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Articles 1111 - 1140 of 3382
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Modeling And Simulation For Target Tracking System Based On Dual-Pan-Tilt Camera, Kaishun Xiahou, Shanxing Chen, Yilin Wu
Modeling And Simulation For Target Tracking System Based On Dual-Pan-Tilt Camera, Kaishun Xiahou, Shanxing Chen, Yilin Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Mathematical model of each component of target tracking system based on dual-pan-tilt camera was established. The rotation angles both in horizontal and vertical direction of each pan-tilt and the relative position of two cameras were adopted to estimate the real-time position of moving target with Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) tracking algorithm. A new real-time calibration method for pan-tilt camera was proposed to deal with the calibration problem that the external parameters of camera changes as the pan-tilt rotates in the process of camera modeling. In addition, the target’s image feature, extracted from the projected point on the camera image …
Controller Design For Hypersonic Vehicle Based On Kalman Filter, Tao Chao, Jianliang Ai
Controller Design For Hypersonic Vehicle Based On Kalman Filter, Tao Chao, Jianliang Ai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For a generic hypersonic vehicle with unstable longitudinal and lateral-directional mode, considering the three dimensional turbulence and their gradient, all states linear dynamic equations were established. All states H∞ feedback control was proposed based on the discrete Kalman filter when three dimensional turbulence and system measurement noise were taken into consideration. In this way, state estimation created by the Kalman filter to the H∞ controller was delivered. This method could guarantee the robustness when external atmospheric turbulence and itself parameter matrices perturbation caused by the flight condition variation existed. The results show that for both the nominal …
Non-Uniform Axial Force Precise Modeling And Simulation Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Confined By Steel Tube Column, Wenxian Feng, Yunchao Tang, Zhang Ye, Cai Yang, Dingjing Bao, Jinmu Hu
Non-Uniform Axial Force Precise Modeling And Simulation Of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Confined By Steel Tube Column, Wenxian Feng, Yunchao Tang, Zhang Ye, Cai Yang, Dingjing Bao, Jinmu Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the complexity of non-uniform axial force on recycled aggregate concrete confined by steel tube column, precise modeling and simulation on non-uniform axial force were put forward, mechanic properties of axial force under uniform and non-uniform conditions were analyzed, and its three-dimensional model and force model were established. Then impact of load capacity was analyzed, such as geometric diameter, loading condition, and deformation during production. Force simulation and experimental results fit relatively well. It turned out that uniform axial load capacity was greater than concentrated eccentric axial load capacity. Besides, eccentric axial load capacity was related to eccentricity. …
Embedded Power Optimization Method Based On User Behavior, Wang Hai, Gao Ling, Dongqi Chen, Ren Jie
Embedded Power Optimization Method Based On User Behavior, Wang Hai, Gao Ling, Dongqi Chen, Ren Jie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of embedded device represented by mobile phone and tablet computer, low power technology has been one of the hotspots in the embedded research field. Because the battery capacity of embedded device is limited due to its restricted volume and weight, there are often users suffering the problem that their phone battery being dead. There are many research directions in embedded low power field at present. The relationship between low power and user behavior recognition was aimed, which started with recognizing user behavior using machine learning and then obtains the user’s daily usage …
From Sse To Opencl: Comparison Of Parallel Algorithms For Skeletal Animation On Multi-Core Cpus, Shousheng Liu, Chen Ge, Chunyong Ma, Han Yong
