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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi Aug 2020

Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Neural network and genetic algorithm have been extensively used in boiler combustion optimization problems. But the traditional Back Propagation neural network's generalization ability is poor. The Bayesian regularization can improve the neural network's generalization ability. A boiler combustion multi-objective optimization method combining Bayesian regularization BP neural network and genetic algorithm (Bayes NN-GA)was researched. A number of field test data from a boiler was used to simulate the Bayesian neural network model. The results show that the thermal efficiency and NOx emissions predicted by the Bayesian neural network model show good agreement with the measured, and the optimal results show …


New 2d Flow Visualization Method Based On Mutual Information And Image Fusion, Weihua Shen, Shengbo Wang, Zhigeng Pan Aug 2020

New 2d Flow Visualization Method Based On Mutual Information And Image Fusion, Weihua Shen, Shengbo Wang, Zhigeng Pan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A overview of flow visualization method based on information theory was made. After a comparative analysis of several classic two-dimensional flow visualization techniques, the concept of mutual information from information theory and image fusion technique was used to deal with the existing classical two-dimensional flow visualization techniques. A new two-dimensional flow visualization technique was obtained. The visualization results of the new method is very well.


Group-Based Image Compositing In Heterogeneous Environments, Liu Ning, Dengming Zhu, Zhaoqi Wang, Wei Yi Aug 2020

Group-Based Image Compositing In Heterogeneous Environments, Liu Ning, Dengming Zhu, Zhaoqi Wang, Wei Yi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Image compositing requires dense inter-node communications and could easily become the bottleneck of a parallel visualization system. Conventional image compositing algorithms assume the environment is homogeneous and take no heterogeneity into consideration. In a heterogeneous environment, this assumption is likely to cause unreasonable load distribution among the nodes. To address this problem, we present a group-based image compositing algorithm in heterogeneous environments. It is able to distribute the workloads among the nodes according to computing and networking characteristics of the heterogeneous environments. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation on the ns-3 network simulator. Experiment results shows that when the environment …


Intelligent Combination Of Discrete Lod Model For 3d Visualization Based On Visual Perception And Information Entropy Fusion, Che Li, Fengju Kang Aug 2020

Intelligent Combination Of Discrete Lod Model For 3d Visualization Based On Visual Perception And Information Entropy Fusion, Che Li, Fengju Kang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With respect to the problem that single-index evaluation of visual quality in the process of intelligent combination of discrete Level-of-Detail (LoD) model for three-dimensional (3D) visualization can easily result in low reliability. Human visual perception and information entropy based multi-index fusion intelligent combination of discrete LoD model algorithm was proposed. Through analyzing the visual perception based image quality evaluation index, multi-index fusion evaluation intelligent combination of discrete LoD model framework was built. Comparative experiment with single index model combination bases on PSO method was designed. Model combination optimizing process utilized modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method which was strengthened …


Attitude Control Of Three-Axis Flexible Satellite Based On Active-Disturbance-Rejection Sliding Mode Method, Yunjie Wu, Li Chen, Ma Zheng Aug 2020

Attitude Control Of Three-Axis Flexible Satellite Based On Active-Disturbance-Rejection Sliding Mode Method, Yunjie Wu, Li Chen, Ma Zheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: By using Kane method, a mathematical model with CMGs as actuators was built for the three-axis satellite with flexible appendages. An active-disturbance-rejection sliding mode controller was designed for the demand about quickness and stability in attitude control. This controller observed the disturbance by expanded state observer, and compensated the output. The slide mode method in the controller made the system quick and stable. The simulation experiments show that the controller could control the attitude of three-axis satellite efficiently and weaken the vibration of flexible solar panel. The active-disturbance-rejection sliding mode controller shows the merits of both active-disturbance-rejection method …


Track Planning For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based On Wolf Pack Algorithm, Yonglan Liu, Weimin Li, Husheng Wu, Wenjing Song Aug 2020

