally, we developed and present a method to correct systematic errors arising from energy and angular resolution limitations. The accuracy of the entire measurement procedure is validated by comparing the N₂ total scattering cross section in the …

Non-Invasive Kinetic Modelling Of Pet Tracers With Radiometabolites Using A Constrained Simultaneous Estimation Method: Evaluation With 11C-Sb201745, Hasan Sari, Kjell Erlandsson, Lisbeth Marner, Ian Law, Henrik Larsson, Kris Thielemans, Sebastien Ourselin, Simon R. Arridge, David Atkinson, Brian F. Hutton

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Background

Kinetic analysis of dynamic PET data requires an accurate knowledge of available PET tracer concentration within blood plasma over time, known as the arterial input function (AIF). The gold standard method used to measure the AIF requires serial arterial blood sampling over the course of the PET scan, which is an invasive procedure and makes this method less practical in clinical settings. Traditional image-derived methods are limited to specific tracers and are not accurate if metabolites are present in the plasma.

Results

In this work, we utilise an image-derived whole blood curve measurement to reduce the computational complexity of …

Effect Of Polarization Sensitivity On Ultrasmall Silicon-On-Insulator-Based Arrayed Waveguide Grating For Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Interrogation, Hongqiang Li, Rui Xie, Yanhua Hong, Zanyun Zhang, Cheng Zhang, Chunxiao Tang, Enbang Li

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Polarization sensitivity is an important factor that affects the interrogation of ultrasmall arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. An ultrasmall 1  ×  8 silicon-on-insulator (SoI) AWG with a core size of less than 530  μm  ×  480  μm is proposed in this study. This ultrasmall SoI AWG exhibits good transmission spectra and high polarization sensitivity. The increased channel numbers and tight structure increase the polarization sensitivity of AWG. Temperature interrogation experiments show that the FBG sensor interrogation is drastically affected when the effect of polarization sensitivity on the ultrasmall AWG is sufficiently large.

Real-Time High Spatial Resolution Dose Verification In Stereotactic Motion Adaptive Arc Radiotherapy, Mitchell Duncan, Matthew Newall, Vincent Caillet, Jeremy T. Booth, Paul J. Keall, Michael L. F Lerch, Vladimir Perevertaylo, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, Marco Petasecca

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Purpose: Radiation treatments delivered with real-time multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking currently lack fast pretreatment or real-time quality assurance. The purpose of this study is to test a 2D silicon detector, MagicPlate-512 (MP512), in a complex clinical environment involving real-time reconfiguration of the MLC leaves during target tracking. Methods: MP512 was placed in the center of a solid water phantom and mounted on a motion platform used to simulate three different patient motions. Electromagnetic target tracking was implemented using the Calypso system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and an MLC tracking software. A two-arc VMAT plan was delivered and …

Second Law Analysis For Nanofluid Turbulent Flow Inside A Circular Duct In Presence Of Twisted Tape Turbulators, M Sheikholeslami, M Jafaryar, Zhixiong Li

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Finite volume method is employed to simulate water based nanofluid turbulent flow and entropy generation in a heat exchanger. In order to augment heat transfer rate, twisted tape turbulators insert inside the pipe. Second law analysis are presented for various values of height ratio (BR) and pitch ratio (PR) and Reynolds number (Re). Related formulas for entropy generation and Bejan number are provided. Results indicate that secondary flow increases with increasing number of revolution. Bejan number and total entropy generation augment with augment of pitch ratio. But they decreases with augment of Reynolds number and height ratio.

Effect Of Ni Addition On Bainite Transformation And Properties In A 2000 Mpa Grade Ultrahigh Strength Bainitic Steel, Junyu Tian, Guang Xu, Zhengyi Jiang, Haijiang Hu, Mingxing Zhou

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The effects of Nickle (Ni) addition on bainitic transformation and property of ultrahigh strength bainitic steels are investigated by three austempering processes. The results indicate that Ni addition hinders the isothermal bainite transformation kinetics, and decreases the volume fraction of bainite due to the decrease of chemical driving force for nucleation and growth of bainite transformation. Moreover, the product of tensile strength and total elongation (PSE) of high carbon bainitic steels decreases with Ni addition at higher austempering temperatures (220 and 250 °C), while it shows no significant difference at lower austempering temperature (200 °C). For the same steel (Ni-free …

Thermal Comfort For Occupants Of Nursing Homes: A Field Study, Federico Tartarini, Paul Cooper, Richard Fleming

