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2012

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Articles 18331 - 18360 of 23304

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

A Psychological Flexibility-Based Intervention For Modulating The Impact Of Stigma And Prejudice: A Descriptive Review Of Empirical Evidence, Akihiko Masuda, Mary L. Hill, Jessica Morgan, Lindsey L. Cohen Jan 2012

A Psychological Flexibility-Based Intervention For Modulating The Impact Of Stigma And Prejudice: A Descriptive Review Of Empirical Evidence, Akihiko Masuda, Mary L. Hill, Jessica Morgan, Lindsey L. Cohen

Psychology Faculty Publications

In recent years, there have been growing efforts to understand and modulate stigma and prejudice from the standpoint of the psychological flexibility model, a pragmatic model of complex human behavior. The present paper provides an overview of the empirical evidence on the applicability of the psychological flexibility model, and its applied strategy, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), to stigma and prejudice. Preliminary findings suggest that the psychological flexibility model and ACT are promising avenues for reducing stigma and prejudice; however, further investigation and refinement of the model and ACT are crucial for significantly ameliorating human suffering related to stigma and …


Psychological Approaches To Pediatric Pain Relief, Sarah Martin, Lindsey L. Cohen Jan 2012

Psychological Approaches To Pediatric Pain Relief, Sarah Martin, Lindsey L. Cohen

Psychology Faculty Publications

This chapter details the evidence-based psychological interventions for pediatric procedural pain. At the outset, appropriate assessment of children’s medical anxiety and pain will be briefly discussed. Correlates of children’s pain will be presented to provide some context and nuances to consider when considering preparation and procedural intervention approaches. Subsequently, psychological approaches that focus on pre-procedure preparation are highlighted. Lastly, the focus will turn to the research base of psychological approaches to intervening during children’s medical procedural distress.


The Role Of Mindfulness And Psychological Flexibility In Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, And General Psychological Distress Of A Non-Clinical College Sample, Akihiko Masuda, Erin C. Tully Jan 2012

The Role Of Mindfulness And Psychological Flexibility In Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, And General Psychological Distress Of A Non-Clinical College Sample, Akihiko Masuda, Erin C. Tully

Psychology Faculty Publications

The current study investigated whether mindfulness and psychological flexibility uniquely and separately accounted for variability in psychological distress (somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress). An ethnically diverse, non-clinical sample of college undergraduates (N = 494, 76% female) completed a web-based survey that included the self-report measures of interest. Consistent with prior research, psychological flexibility and mindfulness were positively associated with each other, and tested separately, both variables were negatively associated with somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress. Results also revealed that psychological flexibility and mindfulness accounted for unique variance in all four measures of distress. These findings …


Fairness In Animals: Where To From Here?, Sarah F. Brosnan, Frans B.M. De Waal Jan 2012

Fairness In Animals: Where To From Here?, Sarah F. Brosnan, Frans B.M. De Waal

Psychology Faculty Publications

In the last decade, there has been an explosion of work investigating non-human species’ behavior as it relates to the human sense of fairness and justice. This work has provided a much-needed evolutionary perspective on humans, and highlighted ways in which humans’ behavior is both similar to and different from that of other species. In this concluding paper, we outline the major threads of the work highlighted in this and the previous special issues of Social Justice Research and provide thoughts on future directions for the field. This is a very exciting time in our exploration of the evolution of …


Introduction To “Justice In Animals”, Sarah F. Brosnan Jan 2012

Introduction To “Justice In Animals”, Sarah F. Brosnan

Psychology Faculty Publications

Although much is known about humans’ responses to inequity, little is known about similar responses in other species. The goal of these issues is to bring together researchers focusing on both humans and non-humans to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of non-human responses to inequity to date, and what these data tell us about the evolution of humans’ responses. In this Introduction, I provide a brief background, highlighting both areas in which differences among the related literatures emerge and the ways in which the comparative approach can provide insight in to this question. As becomes clear in these issues, …


To Each According To His Need? Variability In The Responses To Inequity In Nonhuman Primates, Sara A. Price, Sarah F. Brosnan Jan 2012

To Each According To His Need? Variability In The Responses To Inequity In Nonhuman Primates, Sara A. Price, Sarah F. Brosnan

Psychology Faculty Publications

While it is well established that humans respond to inequity, it remains unclear the extent to which this behavior occurs in our nonhuman primate relatives. By comparing a variety of species, spanning from New World and Old World monkeys to great apes, scientists can begin to answer questions about how the response to inequity evolved, what the function of this response is, and why and how different contexts shape it. In particular, research across nonhuman primate species suggests that the response is quite variable across species, contexts and individuals. In this paper, we aim to review these differences in an …


