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The Qualitative Report

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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Meanings And Experiences Of Being Transgender: A Qualitative Study Among Transgender Youth, Hossein Afrasiabi, Marjan Junbakhsh Aug 2019

Meanings And Experiences Of Being Transgender: A Qualitative Study Among Transgender Youth, Hossein Afrasiabi, Marjan Junbakhsh

The Qualitative Report

Our aim in this qualitative study was to explore the meaning and experiences of transgender youth in their everyday interactions. Participants included 24 transgender youth from Yazd and Isfahan Cities (Iran). We selected participants through purposeful sampling method. Research data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using theoretical coding techniques. The results showed that transgender people like to present their favorite identity in behaviors, wearing and social appearances, their social and domestic acceptance is deferred as the society defines transgender as a taboo and ostracizes persons. They felt themselves in a converse body and under pressure …


Exploring Informal Caregivers’ Roles In Medical Tourism Through Qualitative Data Triangulation, Rebecca Whitmore, Valorie A. Crooks, Jeremy Snyder Aug 2019

Exploring Informal Caregivers’ Roles In Medical Tourism Through Qualitative Data Triangulation, Rebecca Whitmore, Valorie A. Crooks, Jeremy Snyder

The Qualitative Report

When Canadian medical tourists go abroad, they are often accompanied by friends and family, referred to as caregiver-companions, who provide informal care. These individuals play a role in patient decision-making and are stakeholders in medical tourism, yet little is known about their participation in this consumer health practice. To examine the roles that Canadian caregiver-companions play while accompanying medical tourists abroad, and to identify how multi-perspective qualitative data can augment our understanding of these roles, primary and secondary analysis was undertaken on datasets generated from multiple qualitative studies: semi-structured interviews with medical tourists, caregiver-companions, and international patient coordinators, and a …


Qualitative Case Study On Challenges Recoupled Parents Encounter Raising Step Children With Asd, Sonia Ruth Cann-Milland Ms, Penny Round Dr Aug 2019

Qualitative Case Study On Challenges Recoupled Parents Encounter Raising Step Children With Asd, Sonia Ruth Cann-Milland Ms, Penny Round Dr

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this study is to address the lack of research into the challenges and issues recoupled parents face when raising their step/biological children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) together in a stepfamily environment. Data shows clinicians, community support services, and policy makers are recognising that stepfamilies are the fastest growing family form to date and hypothesising stepfamilies will become the norm as the most prominent family form in most western countries. Ongoing research recognises the importance of understanding parents’ experiences and perspectives of having a child with ASD, and resourcing and managing their child’s everyday needs, behaviour and …


Dear Mrs. P: An Exploration In The Beliefs Of High-Expectations For Individuals With Disabilities, Richard Chapman Aug 2019

Dear Mrs. P: An Exploration In The Beliefs Of High-Expectations For Individuals With Disabilities, Richard Chapman

The Qualitative Report

This article is a narrative exploring the topic of self-advocacy and self-determination for individuals with disabilities. Through my narrative, I explore ways that we can increase expectations of individuals with disabilities.


Creating New Metaphors For Women Engineering Students Through Qualitative Methods, Cliff Haynes Jul 2019

Creating New Metaphors For Women Engineering Students Through Qualitative Methods, Cliff Haynes

The Qualitative Report

The purpose of this study is to describe female students’ experiences in an engineering living-learning program using metaphorical analysis through a constructivist theoretical perspective. Extant literature uses metaphors from a negative viewpoint or a deficit model to describe the experiences of female undergraduates in engineering; however, new metaphors have not been used to describe the experience. This study aims to fill existing gaps in LLP literature using qualitative methods. Data from 13 semi-structured individual interviews (7 initial interviews and 6 follow-up interviews) serve as the primary data source. After conducting metaphorical analysis, I found five interpretive metaphors emerging: LLP as …


Watching “Insidious” – On The Social Construction Of Fear, Charlotte D. Renda Jul 2019

