Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Upper Torso Pain And Musculoskeletal Structure And Function In Women With And Without Large Breasts: A Cross Sectional Study, Deirdre Mcghee, Karly Coltman, Diane L. Riddiford-Harland, Julie R. Steele

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background Women with large breasts frequently experience upper torso pain secondary to their breast size. Evidence is lacking on the underlying causes of this pain. This study investigated whether upper torso pain and musculoskeletal structure and function differed between women with large breasts and women with small breasts. Methods A linear regression, adjusting for body mass, compared the upper torso pain, thoracic flexion torque due to breast mass, thoracic kyphosis, shoulder active range-of-motion, and scapular retraction muscle strength of 27 women with large breasts (bilateral breast volume > 1200 ml, age 45.9 y SD 9.9 y, BMI 29.0 kg/m 2 SD …

Health Behind Bars: Can Exploring The History Of Prison Health Systems Impact Future Policy?, Kathryn M. Weston, Louella R. Mccarthy, Isobelle Barrett Meyering, Stephen Hampton, Tobias Mackinnon

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The value of history is, indeed, not scientific but moral … it prepares us to live more humanely in the present, and to meet rather than to foretell, the future - Carl Becker. Becker's quote reminds us of the importance of revealing and understanding historical practices in order to influence actions in the future. There are compelling reasons for uncovering this history, in particular to better inform government policy makers and health advocates, and to address the impacts of growing community expectations to 'make the punishment fit the crime'.

Dietary Flavonoid Intake In Older Adults: How Many Days Of Dietary Assessment Are Required And What Is The Impact Of Seasonality?, Katherine Caldwell, Karen E. Charlton, Simone Lee, Jonathon Mond, Joanna Russell, Paul Mitchell, Victoria M. Flood

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Within- and between-person variation in nutrient intake is well established, but little is known about variability in dietary flavonoid intake, including the effect of seasonality. Methods: Within- and between-individual variability of flavonoid intake, and intake of flavonoid subclasses was examined in older adults (n = 79; mean age 70.1 y (range: 60y-80y)), using three separate 4-day weighed food records (WFR) collected approximately 4 months apart. The effects of seasonality were also examined. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to estimate within- and between-individual variance components for flavonoids and subclasses. The number of days of dietary assessment required for a …

Online Ozonolysis Combined With Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Provides A New Platform For Lipid Isomer Analyses, Berwyck L. J Poad, Xueyun Zheng, Todd W. Mitchell, Richard D. Smith, Erin S. Baker, Stephen J. Blanksby

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

One of the most significant challenges in contemporary lipidomics lies in the separation and identification of lipid isomers that differ only in site(s) of unsaturation or geometric configuration of the carbon-carbon double bonds. While analytical separation techniques including ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and liquid chromatography (LC) can separate isomeric lipids under appropriate conditions, conventional tandem mass spectrometry cannot provide unequivocal identification. To address this challenge, we have implemented ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) in-line with LC, IMS, and high resolution mass spectrometry. Modification of an IMS-capable quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was undertaken to allow the introduction of ozone into the high-pressure trapping …

Patterns Of Signs That Telephone Crisis Support Workers Associate With Suicide Risk In Telephone Crisis Line Callers, Tara Hunt, Coralie J. Wilson, Peter Caputi, Ian G. Wilson, Alan Woodward

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Signs of suicide are commonly used in suicide intervention training to assist the identification of those at imminent risk for suicide. Signs of suicide may be particularly important to telephone crisis-line workers (TCWs), who have little background information to identify the presence of suicidality if the caller is unable or unwilling to express suicidal intent. Although signs of suicide are argued to be only meaningful as a pattern, there is a paucity of research that has examined whether TCWs use patterns of signs to decide whether a caller might be suicidal, and whether these are influenced by caller characteristics such …

Pre-Conception Maternal Erythrocyte Saturated To Unsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio Predicts Pregnancy After Natural Cycle Frozen Embryo Transfer, Christopher C. Onyiaodike, Heather Murray, Ruiqi Zhang, Barbara J. Meyer, Fiona Jordan, Elizabeth A. Brown, Robert Jb Nibbs, Helen Lyall, Naveed Sattar, Scott M. Nelson, Dilys J. Freeman

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The environment for embryo implantation and fetal growth and development is affected by matern al nutritional, metabolic and health status. The aim of this prospective, cohort study was to test whether plasma metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers can predict pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Women with a natural menstrual cycle undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET) were recruited and fasting baseline blood samples were collected a mean of 3.4 days prior to the luteinising hormone (LH) surge and a non-fasting blood sample was taken on the day of FET. Ongoing pregnancy was defined by positive fetal heartbeat on ultrasound scan …