From Sse To Opencl: Comparison Of Parallel Algorithms For Skeletal Animation On Multi-Core Cpus, Shousheng Liu, Chen Ge, Chunyong Ma, Han Yong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: While skeletal animations consist of high fidelity mesh and complex vertex binding, there is a huge performance bottleneck. Previous studies used GPUs to accelerate animation, but the general purpose computing performance of cheap GPUs was lower than high end CPUs. In order to explore the performance for multi-core CPUs to make up the shortfall of cheap GPUs for general purpose computing, the latest parallel scheme based on OpenCL which integrated the former two levels of parallelization was proposed, comparing to the traditional parallel scheme formed by SSE and OpenMP oriented to instruction parallelization and thread parallelization separately. The experimental …
Research On Model And Simulation Of Bullwhip Effect In Supply Chain Based On Pid, Hebing Zhang
Research On Model And Simulation Of Bullwhip Effect In Supply Chain Based On Pid, Hebing Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the uncertainty of market demand, the method exponential smoothing was utilized to forecast the real demand, coupled with information sharing and PID control theory. Four kinds of ordering models were established under different backgrounds, including the ones with or without information sharing, further on, based on the PID control respectively. A comparing of values was obtained by the simulation examples of corresponding bullwhip effect. Through the research, it is found the impact of PID control is better than that of information sharing on weakening the bullwhip effect, which is fit for the condition without information sharing. PID …
Modeling And Simulation Of Urination Assist System Driven By Ultrasonic-Vaporized Steam, Li Xiao, Huaizhou Zhou, Zhichao Shi, Ting Guan, Yuansong Xiao
Modeling And Simulation Of Urination Assist System Driven By Ultrasonic-Vaporized Steam, Li Xiao, Huaizhou Zhou, Zhichao Shi, Ting Guan, Yuansong Xiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of assisting the neurogenic bladder micturating, a novel urination assist system driven by ultrasonic-vaporized steam was proposed. The mathematical model of the multi-field coupling relation between the external ultrasonic controlling parameters and the urine flow rate of urinary bladder was built using ultrasonics, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics theories. The simulation analysis of the influence of the controlling parameters on the urine flow rate performance of the system was conducted. The results show that the urine flow rate are mainly affected by the ultrasonic sound intensity, frequency, radiation area and time, as well as the system …
Simulation On Superframe Transmission Mechanism In Wireless Sensor Networks, Hairong Yan, Yufei Wei, Zhang Yan, Xie Yue, He Kai
Simulation On Superframe Transmission Mechanism In Wireless Sensor Networks, Hairong Yan, Yufei Wei, Zhang Yan, Xie Yue, He Kai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: At present, studies on real-time performance and reliability of WSN are mostly based on the performance analysis, protocol optimization or mathematical modeling with IEEE 802.15.4 standard MAC Protocol. However, there is no concern about the large impact on the network real-time and reliability caused by duration of the competitive access control phase (CAP) and non-competitive access control stage (CFP) in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard superframe structure. To solve these problems, a MAC layer superframe mechanism simulation algorithm was designed and implemented to simulate the IEEE802.15.4 standard MAC-layer superframe mechanism by establishing a state machine model. This design also built …
Design Of Micro-Strip Antenna Based On Step-Like Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structure To Improve Bandwidth And Gain, Zhigang Xiao, Jiang Yao, Shaoquan Yin
Design Of Micro-Strip Antenna Based On Step-Like Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structure To Improve Bandwidth And Gain, Zhigang Xiao, Jiang Yao, Shaoquan Yin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Design of a micro-strip antenna based on electromagnetic band-gap structure can significantly improve the bandwidth and gain of the antenna. EBG structure is used to suppress the surface wave propagation and increase the radiation gain of the antenna. At the same time, the antenna substrate thickness increase is beneficial to expand the bandwidth of the antenna. According to the actual need, the EBG and the antenna can use diffident substrate. The method can replace the traditional choke ring antenna and significantly reduce the antenna size without sacrificing the performance of the antenna.