Watching “Insidious” – On The Social Construction Of Fear, Charlotte D. Renda

The Qualitative Report

As mass media are an integral part of our everyday lives, their role in constituting emotions and feeling rules receives heightened attention. However, content analyses and psychoanalytical/reaction analyses focus on a film-viewer-relation that does not consider the group character of media consumption. This article deals with the question of how fear is socially constructed and interactively negotiated by taking an ethnomethodological look at videos that teenagers have taken of themselves while watching the horror movie Insidious. It puts forward two inter-related forms of ambiguity: the ambiguity of what emotions are appropriate, that is, the ways in which feeling rules are …


Learning How To Write Successfully From Academic Writers, Kathryn Roulston Jul 2019

Learning How To Write Successfully From Academic Writers, Kathryn Roulston

The Qualitative Report

There are numerous books on writing from academic writers, as well as fiction and non-fiction writers. For academic writers who may have had minimal training in writing, these sorts of books provide useful ideas for how to develop the habits of mind to write productively, as well as the skills in crafting their writing for their audiences. Helen Sword's book, Air & Light & Time & Space: How Successful Academics Write is a trade book devoted to the task of informing readers about how successful academic writers work. Sword masterfully integrates findings from her large study of academic writing to …


Difficult Questions For Difficult Decisions: A Book Review, Jessica Popham Jul 2019

Difficult Questions For Difficult Decisions: A Book Review, Jessica Popham

The Qualitative Report

Qualitative Researching goes beyond a simple how-to book. While it is “suitable for all levels” and “easy to follow”, Qualitative Researching poses difficult questions to help the researcher become both critical and creative. Jennifer Mason helps the reader gets actively involved in the research process with an “investigative energy” in which she walks the reader through different ideas. A thorough and well thought out book, Qualitative Researching helps those designing a research project build a strong foundation by examining each step of the process through challenging questions.


Using Facebook Secret Groups For Qualitative Data Collection, Stephanie Medley-Rath Jul 2019

Using Facebook Secret Groups For Qualitative Data Collection, Stephanie Medley-Rath

The Qualitative Report

The popularity of Facebook (FB) has led researchers to seek ways of using the social media platform in their empirical research. One approach is to use FB’s secret groups tool to conduct asynchronous online focus groups. In this research note, I outline the steps to using FB secret groups along with the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. I used FB’s secret groups function to conduct three asynchronous online focus groups. I recruited caregivers of children with sensory processing disorder or “sensory issues” who took part by writing about their experiences online. By using Facebook secret groups, the researcher can …


“I Almost Quit”: Exploring The Prevalence Of The Ferguson Effect In Two Small Sized Law Enforcement Agencies In Rural Southcentral Virginia, Joshua L. Adams Jul 2019

“I Almost Quit”: Exploring The Prevalence Of The Ferguson Effect In Two Small Sized Law Enforcement Agencies In Rural Southcentral Virginia, Joshua L. Adams

The Qualitative Report

Recent negatively publicized police-citizen interactions in the media, followed by a subsequent de-policing of police in the United States, has been named the Ferguson Effect. The Ferguson Effect has been explored by prominent scholars in the criminal justice community; however, little is known about how police officers in small rural police agencies perceive the Ferguson Effect. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and lived experiences of police officers regarding the Ferguson Effect in small rural police agencies, as well as police officers’ perceptions of their own organizational justice. Organizational justice theory was utilized as …


An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Investigating Uk Female Experiences Of Psychosocial Adjustment Following Bariatric Surgery, Mark J. Maxwell Jul 2019

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Investigating Uk Female Experiences Of Psychosocial Adjustment Following Bariatric Surgery, Mark J. Maxwell

The Qualitative Report

The psychosocial impact of bariatric surgery has not been studied as diligently as the physical impact, particularly within the first 6 months following surgery. The aim of the present study was to explore psychosocial adjustment in UK bariatric candidates within this time-scale. Six female participants were purposively recruited to complete a semi-structured interview, and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse their experiences. Four super-ordinate themes emerged from the interview data which were: (1) "It was me but it wasn’t me": pre-surgery identity, (2) "I don’t see myself as this fat blob of a person anymore": transforming identity, (3) "No …


Getting Change-Space: A Grounded Theory Study Of Automated Ehealth Therapy, Marianne T. S. Holter, Ottar Ness, Ayna Johansen, Håvar Brendryen Jul 2019

