Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Response Of Dynamic Change Of Vegetation Index To Precipitation Fluctuations In Hulunbeier Typical Steppe, Zhaoyan Diao, Shihai Lu, Zhirong Zheng, Shengxing Ye

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In arid and semi-arid regions, precipitation is an important environmental limiting factor for ecosystems, where precipitation characteristic parameters at different time scales have great variability (Mohammad and Howard, 2006), and the small precipitation events (< 5 mm) is the subject of precipitation events (Loik et al., 2004, Sala and Lauenroth, 1982). In this study, we used vegetation index extracted from TM or MODIS image to establish the regression models between vegetation index and precipitation, and then analyzed the response of typical steppe vegetation to precipitation fluctuations. Our result can supply reference for the productivity measurement model in typical steppe.

Effect Of Silting Yield Index On Biomass And Carbon Sequestration Potential Along An Altitudinal Gradient Of Subtropical Chir Pine Forests And Grasslands In North Western Himalaya, India, Debasis Mahato, B. Gupta, Matber Singh

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Biomass is an important characteristic of vegetation and is regarded as an important indicator of ecological and management processes in the vegetation. Measures of standing crop also reflect the amount of energy stored in the vegetation, which can indicate the potential productivity at the site. Forests are important for carbon sequestration besides playing very important role in the global carbon cycle. They store about 80% of all aboveground and 40% of all belowground terrestrial organic carbon. This study comprises to estimate the biomass and carbon stock of chirpine forests at different altitudinal gradients.

Frost Tolerance, Deacclimation And Reacclimation Traits In Perennial Ryegrass, Mats Höglind, Hans Martin Hanslin

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The ability of perennial grasses to harden and maintain frost tolerance throughout the winter is crucial for winter survival. This includes the ability to resist deacclimation during transient mild spells in winter, and the ability to reacclimate when cold temperatures return. The latter traits are especially critical in regions with cycles of freezing and thawing, and lack of a stable, insulating snowcover that can protect the plants from extreme air temperatures. Such conditions are typical for many coastal areas in Northern Eurasia and America, such as the southwestern coast of Norway. The climate is changing and one of the consequences …

Importance Of Grassland Management For Carbon Sequestration And To Mitigate Climate Change: A Review, Poonam Yadav, Sheela Choudhary, Sunil Dutt Choudhary, Praveen Kaushik

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grasslands, including rangelands, shrub lands, pastureland, and cropland sown with pasture and fodder crops, covered approximately 3.5 billion ha in 2000, representing 26 percent of the world land area and 70 percent of the world agricultural area, and containing about 20 percent of the world’s soil carbon stocks (Ramankutty et al., 2008). All ecosystems- forested ecosystems, agro-ecosystems, grassland, ecosystems etc. take up atmospheric CO₂ and mineral nutrients and transform them into organic products In undisturbed ecosystems, the carbon balance tends to be positive: carbon uptake through photosynthesis exceeds losses from respiration, even in mature, old-growth forest ecosystems.

Improving …

Effect Of Topographical Condition On Radioactive Cesium Pollution Of Herbaceous Plants In A Mountainous Grazing Pasture After Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Shin-Ichiro Ogura, Masanori Saito

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, followed by tsunami, incurred the accident of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS). The radioactive fallout was dispersed by wind and deposited in large part of eastern Japan by rainfall or snowfall after the accident (Chino et al., 2011; Katata et al., 2012; Terada et al., 2012). That caused extensive pollution by radioactive cesium (Cs) (the sum of 134Cs and 137Cs) in agricultural lands (MEXT, 2011) including permanent pastures and meadows. In mountainous areas, it can be thought that radioactive Cs migrated from convex to concave regions by snow …

Simulating The Effect Of The Climate Change, Genotypes And Management On The Productivity Of Forage Cowpea In Semi-Arid Regions Of India, Suchit K. Rai, Sunil Kumar, D. Deb