Feature Point Positioning And Modeling Approach For Human Body Based On Improved Asm, Xinjuan Zhu, Xiaoya Xiong
Feature Point Positioning And Modeling Approach For Human Body Based On Improved Asm, Xinjuan Zhu, Xiaoya Xiong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Traditional Procrustes normalization needs many iterations which will spend a lot of time. Here training samples alignment was set only after once translation, rotation and scaling operations by marking anchor point and using average body shape as the initialization rules model. Traditional ASM algorithm leads to a long computing time and is easily to make the feature points matching error for gray model’s similarity. It was improved by using every feature points as a center point, training gray model though its rounded rectangular gray distribution, and searching target points within its 24 neighborhood points. Experimental results show …
Research On Motion Control Technology Of Virtual Human’S Lower Limb Based On Optical Motion Capture Data, Liang Feng, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Zhibo Tang, Ma Chao
Research On Motion Control Technology Of Virtual Human’S Lower Limb Based On Optical Motion Capture Data, Liang Feng, Zhili Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Zhibo Tang, Ma Chao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As passive-optical motion capture equipment could only capture the motion information of human’s key joints, a simplified skeleton structure model of virtual human was introduced; and then the error sources of motion data of virtual human were analyzed according to the acquisition process of optical motion capture data based on the skeleton structure model. Focusing on the problem of poor continuity of motion process of virtual human’s lower limb caused by continuity deficiency of motion capture data, a motion control method was proposed to strengthen the control of motion process of virtual human, which included data smoothing of motion …
Error Correction Methods In Numerical Simulation For Unilateral Constraint Dynamics, Haitao Gao, Yali Han, Youxiong Xu, Songqing Zhu, Zailuo Wu
Error Correction Methods In Numerical Simulation For Unilateral Constraint Dynamics, Haitao Gao, Yali Han, Youxiong Xu, Songqing Zhu, Zailuo Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at problem of calculation errors and constraint violation in numerical simulation for dynamics of unilateral constraint such as contact and collision, the error projection correction methods were put forward. On the basis of dynamical behavior of unilateral constraint described by linear programming model, mixed linear complementarity dynamics was built. Numerical simulation methods for the mixed linear complementarity dynamics were derived. In order to reduce calculation error and constraint violation caused by this error in the numerical simulation, an error correction method was built for correcting position and velocity error of numerical solution on the base of bilateral …
Research On Simulation Of Manufacturing Grid Resource Allocation Based On Scale Free Network, Xiangbin Zhang, Yanyan Li
Research On Simulation Of Manufacturing Grid Resource Allocation Based On Scale Free Network, Xiangbin Zhang, Yanyan Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to study the variation of resource allocation efficiency in manufacturing grid, the manufacturing grid resource allocation network model was established based on scale free network theory taking the manufacturing resource characteristics such as distribution and diversity into account. By calculation of the statistical indicators of complex networks and attribute functions, the appropriate resource allocation scheme was selected to realize global optimal resources allocation. Using this model and evaluation index of resource allocation, the variation rule was figured out that explained how resource allocation efficiency varied with structural evolution of manufacturing grid through analyzing the data from simulation …
Improved Strategy To Reduce Common-Mode Voltage For Matrix Converter, Weizhang Song, Li Xi, Minyuan Li, Yanru Zhong
Improved Strategy To Reduce Common-Mode Voltage For Matrix Converter, Weizhang Song, Li Xi, Minyuan Li, Yanru Zhong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the large instantaneous common-mode voltage in traditional space vector modulation strategy for two-stage matrix converter (TSMC), on the basis of analyzing the laws of common-mode voltage, an improved modulation strategy to reduce common-mode voltage was proposed. To suppress common-mode voltage effectively, in this strategy, the rectification stage sector was subdivided into twelve sectors from six sectors, according to the sector of the reference current vector and dc-side voltage, the switching points of inverter stage were redefined and reallocated, and zero vector of inverter was selected and distributed reasonably, instantaneous maximum value of common-mode voltage was reduced to …