Diagnosing Copd And Supporting Smoking Cessation In General Practice: Evidenceepractice Gaps, Jenifer Liang, Michael J. Abramson, Nicholas Arnold Zwar, Grant Russell, Anne E. Holland, Billie Bonevski, Ajay Mahal, Kirsten Phillips, Paula Eustace, Eldho Paul, Sally Wilson, Johnson George

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objectives: To review the accuracy of diagnoses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care in Australia, and to describe smokers' experiences with and preferences for smoking cessation. Design, setting and participants: Patients were invited to participate if they were at least 40 years old and had visited participating general practice clinics in Melbourne at least twice during the previous 12 months, reported being current or ex-smokers with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years, or were being managed for COPD. Interviews based on a structured questionnaire and case finding (FEV 1 /FEV 6 measurement) were followed, when …

Characteristics Of Indigenous Primary Health Care Service Delivery Models: A Systematic Scoping Review, Stephen Harfield, Carol Davy, Alexa Mcarthur, Zachary Munn, Alex Brown, Ngiare J. Brown

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Indigenous populations have poorer health outcomes compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. The evolution of Indigenous primary health care services arose from mainstream health services being unable to adequately meet the needs of Indigenous communities and Indigenous peoples often being excluded and marginalised from mainstream health services. Part of the solution has been to establish Indigenous specific primary health care services, for and managed by Indigenous peoples. There are a number of reasons why Indigenous primary health care services are more likely than mainstream services to improve the health of Indigenous communities. Their success is partly due to the fact that …

Serum Ncam Levels And Cognitive Deficits In First Episode Schizophrenia Patients Versus Health Controls, Hui-Mei An, Luping Zhou, Yinghua Yu, Hongzhen Fan, Fengmei Fan, Shu-Ping Tan, Zhi-Ren Wang, Zehra Boz, Jing Shi, Fu-De Yang, Xiang Yang Zhang, Yunlong Tan, Xu-Feng Huang

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a glycoprotein and plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion, neural migration, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity and brain development. We investigated the relationship between the serum NCAM concentration and cognitive deficit in first episode drug naïve schizophrenia (FES) patients.

Methods: Thirty FES patients and thirty healthy controls were recruited for this study. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Cognitive functions were assessed by measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia (MATRICS) and consensus cognitive battery (MCCB). Serum levels of NCAM were determined by …

Self-Organized Nanostructure Modified Microelectrode For Sensitive Electrochemical Glutamate Detection In Stem Cells-Derived Brain Organoids, Babak Nasr, Rachael Chatterton, Jason Yong, Pegah Jamshidi, Giovanna M. D'Abaco, Andrew R. Bjorksten, Omid Kavehei, Gursharan Chana, Mirella Dottori, Efstratios Skafidas

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Neurons release neurotransmitters such as glutamate to communicate with each other and to coordinate brain functioning. As increased glutamate release is indicative of neuronal maturation and activity, a system that can measure glutamate levels over time within the same tissue and/or culture system is highly advantageous for neurodevelopmental investigation. To address such challenges, we develop for the first time a convenient method to realize functionalized borosilicate glass capillaries with nanostructured texture as an electrochemical biosensor to detect glutamate release from cerebral organoids generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) that mimic various brain regions. The biosensor shows a clear catalytic …

Healthiness Of Food And Beverages For Sale At Two Public Hospitals In New South Wales, Australia, Carrie Tsai, Erika Svensen, Victoria M. Flood, Yasmine Probst, Kathryn Reilly, Stephen Corbett, Jason H. Y Wu

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

(1) Background: Our aim was to conduct objective, baseline food environment audits of two major western Sydney public hospitals and compare them to recently revised state nutritional guidelines.

(2) Methods: A cross-sectional assessment was conducted (June-July2017) across 14 fixed food outlets and 70 vending machines in two hospitals using an audit tool designed to assess the guideline's key food environment parameters of availability, placement, and promotion of 'Everyday' (healthy) and 'Occasional' (less healthy) products.