Attention Bias Toward Threat Is Associated With Exaggerated Fear Expression And Impaired Extinction In Ptsd, Negar Fani, Erin B. Tone, J. Phifer, Seth D. Norrholm, Bekh Bradley, Kerry J. Ressler, Asante R. Kamkwalala, Tanya Jovanovic Jan 2012

Attention Bias Toward Threat Is Associated With Exaggerated Fear Expression And Impaired Extinction In Ptsd, Negar Fani, Erin B. Tone, J. Phifer, Seth D. Norrholm, Bekh Bradley, Kerry J. Ressler, Asante R. Kamkwalala, Tanya Jovanovic

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a minority of traumatized individuals. Attention biases to threat and abnormalities in fear learning and extinction are processes likely to play a critical role in the creation and/or maintenance of PTSD symptomatology. However, the relationship between these processes has not been established, particularly in highly traumatized populations; understanding their interaction can help inform neural network models and treatments for PTSD.

Method: Attention biases were measured using a dot probe task modified for use with our population; task stimuli included photographs of angry facial expressions, which are emotionally salient threat signals. A fear-potentiated startle …


Paranoid Thinking, Suspicion, And Risk For Aggression: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective, Erin B. Tone, Jennifer S. Davis Jan 2012

Paranoid Thinking, Suspicion, And Risk For Aggression: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective, Erin B. Tone, Jennifer S. Davis

Psychology Faculty Publications

This article represents an effort to extend our understanding of paranoia or suspicion and its development by integrating findings across clinical, developmental, and neuroscience literatures. We first define “paranoia” or paranoid thought and examine its prevalence across typically and atypically developing individuals and theoretical perspectives regarding its development and maintenance.We then briefly summarize current ideas regarding the neural correlates of adaptive, appropriately trusting interpersonal perception, social cognition, and behavior across development. Our focus shifts subsequently to examining in normative and atypical developmental contexts the neural correlates of several component cognitive processes thought to contribute to paranoid thinking: (a) attention bias …


Evolution And The Expression Of Biases: Situational Value Changes The Endowment Effect, Sarah F. Brosnan, Owen D. Jones, Molly Gardner, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Shapiro Jan 2012

Evolution And The Expression Of Biases: Situational Value Changes The Endowment Effect, Sarah F. Brosnan, Owen D. Jones, Molly Gardner, Susan P. Lambeth, Steven J. Shapiro

Psychology Faculty Publications

Cognitive and behavioral biases, which are widespread among humans, have recently been demonstrated in other primates, suggesting a common origin. Here we examine whether the expression of one shared bias, the endowment effect, varies as a function of context. We tested whether objects lacking inherent value elicited a stronger endowment effect (or preference for keeping the object) in a context in which the objects had immediate instrumental value for obtaining valuable resources (food). Chimpanzee subjects had opportunities to trade tools when food was not present, visible but unobtainable, and obtainable using the tools. We found that the endowment effect for …


Neural Responses To Peer Rejection In Anxious Adolescents: Contributions From The Amygdala-Hippocampal Complex, Jennifer Y.F. Lau, Amanda E. Guyer, Erin Tone, Jessica Jenness, Jessica M. Parrish, Daniel S. Pine, Eric E. Nelson Jan 2012

Neural Responses To Peer Rejection In Anxious Adolescents: Contributions From The Amygdala-Hippocampal Complex, Jennifer Y.F. Lau, Amanda E. Guyer, Erin Tone, Jessica Jenness, Jessica M. Parrish, Daniel S. Pine, Eric E. Nelson

Psychology Faculty Publications

Peer rejection powerfully predicts adolescent anxiety. While cognitive differences influence anxious responses to social feedback, little is known about neural contributions. Twelve anxious and 12 age-, gender- and IQ-matched, psychiatrically-healthy adolescents received ‘not interested’ and ‘interested’ feedback from unknown peers during a Chatroom task administered in a neuroimaging scanner. No group differences emerged in subjective ratings to peer feedback, but all participants reported more negative emotion at being rejected (than accepted) by peers to whom they had assigned high desirability ratings. Further highlighting the salience of such feedback, all adolescents, independent of anxiety levels, manifested elevated responses in the amygdala-hippocampal …


Father Locus Of Control And Child Emotional And Behavioral Outcomes: A Prospective Study, Erin Tone, Stepanie Goodfellow, Stephen Nowicki Jr. Jan 2012

Father Locus Of Control And Child Emotional And Behavioral Outcomes: A Prospective Study, Erin Tone, Stepanie Goodfellow, Stephen Nowicki Jr.