Modelingrandom Kelvin Cell Micro-Structure For Open-Cell Foam And Its Application On Compression Response Of Open-Cell Aluminum Foam, Minju Qi, Guangfa Gao
Modelingrandom Kelvin Cell Micro-Structure For Open-Cell Foam And Its Application On Compression Response Of Open-Cell Aluminum Foam, Minju Qi, Guangfa Gao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: It is very difficult to model an applicable microstructure for the open cell foams. Using the Python scripting language and the commercial code ABAQUS, the structures for regular Kelvin cell, regular Kelvin open cell foams and random Kelvin open cell foams were designed and modeled automatically. The methodology for modeling, the design and implement for the key algorithms in the process of modeling were presented. For the open cell Aluminum foam, the regular Kelvin cell open cell model and the random Kelvin cell open cell foams model were developed, respectively, and the mechanical responses of them under quasi-static …
Study On Personalized Data Driven Method Of Surface Of 3d Liver Models, Guodong Chen, Jiexiong Wang, Chen Yi
Study On Personalized Data Driven Method Of Surface Of 3d Liver Models, Guodong Chen, Jiexiong Wang, Chen Yi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The personalization of 3D liver models and the acquisition of liver models with high precision are two key technologies in virtual surgery systems. A personalized data-driven method aiming at the problems of time efficiency and precision of liver models was proposed. The liver model with high precision from previous research achievements and personal CT datasets were processed respectively, and then some feature points were marked on both the model and the CT datasets. The PCA algorithm was used to get the initial matching, the ICP algorithm was used to get the matching of the feature points, and then an …
Control Law Research And Design Of Large Commercial Civil Aircraft For Oscillatory Failure, Ziyu Yao, Jianliang Ai
Control Law Research And Design Of Large Commercial Civil Aircraft For Oscillatory Failure, Ziyu Yao, Jianliang Ai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The oscillatory failure often occurs because of the electronic equipment failure or the structure vibration in the modern commercial civil aircraft. The solution to the problem needs lots of sensors and control controllers and it make the control structure complex and leads to further fault. The mathematical model including the servo loop was built and the analytical redundancy was used for the fault detection. A combined control law was designed based on the detection result that was the residual of the servo signal and the state quantities. The design improves the control structure of the EFCS feedforward channel …
Research On 3g Emergency Communication Network Simulation System Based On Performance Evaluation, Tang Hong, Yang Guang, Chuan Xu, Wenguang Tang
Research On 3g Emergency Communication Network Simulation System Based On Performance Evaluation, Tang Hong, Yang Guang, Chuan Xu, Wenguang Tang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the application requirements of simulation evaluation about Emergency communication network performance when making emergency response plans and simulating exercises, the communication network simulation models were analyzed for 3G emergency communication systems. Then a simulation system of 3G emergency communication networks was designed and implemented with system-level dynamic simulation technology in order to perform the real-time simulation and provide the related performance parameters for network performance evaluation of 3G mobile emergency communication systems under different scenarios. Experiment results show that the system proves its high efficiency and validity.
Man-Machine Coordinated Intelligent Flight Path Planning Algorithm, Ren Peng, Xiaoguang Gao
Man-Machine Coordinated Intelligent Flight Path Planning Algorithm, Ren Peng, Xiaoguang Gao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Man-machine coordinated flight path planning of UAV low-altitude penetration is a key technology achieving manned and unmanned aerial vehicles cooperative combat. The algorithm of man-machine coordinated intelligent flight path planning was proposed, combining artificial auxiliary decision with novel intelligence algorithm, a chromosome integer code with changeable length based on angle was used to represent flight path. Human’s wisdom and experience could make up for the lack of intelligence algorithm. In the most dangerous environment, it made the best possible use of the human brain to guide solution procedures of the flight path planning on pop-up threats. A …
Attribute Reduction Algorithm On Balancing Profit And Risk, Dexing Wang, Jielong Xu, Hongchun Yuan