Track Planning For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based On Wolf Pack Algorithm, Yonglan Liu, Weimin Li, Husheng Wu, Wenjing Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Along with the diversification of missions that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) can carry out, track planning becomes basic precondition of UAV fulfilling missions successfully. Aiming to these, a method of track planning based on Wolf Pack Algorithm (WPA) was proposed. The method of equivalent terrain simulation was used to make enemy's threatens and terrain obstacles equal to peaks, thus the scene of track planning of UAV was built. Based on the scene, the WPA that extracted three intelligent behaviors including scouting, summoning and beleaguering was adopted to plan the track of UAV, whose start point and end point had …


Least-Energy Maneuver Of Five-Link Manipulator Constrained Within Tunnel Space Using Direct Collocation, Xiuqiang Pan, Chengcai Mei, Junjie Chen Aug 2020

Least-Energy Maneuver Of Five-Link Manipulator Constrained Within Tunnel Space Using Direct Collocation, Xiuqiang Pan, Chengcai Mei, Junjie Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Optimal control and designs least-energy maneuver control laws for a five-linked manipulator were applied in order to carry out designated tasks in a confined space. Lagrange-Euler equation described the relationships between the actuators and system dynamics. Euler-Lagrange formulation indicates how optimization can be achieved when optimum occurs. Direct collocation method was introduced in order to solve this highly nonlinear dynamic optimal control problem. Simulations were done to exploit how the manipulator reacted to the constraint. In this study, the diameter of the cylindrical space was shrunken each time by 0.1 meters. The value of the cost function and …


Research On Online Interaction Simulation Method Of Uav Flight Control System, Zhang Qing, Ran Jian, Yujun Hou Aug 2020

Research On Online Interaction Simulation Method Of Uav Flight Control System, Zhang Qing, Ran Jian, Yujun Hou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: UAV is widely applied to a variety of areas, for the huge advantages of remote controlling flight trajectory, iterant recovery and flexible mission payloads flight. The routine design methods for aerocraft control system cannot supply desire of UAV high accuracy flying and replying diversified compositive disturb. System composition and departmental function of UAV flight control system were introduced. An online interaction simulation method of UAV flight control system was advanced. The principle and principle of online interaction simulation were analyzed. The key techniques of constituting fiducial simulation model, real time updating and revising simulation model, on-line detecting a mass …


Simulation And Application Of Dkipso-Svc Combined Model For Credit Risk Assessment, Zhenhai Wan, Tieying Liu, Zhang Yang, Jishuang Li Aug 2020

Simulation And Application Of Dkipso-Svc Combined Model For Credit Risk Assessment, Zhenhai Wan, Tieying Liu, Zhang Yang, Jishuang Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the problem of inefficient parameter selection of the GDS-SVC model and DIPSO-SVC model, and utilize the generalization ability and robustness of support vector classification (SVC), the reduction factor of location updating was introduced based on the dynamic improvement Particle Swarm Optimization (DIPSO), and then the DKIPSO-SVC of parameters selecting in SVC was established based on DKIPSO. The method was applied to credit scoring of commercial banks. The simulation results demonstrate that the robustness of the DKIPSO-SVC model is better than DIPSO-SVC. But beyond that, the accuracy of DKIPSO-SVC model achieves 96.6049%, higher than that of …


Application Of Flowsim For Traffic Management And Assessment In Shenzhen, Yuhan Jia, Jianping Wu, Yiman Du, Geqi Qi Aug 2020

Application Of Flowsim For Traffic Management And Assessment In Shenzhen, Yuhan Jia, Jianping Wu, Yiman Du, Geqi Qi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Recently many traffic problems are faced by more and more cities. Since traditional method can no longer solve the above problems, and Transportation Demand Management (TDM) solutions are in desperate need. Also, as a successful application of Intelligent Traffic System (ITS), traffic simulation software has become an efficient way to carry out assessment for TDM. The implementation of congestion charge policy in Shenzhen was studied as a demonstration of TDM in China. Then the microscopic traffic simulation software, FLOWSIM, was introduced to simulate the traffic situation to do assessment of congestion charge. Based on the results, advices …