Psychology Faculty Publications

This prospective longitudinal study examined the associations between parent locus of control of reinforcement (LOCR), measured before the birth of a child, and behavioral/emotional outcomes in that child at age seven years. Three hundred seven couples completed questionnaires regarding their emotional status and LOCR at their first prenatal care appointment. When their children turned seven years old, teachers completed questionnaires regarding each participating child’s behavior. Findings indicate significant associations between fathers’ prenatal LOCR and child outcomes, particularly hyperactivity in sons. Hyperactivity and behavioral/emotional problems in girls, in contrast, were better predicted by maternal prenatal emotional distress. Results provide evidence that …


Help-Seeking Attitudes, Mental Health Stigma, And Self-Concealment Among African American College Students., Akihiko Masuda, P. L. Anderson, J. Edmonds Jan 2012

Help-Seeking Attitudes, Mental Health Stigma, And Self-Concealment Among African American College Students., Akihiko Masuda, P. L. Anderson, J. Edmonds

Psychology Faculty Publications

Stigma has been noted as a major obstacle of mental health service utilization in African Americans. The present study investigated whether mental health stigma and self-concealment were uniquely associated with attitudes toward seeking professional psychological services in African American college students. Data of 163 African American (nFemale = 127; 78% female) were used for present analyses. Results revealed that both mental health stigma and self-concealment were uniquely associated with help-seeking attitudes after controlling for gender, age, and previous experience of seeking professional psychological services.


The Role Of Mindfulness And Psychological Flexibility In Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, And General Psychological Distress Of A Non-Clinical College Sample., Akihiko Masuda, Erin Tully Jan 2012

The Role Of Mindfulness And Psychological Flexibility In Somatization, Depression, Anxiety, And General Psychological Distress Of A Non-Clinical College Sample., Akihiko Masuda, Erin Tully

Psychology Faculty Publications

The current study investigated whether mindfulness and psychological flexibility uniquely and separately accounted for variability in psychological distress (somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress). An ethnically diverse, non-clinical sample of college undergraduates (N = 494, 76% female) completed a web-based survey that included the self-report measures of interest. Consistent with prior research, psychological flexibility and mindfulness were positively associated with each other, and tested separately, both variables were negatively associated with somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress. Results also revealed that psychological flexibility and mindfulness accounted for unique variance in all four measures of distress. These findings …


Psychological Flexibility And Self-Concealment As Predictors Of Disordered Eating Symptoms., Akihiko Masuda, Robert D. Latzman Jan 2012

Psychological Flexibility And Self-Concealment As Predictors Of Disordered Eating Symptoms., Akihiko Masuda, Robert D. Latzman

Psychology Faculty Publications

The present cross-sectional study investigated whether self-concealment and psychological flexibility were uniquely associated with different facets of disordered eating (DE; i.e., dieting, bulimia/food preoccupation, and oral control) and whether these associations varied across gender. Participants included 621 female and 212 male college students, ages 18-24 years old. After controlling for age, ethnicity, and BMI, both self-concealment and psychological flexibility were uniquely related to dieting. Controlling for these demographic variables, psychological flexibility, but not self-concealment, was uniquely associated with bulimia/food preoccupation. Neither self-concealment nor psychological flexibility was uniquely associated with oral control. Finally, gender moderated the association between self-concealment and dieting, …


Multiple Component Remediation Of Developmental Reading Disabilities: A Controlled Factorial Evaluation Of The Influence Of Iq, Socioeconomic Status, And Race On Outcomes, Robin Morris, Maureen Lovett, Maryanne Wolf, Rose Sevcik, Karen Steinbach, Jan Frijters, Marla B. Shapiro Jan 2012

Multiple Component Remediation Of Developmental Reading Disabilities: A Controlled Factorial Evaluation Of The Influence Of Iq, Socioeconomic Status, And Race On Outcomes, Robin Morris, Maureen Lovett, Maryanne Wolf, Rose Sevcik, Karen Steinbach, Jan Frijters, Marla B. Shapiro

Psychology Faculty Publications

Results from a controlled evaluation of remedial reading interventions are reported: 279 young disabled readers were randomly assigned to a program according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (IQ, socioeconomic status [SES], and race). The effectiveness of two multiple-component intervention programs for children with reading disabilities (PHAB + RAVE-O; PHAB + WIST) was evaluated against alternate (CSS, MATH) and phonological control programs. Interventions were taught an hour daily for 70 days on a 1:4 ratio at three different sites. Multiple-component programs showed significant improvements relative to control programs on all basic reading skills after 70 hours and …