Attribute Reduction Algorithm On Balancing Profit And Risk, Dexing Wang, Jielong Xu, Hongchun Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Usually it is taken for granted to achieve the maximal profit at the cost of the minimal risk. It is an important problem of how to balance profit and risk, considering introducing profit and risk to attribute reduction so as to find practical algorithms in decision-making process. A decision-theoretic model was built, which could balance profit and risk combining with decision-theoretic rough set model and minimum risk of Bayes decision and find optimal combinations of risk in a certain level of expected profit, then a heuristic algorithm of attribute reduction was proposed, which took the function of balancing …
Gpu-Accelerated Simulation For Class Of Multi-Agent Based Models, Zhao Yuan, Jiachang Cheng, Wang Lu, Yueming Hu
Gpu-Accelerated Simulation For Class Of Multi-Agent Based Models, Zhao Yuan, Jiachang Cheng, Wang Lu, Yueming Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A parallel agent-based model of Von Thünen Model was proposed driven by graphics processing units (GPUs). The Von Thünen Model often involved the simulation of large numbers of geographically located individual decision-makers and a massive number of individual-level interactions. This simulation required substantial computational power. GPU-enabled computing resources provided a massively parallel processing platform based on a fine-grained shared memory paradigm. This massively parallel processing platform held considerable promise for meeting the computing requirement of agent-based models of spatial problems. A dynamic relationship table rebuilding method was proposed to enable the use of GPUs for parallel agent-based modeling of …
Analysis The Nano Contact Force Of Single Crystal Copper In Contact And Separation Processes, Jianmeng Huang, Jingjing Chen
Analysis The Nano Contact Force Of Single Crystal Copper In Contact And Separation Processes, Jianmeng Huang, Jingjing Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: On the basis of considering the adhesive force and copper substrate elastic-plastic deformation, the contact and separation processes between diamond indenter and copper substrate are simulated based on EAM and Morse potentials and Verlet algorithm. The results show that, when diamond indenter approaches slowly to copper substrate during the contact process, some atoms at the top level of substrate happened “snap back” phenomenon significantly due to the gravity became the main interaction force. Furthermore, it can be seen that the contact force and the accumulation phenomenon of dislocation atoms increase gradually with the increment of diamond displacements. During in …
Digital Water Depth Processing For Multibeam Based On Average Slope Of Terrain, Jiacheng Yu, Xueqiang Xu
Digital Water Depth Processing For Multibeam Based On Average Slope Of Terrain, Jiacheng Yu, Xueqiang Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the characteristic of multibeam bathymetry in which measurement depth is influenced by terrain, revision algorithm was proposed based on average slope along the horizontal and vertical terrain. Five depth revision factors were obtained, and a depth smooth template was designed. The initial scan depth data were revised by the 5 revision factors, and then the revised depth data were filtered by the template. Simulation results show that, the depth of measurement error can be reduced greatly after revision, the designed template relative to the conventional Gauss template has higher smooth precision, more adapted to the water …
Study On Simulation Of Turning Burr Formation Based On Finite Element Method, Yunming Zhu, Jingui Huang, Guicheng Wang, Chen Yun
Study On Simulation Of Turning Burr Formation Based On Finite Element Method, Yunming Zhu, Jingui Huang, Guicheng Wang, Chen Yun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the relative motion of tool and workpiece, a new mechanical-thermal coupling finite element model of turning burr formation was established. It adopted supporting plate method to eliminate the influence of workpiece deformation which remained on the workpiece side. Operational efficiency improved greatly under this model. Based on the analysis of simulation results, it is discovered that there are both bending deflection and partly cutting occurred on cutting layer material. AISI1045 steel turning experiment was conducted, it is found that the results of simulation are close to the experimental. The model provides an effective way for analyzing the …
Optimization Design For A New Type Throttle Valve Of Managed Pressure Drilling Based On Response Surface Methodology, Guorong Wang, Chu Fei, Hongkang Fan, Siyu Tao, Zhu Hao, Jiang Long
Optimization Design For A New Type Throttle Valve Of Managed Pressure Drilling Based On Response Surface Methodology, Guorong Wang, Chu Fei, Hongkang Fan, Siyu Tao, Zhu Hao, Jiang Long
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The Kriging response surface of single parameter and double parameters versus mass loss of valve spool about bonnet length, bonnet external radius and chamber inner radius of a new type throttle valve used in Managed Pressure Drilling was carried out by using CFX and ANSYS-Design Exploration. The results show that these dimensions have significant influence on erosion mass loss of valve spool. In order to improve the anti-erosion ability of the spool and enhance the service life of the whole valve, the multi-objective genetic algorithm was used for dimensional optimization design of the mentioned variables. After optimization …