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

The primary aim of this research was to assess the quality of the thermal environment of six Australian nursing homes, and to understand and quantify the impacts of the indoor thermal environment on the perceptions and comfort of staff, residents and other occupants. The impact of the thermal environment on perceptions and comfort of building occupants of six nursing homes was determined through: 1) a long-term building evaluation survey (staff members only); and 2) a point-in-time thermal comfort study, involving 322 residents and 187 non-residents. In addition, a combination of spot-measurements and long-term monitoring of indoor air temperatures was used …

A Novel Reaching Law For Sliding Mode Control Of Uncertain Discrete-Time Systems, Q Xu, Haiping Du, B He, T H. Yan, Weihua Li, Shuaishuai Sun

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

This paper proposed a new sliding mode control algorithm for discrete-time systems with matched uncertainty. The new control algorithm is characterized by a new discrete switching surface. Although the exponential reaching law can reduce oscillation, the control effectiveness will be suppressed when the rate of change of disturbance is high. The exponential reaching law cannot force the system states to approach sliding surface s k = 0. In order to solve the contradiction between guaranteeing the basic property of quasi-sliding mode and reducing oscillation, a new discrete reaching law is proposed to improve the reaching process of discrete exponent reaching …

Effect Of Chemical Composition On Microstructure, Strength And Wear Resistance Of Wire Deposited Ni-Cu Alloys, Olexandra Marenych, Donghong Ding, Zengxi Stephen Pan, Andrii Kostryzhev, Hui Jun Li, Stephen Van Duin

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Two Ni-Cu alloys (Monel K500 and FM 60) having various Mn, Fe, Al, Ti and C contents were deposited on a Monel K500 plate at three different speeds using wire arc additive manufacturing technique. Microstructure characterisation, in particular a detailed study of precipitates, was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties were assessed using hardness, tensile and wear testing. For similar deposition conditions, Monel K500 has exhibited smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing and higher number density of Ti-rich particles, although the Ti concentration in FM 60 was higher. Finer microstructure and Ti precipitation led to superior hardness, …

Atomistic Simulation Of The Interaction Between Point Defects And Twin Boundary, Liang Zhang, Yasushi Shibuta, Cheng Lu, Xiaoxu Huang

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

While nanotwinned metals have been proven to show excellent mechanical properties, they are generally anticipated to be less effective in the alleviation of radiation damage. However, recent in situ studies have indicated that some nanotwinned metals exhibit unprecedented radiation tolerance, and the unexpected self‐healing of twin boundaries in response to radiation was observed. To reveal the underlying atomic mechanisms, we performed long‐time molecular dynamics simulations to study the dynamic interaction between twin boundary and some typical radiation‐induced point defects, including vacancy cluster and self‐interstitial atoms. The defective structures of coherent twin boundary which contains incoherent twin segment or self‐interstitial atoms …

Lattice Parameter Evolution During Heating Of Ti-45al-7.5nb-0.25/0.5c Alloys Under Atmospheric And High Pressures, Xi Li, Rian J. Dippenaar, Ayumi Shiro, Takahisa Shobu, Yuji Higo, Mark H. Reid, Hiroshi Suzuki, Koichi Akita, Ken-Ichi Funakoshi, Klaus-Dieter Liss

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

Lattice strain evolution during deformation processing of Ti-Al alloys at high temperature is important in terms of its microstructural evolution and microstructural stability. It is shown here that careful evaluation of lattice parameters is critical for the understanding of thermal expansion, crystallographic order, chemical composition and response to pressure, allowing to identify phase transitions and segregation, in addition to the measurement of the more conventional quantities phase composition and order parameter. The lattice parameters of Ti-45Al-7.5Nb-0.25/0.5C (at. %) alloys were calculated using both Rietveld and single peak fitting methods from data obtained by in-situ synchrotron diffraction experiments at high temperature …

Fractional-Order Pid Control Strategy On Hydraulic-Loading System Of Typical Electromechanical Platform, Ning Wang, Jianmei Wang, Zhixiong Li, Xuefeng Tang, Dingbang Hou

Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part B

In this paper, a control method for a hydraulic loading system of an electromechanical platform based on a fractional-order PID (Proportion-Integration-Differentiation) controller is proposed, which is used to drive the loading system of a mechatronic journal test rig. The mathematical model of the control system is established according to the principle of the electro-hydraulic system. Considering the indetermination of model parameters, the method of parameter identification was used to verify the rationality of the theoretical model. In order to improve the control precision of the hydraulic loading system, the traditional PID controller and fractional-order PID controller are designed by selecting …