Research And Development Of Eicas System Emulator Based On Idata, Baoming Zhao, Hongshu Cheng, Cancan Liu, Jiying Li Aug 2020

Research And Development Of Eicas System Emulator Based On Idata, Baoming Zhao, Hongshu Cheng, Cancan Liu, Jiying Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Some modeling tools can't design simulation instruments efficiently and conveniently such as OpenGL, etc. A cockpit display development tool of IData was worked in which has graphical user interface and could develop a system easily and rapidly. IData is a method of designing maps and pictures, it can respond variables of application and controlling events in real time and develop graphical interface by clicking on the menu. So IData can reduce the time of graphic development and integration in simulation. In order to render maps in real time, IData used a powerful graphic editor to model for instruments, and …


Diagnosis Of Aircraft Control Surface Fault Based On Semi-Physical Simulation, Yunlong Li, Xia Jie, Zifang Shi Aug 2020

Diagnosis Of Aircraft Control Surface Fault Based On Semi-Physical Simulation, Yunlong Li, Xia Jie, Zifang Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The aircraft control surface defaults of rudders were mainly divided into jam fault and damage fault. On the basis of the relationship between motor toque and hinge moment, a new method of using the motor voltage was proposed to detect the control surface'faults of rudder. And the method could detect the damage degree of the faults. Torque motor was used to play the role of hinge moment. And the new method was simulated by Semi-Physical system which is consisted of dSPACE system, PC and simulated rudder actuator. The results show that, the damage faults and jam faults can be …


Design & Implement On Virtual Scheduling System Of Great Square Art Performance, Lv Desheng, Guo Yan Aug 2020

Design & Implement On Virtual Scheduling System Of Great Square Art Performance, Lv Desheng, Guo Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The work of great art performance in square has a great deal of dynamic visual effects scenes, which combines with formation variation, beautiful music, unique clothing and colorful light. According to the requirements of improving efficiency for scheduling section in handwork performance such as inefficient manual drawing, time-consumed and costly rehearsal, it is an effective way to use technology of computer simulation so as to implement real-time and dynamic intermediary platform among performer, director and audience. To meet various demands in practice, a vision-based formation generation was proposed that the path construction was studied based on linear fitting, …


Novel Method To Identify Pmsm Parameters Based On Multiple Linear Regressive Models, Zhenwei Shi, Zhicheng Ji Aug 2020

Novel Method To Identify Pmsm Parameters Based On Multiple Linear Regressive Models, Zhenwei Shi, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A New Coupled Recursive Least Squares (C-FF-RLS) Algorithm with a forgetting factor was proposed for the Parameters Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs). The deduced multiple linear regressive models of PMSM were proposed that were simple and appropriate for parameter identification. The C-FF-RLS identification algorithm had a high computational efficiency and a fast convergence speed because which Avoided the Matrix Inversion Operation in the Gain Matrix Compared with the Traditional Multivariable Recursive Least Squares (M-FF-RLS) Algorithm with a Forgetting Factor. The Proposed Identification Algorithm was applied on a simulation system of PMSM. The identification results achieved by …


Application Of Fuzzy Pid Control Based On Neutral Network On High/Low Temperature Environmental Simulation System, Jingwang Jiang, Yunjie Wu, Mengchen Wu Aug 2020

Application Of Fuzzy Pid Control Based On Neutral Network On High/Low Temperature Environmental Simulation System, Jingwang Jiang, Yunjie Wu, Mengchen Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: High/Low Temperature Environmental Simulation System is mainly used for the functional deploying test of the giant space deployable antenna and some large-scale structures at extreme high/low temperatures, and some other relevant tests. This project requests controlling the parameters of the system in a large range with high accuracy and no overshoot. Temperature control system has features of non-linearity, time-variant, and large delay, which seriously affect the speed and accuracy of the control. However, the conventional PID finds it difficult to achieve desired effect of control. A new scheme of compound control which is referred to as fuzzy-PID control based …