(3) Results: Availability: Overall, Everyday products made up 51% and 44% of all products available at the two hospitals. Only 1/14(7%) fixed outlets and 16/70(23%) vending …

Dna Polymerase Iv Primarily Operates Outside Of Dna Replication Forks In Escherichia Coli, Sarah Henrikus, Elizabeth A. Wood, John P. Mcdonald, Michael M. Cox, Roger Woodgate, Myron F. Goodman, Antoine M. Van Oijen, Andrew Robinson

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

In Escherichia coli, damage to the chromosomal DNA induces the SOS response, setting in motion a series of different DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways. DNA polymerase IV (pol IV) is one of three specialised DNA polymerases called into action during the SOS response to help cells tolerate certain types of DNA damage. The canonical view in the field is that pol IV primarily acts at replisomes that have stalled on the damaged DNA template. However, the results of several studies indicate that pol IV also acts on other substrates, including single-stranded DNA gaps left behind replisomes that re-initiate replication …

Gas-Phase Oxidation Of The Protonated Uracil-5-Yl Radical Cation, James Bezzina, Matthew Prendergast, Stephen J. Blanksby, Adam J. Trevitt

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

This study targets the kinetics and product detection of the gas-phase oxidation reaction of the protonated 5-dehydrouracil (uracil-5-yl) distonic radical cation using ion-trap mass spectrometry. Protonated 5-dehydrouracil radical ions (5-dehydrouracilH⁺ radical ion, m/z 112) are produced within an ion trap by laser photolysis of protonated 5-iodouracil. Storage of the 5-dehydrouracilH⁺ radical ion in the presence of controlled concentration of O₂ reveals two main products. The major reaction product pathway is assigned as the formation of protonated 2-hydroxypyrimidine-4,5-dione (m/z 127) + ^•OH. A second product ion (m/z 99), putatively assigned as a five-member-ring ketone structure, is tentatively …

Single-Grain Dating Of Potassium-Rich Feldspar Grains: Towards A Global Standardised Growth Curve For The Post-Ir Irsl Signal, Bo Li, Zenobia Jacobs, Richard G. Roberts, Sheng-Hua Li

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Potassium-rich feldspar (K-feldspar) grains were extracted from 28 sediment samples from sites in Asia, Europe and Africa and the dose response curves - or growth curves - were constructed from the post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) signals emitted by individual grains. The samples exhibit large between-grain variation in both pIRIR signal intensity and the shape of the corresponding growth curves; the latter can be largely explained as a result of measurement uncertainties, including counting statistics and instrumental irreproducibility. This between-grain variation can be reduced by applying a least-squares normalisation (LS-normalisation) procedure, which allows a common growth curve - or global …

Monitoring The Extent Of Vertical And Lateral Movement Of Human Decomposition Products Through Sediment Using Cholesterol As A Biomarker, Susan Luong, Shari Forbes, James F. Wallman, Richard G. Roberts

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Due to the lack of human decomposition research facilities available in different geographical regions, the extent of movement of human decomposition products from a cadaver into various sedimentary environments, in different climates, has not been able to be studied in detail. In our study, a human cadaver was placed on the surface of a designated plot at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER), the only human decomposition facility in Australia, where the natural process of decomposition was allowed to progress over 14 days in the Australian summer. Sediment columns (approximately 1 m deep) were collected at lateral distances …

Employment Conditions Of Australian Primary Health Care Nurses, Elizabeth J. Halcomb, Christine Ashley, Sharon James, Elizabeth A. Smyth

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: The primary health care (PHC) nursing workforce is growing to meet the demand for community based health services. To facilitate the recruitment and retention of nurses in PHC settings it is important that positive employment conditions exist.

Aim: To explore the employment characteristics ofAustralian PHC nurses, including employment patterns and remuneration considerations.

Methods: A descriptive survey of Australian PHC nurses was conducted during 2015 as part of a larger mixed methods study. This paper reports the survey findings relating to employment patterns, conditions and remuneration.

Findings: One thousand one hundred sixty six nurses responded to the …

Empowerment: The Experience Of Recovery Camp For People Living With A Mental Illness, Caroline Picton, Christopher F. Patterson, Lorna Moxham, Ellie K. Taylor, Dana J. Perlman, Renee M. Brighton, Tim Heffernan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Mental health recovery is still largely clinically defined and as such can lack person centeredness. To address this, recovery oriented experiences are required which recognise the holistic and diverse needs of individuals.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the experiences of people living with a mental illness who participated in a recovery oriented program called Recovery Camp. The study aimed to examine how the program may have related and contributed to their mental health recovery.

Methods: A descriptive phenomenological approach guided the study. Consenting participants (n = 5) were interviewed and asked about …

Positive Ageing On Our Mind - An Initiative Called Afia (Age Friendly Illawarra Alliance), Lorna Moxham

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Ageing is everyone's business, after all, none of us are getting younger. This assertion is reflected in the nursing workforce with the Department of Health telling us that the overall ageing workforce is reflected in both the increasing average age of nurses from 44.3 years in 2009 to 44.6 years in 2012 and the increasing percentage of those aged 55 years and over from 19.8% in 2009 to 23.1% in 2012.