Getting Change-Space: A Grounded Theory Study Of Automated Ehealth Therapy, Marianne T. S. Holter, Ottar Ness, Ayna Johansen, Håvar Brendryen

The Qualitative Report

A promising tool for bettering people’s health is eHealth (or “mHealth”) programs: fully automated, web-based health interventions. However, we know surprisingly little about eHealth’s working mechanisms. One possible working mechanism is that program users benefit from a collaborative “relationship”—a “working alliance”—with the program. Although evidence support the existence of a person-to-program alliance it is unclear if and how it influences change. Therefore, we conducted a grounded theory study of how relating to an eHealth program for quitting smoking influenced the participants’ change processes. The ensuing model focuses on how participants got change-space—feeling free from social forcing and able to work …


A Case Study Of Junior Elite Tennis Players' And Their Parent’S Self-Talk, Véronique Boudreault, Christiane Trottier, Martin D. Provencher Jul 2019

A Case Study Of Junior Elite Tennis Players' And Their Parent’S Self-Talk, Véronique Boudreault, Christiane Trottier, Martin D. Provencher

The Qualitative Report

Automatic self-talk of elite athletes provides valuable insight into their emotional experience and self-regulation strategies in competition. To date, there is a shortage of research examining elite junior athletes’ automatic self-talk in competition through a qualitative lens. Despite parents’ key role in the well-being and performance of their child, there is no study about junior elite athletes’ and their parents’ self-talk during a competition. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the content of elite junior tennis players’ automatic self-talk as well as the content of their parents’ self-talk regarding their emotions during important matches. In each of …


Broader Strokes: The Curricular And Pedagogical Possibilities Of Multiage Educational Settings, Juria C. Wiechmann, Daniel R. Conn, Leslee J. Thorpe Jul 2019

Broader Strokes: The Curricular And Pedagogical Possibilities Of Multiage Educational Settings, Juria C. Wiechmann, Daniel R. Conn, Leslee J. Thorpe

The Qualitative Report

Multiage classrooms seem to be an idea of the past, as students in most schools across the country are grouped by age. However, research by Goldman (1981), Rhoades (1966), and Eisner (2003) argue that multiage grouping has significant social, behavioral, and intellectual advantages for students. Using educational criticism and connoisseurship as a methodology, this article examines the accounts of a professor who taught in a multiage school environment within the United States, as well as observations of a multiage school in the Masaka district of Uganda. This study aims to understand how curriculum and pedagogy interact within multiage system, as …


A Poetic Gaze Into Gay Aging, Austin G. Oswald Jul 2019

A Poetic Gaze Into Gay Aging, Austin G. Oswald

The Qualitative Report

The shift toward embracing creativity in qualitative research has opened up new possibilities for researchers who seek to represent themselves and their findings in ways that capture the complexities of human life. This case study on gay aging combined life history interviewing with arts-based techniques to explore how one individual made sense of his sexual orientation at a time when gay men were criminalized and pathologized. Using principles from poetic inquiry, interview data were transformed into a short poem that captures the emotional and affective undertones of gay aging. The findings reveal the utility of poetics as both a process …


Exploring Relationships Between Needs And Solutions In Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Recursive Frame Analysis, Annette Bovee-Akyurek, Ronald J. Chenail, Kara Erolin Jul 2019

Exploring Relationships Between Needs And Solutions In Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Recursive Frame Analysis, Annette Bovee-Akyurek, Ronald J. Chenail, Kara Erolin

The Qualitative Report

Focus is a critical component in solution focused brief therapy (SFBT; de Shazer et al., 1986), yet little research has been conducted on how SFBT therapists utilize the clients’ focus on their awareness of needs to relationally build solutions (Reiter & Chenail, 2016). To address this gap, we reviewed the notion of utilizing clients’ focus in SFBT conceptually and presented the results of our discovery-oriented qualitative study of a classic training case conducted by one of SFBT’s co-developers, Insoo Kim Berg (1994). We explored how Berg appeared to demonstrate relationally focused solution development. The findings suggest that Berg’s therapeutic style …


The Experiences Of Healthcare Professional Students About The Educational Impacts Of Mobile Learning, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Seyed Kamran Soltani Arabshahi, Fazlollah Ahmadi, Nayereh Baghcheghi Jul 2019