Wiftcpn Formalized Decision-Making For Auv Formation System Under Uncertainty, Lili Hao, Gu Hao, Fengju Kang, Huizhen Yang Aug 2020

Wiftcpn Formalized Decision-Making For Auv Formation System Under Uncertainty, Lili Hao, Gu Hao, Fengju Kang, Huizhen Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Usually the acquired target information is not sufficient and certain enough due to inaccurate measurements, inconsistent granularity and noise, which results in the AUV formation decision-making system having some characteristics, such as discrete, time delay, hierarchical, fuzzy, inconsistencies. Therefore, an integrated formal approach of modeling, simulation and verification based on weighted intuitionistic fuzzy timed colored petri net (WIFTCPN) was proposed. The mapping relationship between WIFTCPN and fuzzy time, time delay and intuition fuzzy inference rules were established. Furthermore, corresponding reasoning decision simulation model under uncertain information was built by using CPN Tools. The properties including liveness, home and fairness …


Combinatorial Optimization Of Resolution Level In Three-Dimensional Visualization, Yanyang Zeng, Zhenhai Yu, Weidong Liu Aug 2020

Combinatorial Optimization Of Resolution Level In Three-Dimensional Visualization, Yanyang Zeng, Zhenhai Yu, Weidong Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the process of developing three-dimensional visualization, it is necessary to select and adjust the combined solutions of the resolution hierarchy of multiple models. If only by artificial attempting will lead to the more times of iteration and lower design efficiency, therefore, a method, combinatorial optimization of models' resolution level, is proposed. Image information entropy is introduced for evaluating the image quality of the scene. According to the assessed value of visual effects and it is provided to the above method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), the models with the resolution hierarchy can be matched and reorganized. Through …


Application Of Ansys To Reliability Analysis Of Prefabricated Steel Bridge, Yinlong Zhang, Li Bo, Shichuan Bian Aug 2020

Application Of Ansys To Reliability Analysis Of Prefabricated Steel Bridge, Yinlong Zhang, Li Bo, Shichuan Bian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Prefabricated steel bridge is a temporary or semi-permanent bridge structure. When the vehicles pass through the bridge, large internal force and deformation of the bridge structure will occur, and higher requirements of the bridge structure reliability are put forward. Probabilistic analysis design is an analysis technique for assessing the effect of uncertain random input parameters and assumptions on a finite element calculation model. Making use of the Probabilistic Design System, which is offered by the large universal finite element analysis program ANSYS, the reliability analysis of deflection, bend stress and compression member stability of a main truss structure of …


Study On Optimization Of Loading Plan In Car Carrier Of Vehicle Logistics Transportation, Qin Liang, Zhicheng Wang, Meng Lei, Deru Deng, Zhiyun Zou, Xijie Gai, Yuqing Guo, Wenqiang Feng Aug 2020

Study On Optimization Of Loading Plan In Car Carrier Of Vehicle Logistics Transportation, Qin Liang, Zhicheng Wang, Meng Lei, Deru Deng, Zhiyun Zou, Xijie Gai, Yuqing Guo, Wenqiang Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The car carrier load transportation allocation problem is a typical problem in vehicle logistics. In order to improve the efficiency of transport and reduce the cost, this problem was studied by adopted hypothetical data and requirements. All the load combinations whose utilization factor of the length of sweeping board is more than 95% established a matrix. Then the dynamic programming obtained the number of car carrier to the corresponding loading plan. By using the exhaustion method, through computer simulation, loading plan of each layer of car carrier was randomly produced, strictly meeting the loading requirements of each car at …


Design Of Unified Algorithm For Sampling Mpdu, Ti Zhou, Miao Yi, Yang Jian Aug 2020

Design Of Unified Algorithm For Sampling Mpdu, Ti Zhou, Miao Yi, Yang Jian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The standard of CCSDS AOS is used in space exploration because of the process of the standard airspace system. The spacecraft missions have used multi-protocol data unit (MPDU) to multiplex the package channels. The range of MPDU and the data are different in different spacecrafts. This process brings some problems in the maintenance and the correctness of the algorithms of virtual channel multiplexing in simulation system. The applications of CCSDS in the world were researched, and the general definitions of MPDU in these missions were described. A circle memory was given to buffer the data of MPDU, two general …