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Climate variability and change due to increase in green house gases concentration and the resultant increase in temperature has led to notable changes in different sectors including water and agriculture which would impact food security (Rai et al., 2014) in many regions of the developing world, which are largely dependent on rainfed and labor intensive agricultural production (Ziervogel and Calder, 2003). Eco-physiological models are widely used especially the potential impacts of climate change (Gitay et al., 2001; White et al., 2011). The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an annual herbaceous legume cultivated for its edible seeds …

Change In Migration And Pasture Utilization By Brokpa Pastoral Nomads: A Sustainable Adaptation Strategy For Climate Sensitive Arunachal Pradesh!?, Sanjit Maiti, S. K. Jha, Sanchita Garai, Vijay Paul, G. Krishnan, A. K. Bera, D. Bhattacharya, S. M. Deb

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The north-eastern states of India specially Arunachal Pradesh, one of the bio-diversity hotspot, is expected to be greatly affected by climate change. Climate change will not only adversely impact the biodiversity of Arunachal Pradesh, but also affect the livelihood of local communities as they fully dependent on the natural resources. The Monpa is a primitive tribe inhabiting parts of West Kameng and Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. The pastoral nomad of the Monpa tribe is popularly known as Brokpa. Transhumance system of livestock mainly yak (Poephagus grunniens L.) rearing is their main source of livelihood. In recent past, …

Integrated Evaluation Of Soil Carbon Budget By Manure Application On Forage Production, Mikinori Tsuiki, Ryo Sato, Shoji Matsuura, Mariko Shimizu, Ryusuke Hatano, Takatoshi Arita, Akinori Mori, Akira Miyata, Masayuki Hojito, Mitsuhiro Niimi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grasslands and forage crop fields produce forages and also have many services and functions such as repositories of biodiversity, climate regulation and soil conservation (Sala and Paruelo, 1997). Carbon budget is one of these important ecosystem services by high levels of carbon sequestration below ground (Hungate et al., 1997). Manure application increases carbon budget and also affects forage production, NO₃^- leaching to underground water and N₂O emission to atmosphere. Integrated evaluation of these various environmental impacts is important to find optimum condition for forage production and environmental impacts. LIME2 (Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on …

Regulation Of Nitrification In Soil: Advances In Integration Of Brachiaria Hybrids To Intensify Agriculture And To Mitigate Climate Change, Jacobo Arango, Idupulapati M. Rao, Manabu Ishitani, John W. Miles, Michael Peters, Joe Tohme, Danilo E. Moreta, Margaret Worthington, Rein Van Der Hoek, Mario Cuchillo, Glenn Hyman, Jeimar Tapasco, Jesus Martinez

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Higher rates of nitrification in soil facilitate nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural systems through nitrate-leaching and denitrification. Plants’ ability to produce and release nitrification inhibitors from roots and suppress soil-nitrifier activity is termed ‘biological nitrification inhibition’ (BNI) (Subbarao et al., 2015). Up to 70% of applied N-fertilizer is lost (via NO3−leaching and gaseous-N emissions) from agricultural systems and the annual economic loss from lost N-fertilizer is estimated at 90 US$ billion. Previous research has indicated that Brachiaria humidicola (Bh), a tropical forage grass that is well adapted to infertile and waterlogged soils, has high capacity to inhibit nitrification in …

Down Regulation Of Receptor Like Kinase Gene In Apomictic Cenchrus Ciliaris, Shashi, Anuj Dwivedi, Vishnu Bhat

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Apomixis is a potential technology for agriculture to fix heterosis or hybrid vigor in hybrid plants. Cenchrus ciliaris which is a popular forage crop reproduces predominantly through apomixis and has been used as a model plant to understand genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling apomixis. A partial receptor like kinase gene (CcRLK) was isolated from apomictic C. ciliaris which showed exclusive expression in the embryo sacs of apomictic flowers compared to sexual embryo sacs during in situ hybridization analysis. This gene showed kinase and LRR domains implying its putative role in signaling pathways. In order to understand its …