How Is Chimpanzee Self-Control Influenced By Social Setting?, Theodore A. Evans, Bonnie M. Perdue, Audrey E. Parrish, Emilie C. Menzel, Sarah F. Brosnan, Michael J. Beran Jan 2012

How Is Chimpanzee Self-Control Influenced By Social Setting?, Theodore A. Evans, Bonnie M. Perdue, Audrey E. Parrish, Emilie C. Menzel, Sarah F. Brosnan, Michael J. Beran

Language Research Center

Self-control is often required in natural situations involving interactions with other individuals, and personal self-control can be compromised if other individuals act impulsively. In this study, we tested self-control in pairs of chimpanzees in a variety of settings where at least one chimpanzee of each pair performed an established test for self-control in which candies accumulated one at time as long as the chimpanzee did not eat any of them. When tested alone, some chimpanzees exhibited greater self-control as compared to when tested alongside a chimpanzee that independently performed the same type of test. However, when the nonfocal animal freely …


Reduction In Drinking Days And Binge Drinking Days Among Patients Receiving Screening, Brief Intervention, And Referral To Treatment Services During An Emergency Department Visit: Six-Month Results, Joanna Akin, Aaron Johnson, J. Paul Seale, Gabriel P. Kuperminc Jan 2012

Reduction In Drinking Days And Binge Drinking Days Among Patients Receiving Screening, Brief Intervention, And Referral To Treatment Services During An Emergency Department Visit: Six-Month Results, Joanna Akin, Aaron Johnson, J. Paul Seale, Gabriel P. Kuperminc

Psychology Faculty Publications

Alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) is effective in many health-care settings. Previous research has shown significant decreases in harmful drinking due to SBI, but many studies, particularly in emergency/trauma settings, did not use a control group. Thus, it is unclear if observed decreases in harmful drinking are due to the intervention or other factors such as the hospital visit, the substance use assessment, or simply regression to the mean. This project assessed the effectiveness of an SBI program implemented at an urban hospital in the US state of Georgia.


Parental Distress, Parenting Practices, And Child Adaptive Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Jackie L. Micklewright, Tricia Z. King, Kathleen O'Toole, Christopher C. Henrich, Frank J. Floyd Jan 2012

Parental Distress, Parenting Practices, And Child Adaptive Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Jackie L. Micklewright, Tricia Z. King, Kathleen O'Toole, Christopher C. Henrich, Frank J. Floyd

Psychology Faculty Publications

Moderate and severe pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are associated with significant familial distress and child adaptive sequelae. Our aim was to examine the relationship between parental psychological distress, parenting practices (authoritarian, permissive, authoritative), and child adaptive functioning 12–36 months following TBI or orthopedic injury (OI). Injury type was hypothesized to moderate the relationship between parental distress and child adaptive functioning, demonstrating a significantly stronger relationship in the TBI relative to OI group. Authoritarian parenting practices were hypothesized to mediate relationship between parental distress and child adaptive functioning across groups. Groups (TBI n=21, OI n=23) did not differ significantly on …


Adult Cleaner Wrasse Outperform Capuchin Monkeys, Chimpanzees And Orang-Utans In A Complex Foraging Task Derived From Cleaner – Client Reef Fish Cooperation, Lucie H. Salwiczek, Laurent Pretot, Lanila Demarta, Darby Proctor, Jennifer Essler, Ana I. Pinto, Sharon Wismer, Tara Stoinski, Sarah F. Brosnan, Redouan Bshary Jan 2012

Adult Cleaner Wrasse Outperform Capuchin Monkeys, Chimpanzees And Orang-Utans In A Complex Foraging Task Derived From Cleaner – Client Reef Fish Cooperation, Lucie H. Salwiczek, Laurent Pretot, Lanila Demarta, Darby Proctor, Jennifer Essler, Ana I. Pinto, Sharon Wismer, Tara Stoinski, Sarah F. Brosnan, Redouan Bshary

Psychology Faculty Publications

The insight that animals’ cognitive abilities are linked to their evolutionary history, and hence their ecology, provides the framework for the comparative approach. Despite primates renowned dietary complexity and social cognition, including cooperative abilities, we here demonstrate that cleaner wrasse outperform three primate species, capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees and orang-utans, in a foraging task involving a choice between two actions, both of which yield identical immediate rewards, but only one of which yields an additional delayed reward. The foraging task decisions involve partner choice in cleaners: they must service visiting client reef fish before resident clients to access both; otherwise the …


The Endowment Effect In Orangutans, Timothy M. Flemming, Owen D. Jones, Laura Mayo, Tara Stoinski, Sarah F. Brosnan Jan 2012