Guidance Simulation Credibility Evaluation Based On Clustering With Grey Cloud And Entropy Weight, Wang Fei, Xiaogeng Liang, Guo Chao, Peipei Li Aug 2020

Guidance Simulation Credibility Evaluation Based On Clustering With Grey Cloud And Entropy Weight, Wang Fei, Xiaogeng Liang, Guo Chao, Peipei Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the problems of randomness and fuzziness in evaluating indexes from guidance simulation system, a novel grey clustering comprehensive evaluation model combined with center normal grey cloud whitening function and combination weighting function was presented. The comprehensive credibility evaluation index system for guidance simulation was built. The subjective weight vector of indexes was established by weighting cloud model based on analytic hierarchy process, the objective weight vector of indexes was obtained by entropy weighting method based on the entropy and classified distinction of the normal grey cloud whitening function, then the comprehensive weight vector was acquired by fusing the …


Modeling And Analysis Of Command Control System Based On Devs, Xinlong Li, Xiang Mao Aug 2020

Modeling And Analysis Of Command Control System Based On Devs, Xinlong Li, Xiang Mao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A comprehensive discussion was made on the application of DEVS theory in the modeling of command control (C2) system, which introduced the mathematical model of DEVS, gave the principle of using DEVS to model the C2's behavior and analyze how capability-requirement-measurements effected the simulation. The process and approach of DEVS-Modeling battalion's C2 system were introduced.


3d Flight Simulation System Visualization And Study Of Google Earth, Junyu Wang, Bin Cheng, Chuan Wang, Ren Jian Aug 2020

3d Flight Simulation System Visualization And Study Of Google Earth, Junyu Wang, Bin Cheng, Chuan Wang, Ren Jian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Through the secondary development of Google Earth, flight training simulation system for visualization of realization, the system used B/S structure, the client browser using Google Earth, all the development on the server side. Mathematical model of aircraft was constructed; 3D modeling software SketchUp was used to establish a realistic fighter jets, missiles, high and low speed flame and other 3D model; the established 3D models was imported into Google Earth; by Microsoft VC ++ 6.0, the secondary development on Digital Earth was achieved, and the control of aircraft and other 3D models was realized; Matlab was used to verify …


Design Of Drilling Jumbo Simulation Training System Based On Vega Prime, Youcai Wang, Zilong Guo, Xinhai Xiang, Honghai Luan Aug 2020

Design Of Drilling Jumbo Simulation Training System Based On Vega Prime, Youcai Wang, Zilong Guo, Xinhai Xiang, Honghai Luan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A drilling jumbo simulation training system was developed based on the Vega Prime in the MFC framework. The interactive communication control platform was built based on PCI bus, and then multithreading technology was adopted to achieving the Synchronous data communication between acquisition card and computer. A variety of modeling software was studied to aid Creator modeling method, and then the motion simulation of the drilling jumbo double-arm realization method based on DOF nodes was studied, which realized the real-time dynamic interaction of the system. By using the active 3d stereo imaging principle, the realization method of 3d stereo display …


Research On Equipment Operation Capabilities Requirements Based On Exploratory Simulation Experiment Methodology, Zongrui Yan, Yinhua Wu, Chen Yong, Jianshu Dong Aug 2020

Research On Equipment Operation Capabilities Requirements Based On Exploratory Simulation Experiment Methodology, Zongrui Yan, Yinhua Wu, Chen Yong, Jianshu Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Analysis on equipment operation requirements is a very difficult problem which has included a lot of uncertain factors, and it can assist peoples to determine whether the equipment item should be started. Exploratory simulation experiment methodology which is synthetized by exploratory analysis and war fighting experimentation can provide a better service for many problems about the equipment demonstration. Through the summary on basic applications exploratory simulation experiments related out comes and its analysis for concrete implementation steps equipment demonstration areas, a tactical level exploratory simulation methodology and its concrete implementation steps were proposed for the operational requirements analysis. An …