Development Of Est Derived Microsatellite Markers In Buffel Grass And Their Cross Transferability To Other Forage Grasses, Auji Radhakrishna, Krishna Kumar Dwivedi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is an important perennial grass grown widely in arid and semiarid regions of the world. It is one of the prominent species of the Dichanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus grass cover spread over the Peninsular India (Dabadghao and Shankarnarayan, 1973). C. ciliaris is a warm season, C₄ grass well adapted to survive harsh conditions, elevated CO₂ levels and wide range of climates and soil regimes. It is considered an excellent pasture grass as it provides highly nutritious and palatable forage during drought periods. Despite its excellent forage characteristics genetic improvement through conventional breeding methods has been …

Ploidy Dependent Expression Of Apomixis Components In Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum Jacq.), P. Kaushal, Krishna Kumar Dwivedi, Auji Radhakrishna, Sheena Saxena, Sharmishtha Paul, Ajoy K. Roy, D. R. Malaviya

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Apomixis is an asexual method of reproduction through seeds. The potential of apomixis has been envisaged as “asexual revolution” by virtue of its capacity to fix hybrid vigour, a much desirable feature in breeding of agricultural crops. The genetic mechanism of apomixis regulation is complex and is believed to be largely affected by polyploidy (Nogler 1984). Expression of apomixis essentially contains three components, viz. apomeiosis (formation of unreduced egg cell), parthenogenesis (fertilization independent embryo development) and functional endosperm development (autonomous or psuedogamous). In contrast to previous reports, the evidence has now gathered that these three components can be functionally …

Establishment Of High-Efficiency Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Of Callus Derived From Sehima Nervosum, An Important Range Grass Species, Krishna Kumar Dwivedi, Tanu Sonkar, R. Katiyar, Auji Radhakrishna, P. Kaushal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sehima nervosum is one of the important rangeland grass in India, It is commonly known as Saen grass in India, white grass in Australia, and has also been reported from the Central East Africa and Sudan. It is a good forage grass and maybe utilized for grazing as well as for hay preparation. It is a perennial grass, prefers hot and dry climate and survive even in limited rainfalls. As this natural grass is found inherently rich in precursors for several industrially important biomolecules, fractionation of these precursors seems to be a promising endeavour. Production of nutraceuticals (prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides) from …

Transcriptome Analysis Of Differentially Expressed Genes At Pre-Meiotic Developmental Stage In Pennisetum Hybrids With Contrasting Modes Of Reproduction, Krishna Kumar Dwivedi, Auji Radhakrishna, D. R. Malaviya, Ajoy K. Roy, P. Kaushal

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Apomixis is an asexual reproduction through seeds where embryo develops without meiosis and fertilization. It is widely distributed throughout plant kingdom, but is more prevalent in families like Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Poaceae (Carman, 1997). This trait is highly desirable for fixing heterosis in F1 hybrids with significant implications for crop improvement (Dwivedi et al., 2007). Therefore it is necessary to unravel the molecular and genetic basis of apomixis to tap its potential. Pennisetum is an important genus of the Poaceae family which contains a wide range of species exhibiting wide variability in morphological, molecular, and reproductive traits (Jauhar, …

Differential Gene Expression Patterns Of Male Sterile Lines Of Alfalfa Hybrids At Bud Differentiation Stage And Heterosis, Liyan Cai, Fengling Shi, Cuiping Gao, Fengyan Yi, Xia Gao

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is important legume forage that is widely cultivated in China and other countries. Alfalfa breeding can’t meet the need of production now, highlighted in yield and resistance of current alfalfa cultivars (He et al., 2000; Wei et al., 2007). Increasing heterozygosity of hybrids and thus the heterosis is a way to breed alfalfa cultivars with high yield and resistance (Hong et al., 2009). The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations of various differential gene expression patterns with forage yield in order to better understand the role the alfalfa male …