The Experiences Of Healthcare Professional Students About The Educational Impacts Of Mobile Learning, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Seyed Kamran Soltani Arabshahi, Fazlollah Ahmadi, Nayereh Baghcheghi

The Qualitative Report

The role of mobile devices in learning processes is growing rapidly and it is imperative to assess the effect of this technology. This paper explores the experience of healthcare professional students with regard to the educational impacts of mobile learning. We conducted a qualitative study using a conventional qualitative content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman (2004) method to collect and analyze the experiences of 23 healthcare professional students. Two themes, each with subthemes, emerged from the findings: (1) perceived benefit in learning process, and (2) reflective self-assessment. The results revealed that mobile learning has a positive impact on both …


A Qualitative Expert Interview Approach Towards Understanding Religious Extremism Among Malaysian Youth, Norhafezah Yusof Associate Professor, Amrita Kaur Dr, Mohd Azizuddinbin Mohd Sani Prof. Dr, Rosna Awang Hashim Prof Dr Jul 2019

A Qualitative Expert Interview Approach Towards Understanding Religious Extremism Among Malaysian Youth, Norhafezah Yusof Associate Professor, Amrita Kaur Dr, Mohd Azizuddinbin Mohd Sani Prof. Dr, Rosna Awang Hashim Prof Dr

The Qualitative Report

Religious extremism among Muslim youth is an emergent challenge and a variety of factors contribute towards its rise. However, few studies have explored this phenomenon in predominantly Muslim countries. Using expert interview approach, this study explored factors that provoke Malaysian youth into joining religious extremist groups and discussed findings from a social-ecological theory perspective. Inductive thematic analysis guided by socio-ecological theory was employed to analyze the data. Factors identified were Islamic Ideology-choice & Interpretation, Ummah and Practicality, and Charismatic leadership. The investigation through the social-ecological lens suggests that these causes mainly interacted at the macro-ecological and community-levels to influence the …


The Experience Of Co-Teaching For Emergent Arabic-English Literacy, Anna M. Dillon, Kay Gallagher Jul 2019

The Experience Of Co-Teaching For Emergent Arabic-English Literacy, Anna M. Dillon, Kay Gallagher

The Qualitative Report

In this paper we explore teachers’ experiences of co-teaching within a new bilingual (Arabic/ English) model in public Kindergarten schools in the United Arab Emirates. The main objective was to understand teachers’ experiences with intercultural teaching for biliteracy in this context. We interviewed six pairs of co-teachers. These co-teachers represent six of the nationalities of teachers working in public Kindergartens in Abu Dhabi, thereby representing a cross-section of the cultural context of teaching in the reformed public schools. The data highlight teachers’ varied co-teaching practices and point to aspects such as classroom management and translanguaging as aspects of classroom practice …


A Qualitative Phenomenological Exploration Of The Experiences Of Individuals With Parkinson’S Disease Engaged In A Boxing Program, Bradley Maccosham, Evan Webb, Jessica Oey, Francois Gravelle Jul 2019

A Qualitative Phenomenological Exploration Of The Experiences Of Individuals With Parkinson’S Disease Engaged In A Boxing Program, Bradley Maccosham, Evan Webb, Jessica Oey, Francois Gravelle

The Qualitative Report

Boxing has emerged as a beneficial form of physical activity (PA) for individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Research typically emphasizes the physical benefits of boxing for individuals with PD but neglects other aspects that could promote long-term engagement in such programs. This study qualitatively explored the experiences of individuals with PD who are engaged in a boxing program. A qualitative phenomenological methodology was utilized. Twelve participants took part in a semi-structured interview. Data were thematically analyzed. Analysis revealed that participants experienced a variety of physical, social, and psychological aspects. Findings suggest that participants perceived increases in physical abilities and concentration …


Identification Of Instructional Design Strategies For An Effective E-Learning Experience, B S S Karthik, Brig Bhuvanagiri Chandrasekhar, Dr Rajasekhar David, Dr A Kranthi Kumar Jul 2019