Molecular Dynamics Of Fluid Properties By Normal Oscillations Of Solid Wall, Haijun Dong, Xiaoqing Lu, Haopeng Zhang, Mingming Shan Aug 2020

Molecular Dynamics Of Fluid Properties By Normal Oscillations Of Solid Wall, Haijun Dong, Xiaoqing Lu, Haopeng Zhang, Mingming Shan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The fluid properties under the condition of the solid wall normal oscillations were studied using the molecular dynamics method. The two dimensional Couette flow model made up of copper wall and argon fluid was built. The fluid state of the near wall was simulated under the different oscillation parameters of solid wall and the corresponding fluid velocity field, the density distribution, the potential energy curves and the friction force were obtained. Then the influence mechanism of the wall oscillations on the frictional drag at liquid-solid interface was investigated. The results indicate that the frictional drag between wall and fluid …


Collaborative Simulation Between Remote Laboratories Based On Fiber-Optic Reflective Memory, Chijun Tian, Shengbing Shen, Yanlei Li, Xianzong Wang, Zhuofeng Guo Aug 2020

Collaborative Simulation Between Remote Laboratories Based On Fiber-Optic Reflective Memory, Chijun Tian, Shengbing Shen, Yanlei Li, Xianzong Wang, Zhuofeng Guo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Taking advantage of independently developed HY-FB2125G Fiber-Optic Reflective Memory network interface and HY-FHX8 fiber-optic hub, the fiber-Optic Reflective Memory network was built and high speed data contribution was realized. With the elaborate design of hub-centered network architecture, simulation laboratories have the ability to process collaborative experiment and reuse test resources, which provides powerful support to accomplish collaborative simulation experiments.


Research Of Multi-Views Based Weapon And Equipment Simulation Model Architecture, Chunguang Peng, Jianhui Deng, Zhang Bo Aug 2020

Research Of Multi-Views Based Weapon And Equipment Simulation Model Architecture, Chunguang Peng, Jianhui Deng, Zhang Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: :It's an important approach to build reasonable and complete simulation model architecture for promoting the simulation interoperability, establishing simulation model standards and promoting reusability of models and codes. Some problems existed in the research of simulation model architecture were analyzed. The weapon and equipment simulation model architecture describing method based on multi-views was brought out by using the system engineering theory, which emphasized on the complicated relations between modes and its environment. The method could describe simulation model architecture from different views of different users. Therefore, based on DoDAF and the popular software architecture, five-view models of weapon …


Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong Jul 2020

Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The performance analysis of netted radar data fusion systems was proposed. The principles of two representative radar netting modes (i.e., centralized fusion and distributed fusion) were introduced and the associated capabilities of anti-jamming, anti-stealth, fusion accuracy, fusion discrimination, and communication requirements were quantitatively analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the netting essence is, centralized fusion by using ‘or' rule to complement information and realize trajectory composition whereas distributed fusion by using ‘and' rule to reduce information redundancy and realize discrimination ability. The research can provide some enlightenment for the newly-developed intellective netted radar data fusion systems.


Fire Reconstruction Method Based On Les And Linear Programming, Guangyao Yao, Peizhong Yang, Tan Xun Jul 2020

Fire Reconstruction Method Based On Les And Linear Programming, Guangyao Yao, Peizhong Yang, Tan Xun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A method based on LES and linear programming was proposed for the numerical construction of fire accident. In the simulation with LES method, all the quantities were decomposed into large-scale components and small-scale components. For large-scale components, the direct simulation method was used. For small-scale components, the subgrid model was used. The LES method could improve the simulation accuracy. In the linear programming method, the parameters were locally linearized to solve the optimization problem. It could improve the simulation efficiency. The method was applied to the numerical reconstruction of a wholesale market fire in Shanghai. The spread of fire …