Nutrient Profiling And Identification Of Genetic Marker For Azolla Sp., Upendra Kumar, Anjani Kumar, N. Umakanta, T. B. Bagchi, Sangita Mohanty, Awadhesh Kumar, Md Shahid, A. K. Nayak

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Azolla (mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss and water fern) is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns. They float on the surface of water by means of scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. Azolla is able to fix unlinked nitrogen (N₂) directly from the atmosphere because of its endosymbiotic blue alga Anabaena azollae (Van Hove, 1989), and is thus a very promising supply of nitrogen to aquatic ecosystems. In recent years, apart of traditional cultivation of Azolla as a bio-fertilizer for wetland paddy, also find increasing use for sustainable production of livestock feed. …

Validation Of Ssr Markers Linked To The Bean Common Mosaic Virus (Bcmv) Resistance In Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L.) Genotypes, N. Manjunatha, K. T. Rangaswamy, N. Nagaraju, H. A. Prameela, P. Rudraswamy

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) is one of the important grain and fodder legume crops in the world, especially in tropics and subtropics. Which can adapted different climatic conditions such as high temperature and drought. It is not only important as a grain and fodder but also improve fertility of poor soils by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. An estimated cultivated area of cowpea is 12.5mha in worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2013). The grain and fodder productivity of cowpea are greatly affected by a number of biotic factors such as plant pathogens and insect pests. Among plant pathogens, viruses are considered to be a major …

Functional Characterization Of Siberian Wild Rye Grass Eshsp 16.9 Gene Conferring Diverse Stress Tolerance In Prokaryotic Cells, Ki-Won Lee, Ki-Yong Kim, Hee-Chung Ji, Tae-Young Hwang, Sang-Hoon Lee

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.) is a perennial, caespitose, and self-pollinating grass indigenous to Northern Asia and also is widely distributed from Northern Europe to Japan. The plant shows strong environmental adaptability with tolerance to drought and cold; thus, it is often used as forage resources (Yan et al., 2007). Environmental stresses caused by global warming are acknowledged to be as a serious issue in agriculture due to reductions of crop productivity (Ahuja et al., 2010). Genetic natural breeding of Siberian wild rye would potentially increase the productivity of forage crops; however, genetic studies on this …

A New Candidate Cultivar Of Brachiaria Grass 'Br-203' Developed With Apomixis Marker Assisted Selection, Through A Collaborative Breeding Activity Of Thailand And Japan, Ganda Nakamanee, Masumi Ebina, Katsuhisa Shimoda, Sarayut Thaikua, Wattanawan Srisomporn, Chalermpon Patipan, Kazuhiro Suenga, Sada Ando, Kaori Kouki, Genki Ishigaki, Ryo Akashi, Yasuhiro Kawamoto

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria spp.) is one of most important tropical forage grass which belongs to family Poaceae, subfamily Panicoideae, tribe Paniceae, genus Brachiaria. Brachiaria grass has attracted attention because of a leading ‘Green Revolution’ over tens of millions of hectares in the Central Brazilian Cerrado in the 1970s. Breeding programs for Brachiaria grass have been conducted mainly by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). Careful and effective recurrent selection of tetraploid sexual lines for vigor, growth habit, leafiness, and spittlebug resistance have spawned several successful hybrid cultivars: ‘Mulato’, …

In Vitro Plant Regeneration Via Callus Induction In A Rare Sexual Plant Of Buffelgrass (Cenchrus Ciliaris L.), Suresh Kumar, Neha Sahu, Archana Singh

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is one of the most important perennial forage grasses of the world. It is a polyploid forage grass suited to pastures, range-lands, tropics and sub-tropics of Australia, South Africa, and India. It reproduces predominantly through apomixis which provides a means of clonal propagation through seeds. In many of the plants apomixis shows dominance over sexuality, hence occurrence of obligate sexual plant in natural population is rare and over the time apomictic individuals outnumber sexuals. Being protogynous in nature, cross pollination from neighbouring apomictic plants leads to the production of either facultative or obligate apomictic genotypes. …