Low Complexity Method Based On Fc-Ce-Slm For Papr Reduction In Ofdm System, Ce Ji, Lijuan Wang
Low Complexity Method Based On Fc-Ce-Slm For Papr Reduction In Ofdm System, Ce Ji, Lijuan Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Selected mapping (SLM) algorithm uses Cross Entropy (CE) algorithm to get the most optimal sign sequence so that SLM can make the effect of PAPR Reduction achieve optimum. However, it needs too many times iterative computations, so it will increase the complexity of the algorithm. In order to solve this problem, a fast convergence factor in the CE-SLM algorithm was introduced to make the sampling probability converge to 0 or 1 quickly in the system, which reduced the iterative times of getting the optimal sign sequence. Computer simulation results show that the approved algorithm reduces the iterative times of …
Three-Dimensional Fuzzy Control Of Catheter Robotic In Endovascular Master-Slave Interventional Surgery, Ximei Zhao, Jiankang You, Liu Hao, Hongyi Li
Three-Dimensional Fuzzy Control Of Catheter Robotic In Endovascular Master-Slave Interventional Surgery, Ximei Zhao, Jiankang You, Liu Hao, Hongyi Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In minimally invasive endovascular interventional surgery, catheter was vulnerable to be interfered by uncertain factors such as heartbeat and breathing of patients during catheter robot of slave side conveyed catheter. In order to retrain impact on catheter transport of these factors and realize that slave side of catheter robot system tracked control command of master side accurately and quickly, kinematic model of catheter distal bending section was established, and catheter robot system based on three-dimensional fuzzy controller was designed. Three-dimensional fuzzy controller that introduced the function of rate of error change on the basis of two-dimensional fuzzy controller …
Decoupling Control Research Of Neutral Buoyancy Plant Based On Cmac, Peilong Li, Wang Lei, Gaofeng Li
Decoupling Control Research Of Neutral Buoyancy Plant Based On Cmac, Peilong Li, Wang Lei, Gaofeng Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the control problem of neutral buoyancy plant, a dynamic decoupling and multidimensional compound control agorithm was proposed. By the plant force situation analysis, its six degree motion control model was developed. Then a dynamic decoupling neural network was designed with the merit of adaptation of the dynamic changing coupling situation. CMAC (Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller) and PID compound control was adopted in single channel control, whose advantage is that it combines the rapidity of CMAC feedforward control and anti-interference of PID feedback control. MATLAB simulation results show that the algorithm can control the plant's position and posture …
Construction Of Virtual Atmospheric Environment Based On Mm5 And Sedris, Lianlei Lin, Ding Wei
Construction Of Virtual Atmospheric Environment Based On Mm5 And Sedris, Lianlei Lin, Ding Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The new virtual test for virtual atmosphere environment puts forward higher requirements, such as providing complex atmospheric environment which includes a variety of atmospheric parameters and improving usability and reusability of atmospheric environment data. A method to construct virtual atmospheric environment based on MM5 and SEDRIS was proposed which met the above demands. The original data of complex atmospheric environment in any region and scale was generated by using MM5 model. According to the characteristics as well as the dynamic relationship between time and space of grid of atmospheric data, SEDRIS was selected to regulate appropriate DRM class, SRF …
Large Eddy Simulation Of Effect Of Geometric Parameters On Low Pressure Of Turbulent Flow Over Gate Slot, Shihua He, Lixiang Zhang
Large Eddy Simulation Of Effect Of Geometric Parameters On Low Pressure Of Turbulent Flow Over Gate Slot, Shihua He, Lixiang Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The turbulent flow over the hydraulic plane gate slot was studied using large eddy simulation method. The effects of geometric parameters including width-to-depth ratio, stagger ratio, slope ratio and fillet ratio on hydraulic characteristics within and near the gate slot were simulated systematically. According to the vulnerable cavitation locations of the flow over the slot, the pressure distributions in swirl area and the separation zone at the rear of downstream corner of the slot were investigated emphatically. The results show that the effects of width-to-depth ratios and stagger ratios on the pressure distribution of the flow are significantly. …