Exercise And Psychological Benefits For Older People, Rebekkah Middleton, Lorna Moxham, Dominique R. Parrish

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The literature establishes that older people benefit not only physically, but cognitively and socially from being engaged in community recreational activities. Community recreational activities support healthy ageing (Young et al. 2015 p2), and allow older people to maintain cognitive abilities, improve self-belief, and quality of life indicators (Balducci et al. 2014).

Does Walkability Contribute To Geographic Variation In Psychosocial Distress? A Spatial Analysis Of 91,142 Members Of The 45 And Up Study In Sydney, Australia, Darren J. Mayne, Geoffrey Morgan, Bin B. Jalaludin, Adrian E. Bauman

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Walkability describes the capacity of the built environment to promote walking, and has been proposed as a potential focus for community-level mental health planning. We evaluated this possibility by examining the contribution of area-level walkability to variation in psychosocial distress in a population cohort at spatial scales comparable to those used for regional planning in Sydney, Australia. Data on psychosocial distress were analysed for 91,142 respondents to the 45 and Up Study baseline survey between January 2006 and April 2009. We fit conditional auto regression models at the postal area level to obtain smoothed "disease maps" for psychosocial distress, and …

Bachelor Of Nursing Honours Programs In Australia: Current Trends And Key Challenges, Elizabeth J. Halcomb, Elizabeth A. Smyth, Lorna Moxham, Victoria Traynor, Ritin S. Fernandez

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: To prepare nurses for a role in knowledge generation they need to engage in research training. Bachelor of Nursing (Honours) programs are a first step in this training. Developing a better understanding of current programs, their challenges and outcomes will provide an evidence base to inform curriculum development and policy making.

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore current Australian Bachelor of Nursing (Honours) programs in terms of their composition, delivery and number of enrolments/graduates.

Methods: Bachelor of Nursing Honours Coordinators or Heads of Schools of Nursing and Midwifery at Australian Universities were emailed …

Work Satisfaction And Future Career Intentions Of Experienced Nurses Transitioning To Primary Health Care Employment, Christine Ashley, Kathleen Peters, Angela M. Brown, Elizabeth J. Halcomb

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Aim: To explore registered nurses' reflections on transitioning from acute to primary health care employment, and future career intentions.

Background: Reforms in primary health care have resulted in increasing demands for a skilled primary health care nursing workforce. To meet shortfalls, acute care nurses are being recruited to primary health care employment, yet little is known about levels of satisfaction and future career intentions.

Method: A sequential mixed methods study consisting of a survey and semi-structured interviews with nurses who transition to primary health care.

Results: Most reported positive experiences, valuing work/life balance, role diversity and …

Consumers’ Perspectives Of The Meaning Of Safety In Acute Mental Health Inpatient Services, Natalie A. Cutler, Lorna Moxham, Moira Stephens

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background and Aim: Safety is a priority in the acute mental health inpatient setting (ACQSHC 2014). Safety is commonly represented in government policy as the reduction or elimination of risk (AIHW 2018). Defining safety as the reduction or elimination of risk means this is where funding and resources are likely to be directed. This has limitations however, as it can lead to environments and processes considered by mental health services to be safe, but are not aligned with what people with lived experience of mental illness deem to be safe (Cutler, Moxham & Stephens 2015). This PhD study explored the …

Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid And Arachidonic Acid In Early Life: What Is The Best Evidence For Policymakers?, Stewart Forsyth, Philip C. Calder, Francis Zotor, Paul Amuna, Barbara J. Meyer, Bruce Holub

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: A wealth of information on the functional roles of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) from cellular, animal, and human studies is available. Yet, there remains a lack of cohesion in policymaking for recommended dietary intakes of DHA and ARA in early life. This is predominantly driven by inconsistent findings from a relatively small number of randomised clinical trials (RCTs), which vary in design, methodology, and outcome measures, all of which were conducted in high-income countries. It is proposed that this selective evidence base may not fully represent the biological importance of DHA and ARA during early and …

Timelines For Human Evolution And Dispersals, Richard G. Roberts, Zenobia Jacobs

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Luminescence dating has been instrumental in constraining the age of archaeological and human skeletal remains. Thermoluminescence dating was applied originally to heated pottery and burnt flint, and optical dating was developed subsequently to estimate the depositional age of sun-bleached sediments associated with artefacts and fossils. These methods have helped establish numerical timelines for human evolution and dispersals over the last half million years, including the earliest evidence for modern humans in Africa, Asia and Australia, and the comings and goings of archaic humans in Eurasia and Indonesia. Here, we recount the major role that luminescence dating has played recently in …