Scar Markers Linked With Mode Of Reproduction In Eight Cenchrus Species, Suresh Kumar, Sheena Saxena, M. G. Gupta

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The genus Cenchrus comprises of forage grasses of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Some of the Cenchrus species were introduced into India from Australia, Africa and they are now important component of Dichanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus grasslands of India. Eight Cenchrus spp. are available in India but only four (C. ciliaris, C. glaucus, C. pennisetiformis and C. setigerus) species are used in sown pastures. The remaining four (C. biflorus, C. preiurii C. echinatus and C. myosuroides) species are grown in limited pockets and maintained as genetic resources for basic and applied studies (Chandra and Dubey, 2010). Number of Cenchrus species …

A Study Of Molecular Interface Of Grass-Herbivory Interaction In Grass, Xiaoxia Li, Gongshe Liu, Shuangyan Chen, Zhipeng Liu, Liqin Cheng

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grass-herbivore interaction is a complex process that involves wounding effects caused by herbivore feeding, defoliation effects due to leaf-surface loss during grazing, and the deposition of herbivore saliva onto the surface of plants (Chen et al., 2009). Wounding can stimulate plant growth but clearly differs from grazing (Mattiacci et al., 1995). Defoliation affects root development in grasses and alters the carbohydrate-metabolism pathway in rice. Saliva has been found to stimulate plant growth, enhance tiller and increase biomass. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to grazing in molecular level. In our previous transcriptome studies, many …

Establishment And Early Growth Of Improved Brachiaria Cultivars In Different Agro-Ecological Zones Of Kenya, Donald M. G. Njarui, Clotilda O. Nekesa, Elkana Nyambati, Mwangi Gatheru, Sita R. Ghimire, Joseph G. Mureithi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Livestock feed scarcity is a salient feature in East Africa (Njarui et al., 2011) and it is a major constraint to livestock productivity particularly during the dry seasons. The recent interest in livestock development in Kenya fueled by rising demands of animal products has led to research in identifying drought tolerant, productive and persistence forages to support livestock productivity. Brachiaria grasses have shown a great potential in South America and Australia as livestock feed. It is the most widely cultivated forage in tropical America, with estimated acreage of 99 million hectares in Brazil alone (Jank et al., 2014), …

Salinity Tolerance Of Forage Range Legumes During Germination And Early Seedling Growth, D. Sevanayak, A. Edna, R. V. Koti, M. B. Doddamani, D. Deb

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Salinity is one of the rising problems causing tremendous yield losses in many regions of the world especially in arid and semiarid regions. In India, about 5.95M ha areas were affected by salinity. Five states viz. Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh accounts for 48% of the total salt affected soils of the country. Establishment of seedlings at early growth stages of crop plants as one of the most important determinants of high yield is severely affected by soil salinity. Increasing salinity levels significantly decreased germination parameters, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weights …

Evaluation Of Tropical Herbaceous Legumes For Drought Resistance In Myanmar, Jue Jue, Nang Khan Hline, Khin San Mu, Moe Thida Htun, Lwin Naing Oo, Soe Min Thien, Dezin Soe Lwin, Jenny Hanks, Ganda Nakamanee, Werner Stür, Aung Aung

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Animal nutrition systems in the tropical and subtropical countries utilize a wide range of feedstuffs, mainly the crops and agricultural by-products, grasses, legumes, trees and shrubs. During the dry season, the crude protein concentration in the native grasses can drop below 3% crude protein (Atta-Krah and Reynolds, 1989). Fodder tree is not sufficient and is of low quality in Myanmar (Myo and Aye, 2007). Shrubs represent an enormous potential source of protein for ruminants in the tropics (Devendra, 1992). Browses are rich in nitrogen and minerals which are low in other conventional feeds of tropical regions. Herbaceous legume species play …