Identification Of Instructional Design Strategies For An Effective E-Learning Experience, B S S Karthik, Brig Bhuvanagiri Chandrasekhar, Dr Rajasekhar David, Dr A Kranthi Kumar

The Qualitative Report

The objective of the study is to identify various instructional design strategies used by the instructional designers for effective the E-learning experience. Thematic analysis is used to generate the factors accountable for the successful implementation of E-learning process. To fulfill the purpose of the study, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the instructional designers, students, and corporate employees, who are associated with E-learning apps. Interviews conducted are broadly classified into three sections. The first section dealt with the personal profiles of the respondents; second part dealt with the discussion on successful instructional strategies adopted by the designers, and the third …


Exploring Cherishing: A Qualitative Approach, Pratishtha Bhattacharyya, Rabindra Kumar Pradhan Dr. Jul 2019

Exploring Cherishing: A Qualitative Approach, Pratishtha Bhattacharyya, Rabindra Kumar Pradhan Dr.

The Qualitative Report

The word cherishing is frequently used in our daily jargons. It is also very often mentioned in empirical literature on cherished possessions. However, despite the relevance of the term in the empirical literature on cherished possessions, very little is known about the way it operates in people’s lives. The only link with cherishing happens to be the studies conducted in individualistic cultures on cherished possessions. Besides, there is hardly any consensus on how cherishing operates in collectivistic culture such as India owing to the scarce literature available on the topic. Hence, the present study addresses the gap in the literature …


Constructing Professional Identities: Native English-Speaking Teachers In South Korea, Natalie-Jane Howard Jul 2019

Constructing Professional Identities: Native English-Speaking Teachers In South Korea, Natalie-Jane Howard

The Qualitative Report

Responding to globalisation, a ubiquitous obsession with English has pervaded South Korea and led to the employment of tens of thousands of expatriate English teachers. However, native-speaking English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers may be subject to marginalisation and acculturation difficulties as they navigate overseas employment contexts. Moreover, scholars question the legitimacy of their careers and challenge the bias for their native-speaker expertise. Against this contentious backdrop, this study explores how the experiences and beliefs of native-speaking EFL teachers both promote and hinder their professional identity constructions. Adopting a qualitative, interpretivist approach, interviews are mobilised to document the participants’ …


Clinic Exploration Of Care Processes To Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening In Rural Accountable Care Organization Clinics: A Qualitative Case Study, Sarbinaz Bekmuratova, Jungyoon Kim, Hongmei Wang, Lufei Young, Daniel J. Schober, Li-Wu Chen Jun 2019

Clinic Exploration Of Care Processes To Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening In Rural Accountable Care Organization Clinics: A Qualitative Case Study, Sarbinaz Bekmuratova, Jungyoon Kim, Hongmei Wang, Lufei Young, Daniel J. Schober, Li-Wu Chen

The Qualitative Report

It is essential to have an effective care process to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) screening particularly in rural areas. Primary care health care providers may have a significant impact on improving CRC screening rates among rural residents through systematic screening processes in their clinics. In this qualitative study, we aimed to explore the whole clinic processes of recommending and referring CRC screening in the rural accountable care organization (ACO) primary care clinics. We collected qualitative data through 21 semi-structured in-depth interviews with healthcare providers in rural primary care ACO clinics in Nebraska. We audio recorded and transcribed the interviews and …


Greek University Students And The Smoke-Free Law: Learning About Rights And Duties In A Community Of Practice, Luciana Benincasa Jun 2019

Greek University Students And The Smoke-Free Law: Learning About Rights And Duties In A Community Of Practice, Luciana Benincasa

The Qualitative Report

This paper is about Greek university students’ violation of the smoking law in public venues and their understanding of rights, duties and responsibilities. Thirty-one students (21 smokers) were interviewed and asked to describe and discuss their own and other students’ behaviour in relation to smoking in closed public places in terms of rights and duties. Additional material from the printed and electronic press has been used to provide a context to the students’ statements. Participant-smokers’ systematic violations of the smoke-free law spring from a peculiar view of rights, duties and responsibilities. Both behaviour and its theoretical underpinnings are reinforced in …


Parents’ Perceptions Of Smartphone Use And Parenting Practices, David J. Johnson, Katherine M. Hertlein Ph.D. Jun 2019

Parents’ Perceptions Of Smartphone Use And Parenting Practices, David J. Johnson, Katherine M. Hertlein Ph.D.