International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369 Preliminary Report: Australia Cretaceous Climate And Tectonics: Tectonic, Paleoclimate, And Paleoceanographic History Of High-Latitude Southern Margins Of Australia During The Cretaceous, Brian T. Huber, Richard W. Hobbs, Kara A. Bogus, Sietske Batenburg, H-J Brumsack, Rodrigo Do Monte Guerra, Kirsty Edgar, Trine Edvardsen, Dennis Harry, Takashi Hasegawa, Shannon Haynes, Tao Jiang, Matthew M. Jones, Junichiro Kuroda, Eun-Young Lee, Y-X Li, Kenneth Macleod, Alessandro Maritati, Mathieu Martinez, Lauren O'Connor, Maria Petrizzo, Tracy Quan, Carl Richter, Laurent Riquier, Gabriel Tagliaro, Maria Tejada, Carmine Wainman, David K. Watkins, Lloyd T. White, Erik Wolfgring, Zhaokai Xu

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The tectonic and paleoceanographic setting of the Great Australian Bight (GAB) and the Mentelle Basin (MB; adjacent to Naturaliste Plateau) offered an outstanding opportunity to investigate Cretaceous and Cenozoic climate change and ocean dynamics during the last phase of breakup among remnant Gondwana continents. Sediment recovered from sites in both regions during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369 will provide a new perspective on Earth's temperature variation at sub-polar latitudes (60°-62°S) across the extremes of the mid-Cretaceous hot greenhouse climate and the cooling that followed. The primary goals of the expedition were to: * Investigate the timing and causes for …

A Reassessment Of Mycophenolic Acid As A Lead Compound For The Development Of Inhibitors Of Chikungunya Virus Replication, Adel Rashad, Johan Neyts, Pieter Leyssen, Paul A. Keller

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) has been previously reported as an inhibitor of the chikugunya virus (CHIKV) with an EC₅₀ value of 0.2 μM. We used MPA as a lead compound designing and synthesizing a series of isatins and benzolactones in a typical medicinal chemistry program. The synthesis and testing of 19 derivatives produced compounds with no desired activity which prompted us to retest the lead compound, MPA. We can reveal that MPA shows no anti-CHIKV activity and therefore needs to be reassessed as a lead compound for this target.

Evaluating The Effects Of A Physical Activity On Agitation And Wandering (Paaw) Experienced By Individuals Living With A Dementia In Care Homes, Victoria Traynor, Nadine S. Veerhuis, Keryn M. Johnson, Jessica Hazelton, Shiva Gopalan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Aim and Methods: The aim was to evaluate the implementation of a structured physical activity (PA) programme for individuals living with a dementia in care homes. More specifically, the study aimed to test the effects on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory and Algase Wandering Scale. The study was undertaken over 16 weeks using a quasi-experimental design. Registered nurses, physiotherapists, assistants in nursing and physiotherapy aids from one aged care organisation in NSW, Australia, undertook the study with academics.

Results: A total of 72 individuals living with a dementia from four …

Ectothermic Telomeres: It's Time They Came In From The Cold, Mats M. Olsson, Erik Dr Erik Wapstra, Christopher R. Friesen

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We review the evolutionary ecology and genetics of telomeres in taxa that cannot elevate their body temperature to a preferred level through metabolism but do so by basking or seeking out a warm environment. This group of organisms contains all living things on earth, apart from birds and mammals. One reason for our interest in this synthetic group is the argument that high, stable body temperature increases the risk of malignant tumours if long, telomerase-restored telomeres make cells 'live forever'. If this holds true, ectotherms should have significantly lower cancer frequencies. We discuss to what degree there is support for …

Low Intensity Blood Parasite Infections Do Not Reduce The Aerobic Performance Of Migratory Birds, Steffen Hahn, Silke Bauer, Dimitar Dimitrov, Tamara Emmenegger, Karina Ivanova, Pavel Zehtindjiev, William A. Buttemer

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Blood parasites (Haemosporidia) are thought to impair the flight performance of infected animals, and therefore, infected birds are expected to differ from their non-infected counterparts in migratory capacity. Since haemosporidians invade host erythrocytes, it is commonly assumed that infected individuals will have compromised aerobic capacity, but this has not been examined in free-living birds. We tested if haemosporidian infections affect aerobic performance by examining metabolic rates and exercise endurance in migratory great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) experimentally treated with Plasmodium relictum pGRW04 and in naturally infected wild birds over consecutive life-history stages. We found no effect of acute or chronic …