Ability Of Three Temperate Grasses To Compete With Phalaris Arundinacea L., Hideki Okamoto, Kazuyoshi Oka, Keiji Oshiro, Keiya Yoshikawa, Masanobu Takahashi, Mieko Adachi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Weeds with rhizomes have become an ever-increasing problem in the grasslands of Hokkaido in northern Japan. Many meadows in the Tenpoku region, located in the northernmost part of Hokkaido, have been invaded by Phalaris arundinacea L., a grass with aggressive colonising ability known as the primary and most difficult to control weed in the Tenpoku region. However, dairy farmers in the grasslands of the Tenpoku region most commonly cultivate Phleum pratense L., in spite of its low competitive ability. The Tenpoku region frequently experiences years of low rainfall or drought, but P. pratense has low tolerance to drought (Okamoto et …

Photosynthesis And Biomass Studies In Lasiurus Sindicus Of Chandan Grassland In Thar Desert, P. Raja, Maharaj Singh, Nilendu Singh, Nawalesh Kumar Sinha

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grasslands comprise about one third of the world’s area of natural vegetation (Adams et al., 1990). Uncertainties prevail in the arid ecosystem with reference to carbon balance and fluxes which are primarily attributed to the sensitivity of grasslands to variation in annual precipitation, temperature and other regulating mechanisms of eco-physiological processes (Flanagan et al., 2002). It is therefore necessary to study radiation and water use efficiency of Lasiurus sindicus which is a predominant grass species in Chandan grassland of Thar desert to understand and evaluate its growth in relation to variation in climate. Also, it is pertinent to resolve …

Routes Of Dicyandiamide Uptake In Pasture Plants: A Preliminary Laboratory Study, Pranoy Pal, Andrew M. S. Mcmillan, Surinder Saggar

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

A consequence of intensification of New Zealand pastures is increased nitrogen (N) inputs to the soil in the form of urine, dung and mineral fertiliser. Dairy cow urine has a high N content that causes large N losses from the grazed system via nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and ammonia volatilization. Dicyandiamide (DCD) is a nitrification inhibitor that has been proven to reduce NO₃^- leaching and N₂O emissions, and increase pasture in New Zealand pastures (De Klein et al., 2014). DCD was commercially available for use in New …

Efficacy Of Current Breeding Programs To Improve North American Native Grass Species For Forage And Conservation Use In The South Eastern United States, Jesse Ira Morrison, Brian Baldwin

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

North American native warm-season grasses (NWSG) have received much attention over the last 25 years for their ability to persist under hot, dry conditions and thrive in marginal soils. Native warm season grasses are believed to have been growing on the central and south eastern plains of the United States since the Holocene era (between 11,500 and 2,000 years BP) thus the Southeast is the centre of diversity for these grasses (Casler, 2012). Modern production of many species has been slow to evolve due to inherent dormancy characteristics that hinder germination and establishment. With increased research, many species have shown …

Selection Of Suitable Varieties Of Grasses For Myanmar, Nang Khan Hline, Khin San Mu, Moe Thida Htun, Lwin Naing Oo, Soe Min Thien, Dezin Soe Lwin, Jue Jue, Aung Aung, Jenny Hanks, Werner Stür, Ganda Nakamanee

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The basal feed resources for ruminants available in most developing countries in the tropics are crop residues, pasture from infertile land, for example communal land, or agro-industrial by-products. These are low in protein and of low digestibility. A major problem facing livestock producers in tropical areas is proper nutrition for their animals during the dry season when pastures, cereal residues and maize stover are limiting in nutritional quality. The researchers in Myanmar have tried to improve the nutritive value of fibrous agricultural residues. Aung Aung et al. (2006) supplemented the sesame and chickpea husk to bulls fed on urea-treated …