The Qualitative Report

Technology use in one’s life has generally explored why people use certain technologies, how they use technology, and the effect of such usage on our personal relationships. To date, however, few studies have explored the use of using smartphones and its effect on parenting practices. The present study sought to understand parents’ perceptions of their smartphone use’s effect on their children and parenting practices. Grounded in a social constructionism perspective, interviews were conducted with 12 parents inquiring about their smartphone usage. Five themes emerged: (1) Disengagement, (2) Concern for Future, (3) Change in Social Norms, (4) Boundaries, and (5) Cognitive …


Using Affinity Networks To Scaffold Community Collaboration: A Methodological Technique To Support The Use Of Qualitative Data In Community-Based Research, Catharine Biddle, Ian Mette Jun 2019

Using Affinity Networks To Scaffold Community Collaboration: A Methodological Technique To Support The Use Of Qualitative Data In Community-Based Research, Catharine Biddle, Ian Mette

The Qualitative Report

Cooperation is increasingly required to craft solutions to complex problems in our society, while the role of cultivated, academic expertise is being challenged as a model for solving social problems. Participatory or community-based approaches are often suggested as a solution to this dichotomy; however, few analytic methods are purposefully engineered to support this work. Affinity networks combine interviewing with data visualization to produce data analysis that can be easily fed back into collaboratives with community partners. This article provides a step by step introduction to producing affinity networks using Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software, as well as suggestions for …


Intercultural Sensitivity Orientations Prior To Short-Term Study Abroad: A Qualitative Study On Prospective English Language Teachers, Emrullah Yasin Çiftçi, Nurdan Gürbüz Jun 2019

Intercultural Sensitivity Orientations Prior To Short-Term Study Abroad: A Qualitative Study On Prospective English Language Teachers, Emrullah Yasin Çiftçi, Nurdan Gürbüz

The Qualitative Report

Short-term study abroad programs can contribute to the multidimensional development of prospective language teachers. However, participants’ intercultural sensitivity orientations prior to the mobility period can significantly influence the quality and quantity of the outcomes gained from such programs. Therefore,in this qualitative case study, we explored the intercultural sensitivity orientations of a cohort of prospective language teachers from Turkey who prepared to study at three different universities in Italy. We also explored the participants’ perspectives regarding the potential contributions of short-term study abroad to their ongoing language teacher education processes. Following an interpretive analysis of qualitative data, our findings revealed that …


Neverland: A Critical Autoethnography Of Aging With Cystic Fibrosis, Alexandra Ch Nowakowski Jun 2019

Neverland: A Critical Autoethnography Of Aging With Cystic Fibrosis, Alexandra Ch Nowakowski

The Qualitative Report

In this autoethnography, I analyze stereotypes and misconceptions about people with cystic fibrosis (CF). I examine these illness representations and their social underpinnings through critical analysis of my journey to conclusive diagnosis with CF after first being tested for the disease in early life, and the events that have followed from that turning point. Using experiential data and prior research, I explore and refute harmful misconceptions about life with CF. I challenge the notion that people with CF never grow old. I also contest the idea that people who receive conclusive diagnoses during adulthood only then transition into patient identities. …


Amputee Perspectives Of Virtual Patient Education, Sandra L. Winkler, Michelle Schlesinger, Krueger Alice, Ann Ludwig Jun 2019

Amputee Perspectives Of Virtual Patient Education, Sandra L. Winkler, Michelle Schlesinger, Krueger Alice, Ann Ludwig

The Qualitative Report

Amputees have expressed the need for more information on the recovery path that follows amputation. Inclusion of education in the amputation rehabilitation process empowers amputees to make decisions about their options and form realistic expectations. Virtual worlds are effective as healthcare support communities because they provide both synchronous and asynchrous communication, voice enabled technology, file sharing and more, enhanced by immersion in a visually stimulating and interactive 3-D environment. The objective of this research was to discover how a virtual world could be used to address amputees’ educational needs. A focus group of three lower limb amputees ages ranging from …