The Endowment Effect In Orangutans, Timothy M. Flemming, Owen D. Jones, Laura Mayo, Tara Stoinski, Sarah F. Brosnan

Psychology Faculty Publications

The endowment effect is the tendency to, seemingly irrationally, immediately value a possessed item more than the opportunity to acquire the identical item when one does not already possess it. Although endowment effects are reported in chimpanzees (Brosnan, Jones, Lambeth, Mareno, Richardson, & Shapiro, 2007) and capuchin monkeys (Lakshminarayanan, Chen, & Santos, 2008), both species share social traits with humans that make convergence as likely an evolutionary mechanism as homology. Orangutans (Pongo spp.) provide a unique insight into the evolution of the endowment effect, along with other apparently irrational behaviors, because their less frequent social interactions and relatively more …


What Has Love Got To Do With It? Sentimental Attachments And Legal Decision-Making, David Markell, Tom Tyler, Sarah F. Brosnan Jan 2012

What Has Love Got To Do With It? Sentimental Attachments And Legal Decision-Making, David Markell, Tom Tyler, Sarah F. Brosnan

Psychology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


How Inclusion And Equity Are Transforming A Foundation And A Community, Rebecca Arno, Lauren Casteel, Maria Guajardo, Adrienne Mansanares Jan 2012

How Inclusion And Equity Are Transforming A Foundation And A Community, Rebecca Arno, Lauren Casteel, Maria Guajardo, Adrienne Mansanares

The Foundation Review

· Racial inequities in health care, education, incarceration rates and economic stability have persisted, in spite of federal policies to promote equity.

· The Denver Foundation launched what is now known as the Inclusiveness Project in 2002 to help nonprofits, including funders, become more inclusive of people of color.

· The Project defines diversity as one component of inclusiveness; inclusive organizations are defined as learning-centered organizations that value the perspectives and contributions of all people.

· The Project operates on three levels: individual, organizational and sector.

· An extensive evaluation has shown that there are impacts at all levels, including …


Introduction, Barbara Lewis Jan 2012

Introduction, Barbara Lewis

Trotter Review

What is the political valence of blackness at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century; has it waxed or waned? Is it headed to greater potency or back into the dark days of the past when complexion determined the worth of character? Major political advances have been achieved nationally in the last ten years, most significantly in the election of the nation’s first African American president. Yet a resistant status quo remains. The push to unseat President Obama is virulent, and it is hard to imagine that all of the motivation to do so is tied only …


Indicators, Dashboards, Benchmarks, And Scorecards In Regional Economic Development: Lessons Learned, George A. Erickcek Jan 2012

Indicators, Dashboards, Benchmarks, And Scorecards In Regional Economic Development: Lessons Learned, George A. Erickcek

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Cognitive Reappraisal Ability As A Protective Factor: Resilience To Stress Across Time And Context, Allison S. Troy Jan 2012

Cognitive Reappraisal Ability As A Protective Factor: Resilience To Stress Across Time And Context, Allison S. Troy

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Emotion regulation is crucially involved in individuals' psychological health. For example, the frequent use of cognitive reappraisal, or changing the way one thinks about an emotional event, is positively associated with psychological health. Recent cross-sectional findings have shown that the ability to use cognitive reappraisal (cognitive reappraisal ability; CRA) is associated with lower depression in the context of high stress. However, two important questions about CRA remain unexamined: 1) Does CRA predict long-term adjustment to stress? 2) Do the protective effects of CRA depend upon the type of stress encountered? To examine these questions, a community sample of men and …


Vol. 6 No. 1, Moynihan European Research Centers, Winter 2012, Moynihan European Research Centers Jan 2012

Vol. 6 No. 1, Moynihan European Research Centers, Winter 2012, Moynihan European Research Centers

Newsletters from Moynihan European Research Centers

German Consul General discusses the Euro crisis -- Panel at the CNYCSS conference -- Global Europe -- Graduate student EU simulation -- Atlantis transatlantic degree program -- Certificate of Advanced Study


Atheists, Devils, And Communists Cognitive Mapping Of Attitudes And Stereotypes Of Atheists, Maxine Najle Jan 2012

Atheists, Devils, And Communists Cognitive Mapping Of Attitudes And Stereotypes Of Atheists, Maxine Najle

HIM 1990-2015

Negative attitudes towards atheists are hardly a new trend in our society. However, given the pervasiveness of the prejudices and the lack of foundation for them, it seems warranted to explore the underlying elements of these attitudes. Identifying these constitutive elements may help pick apart the different contributing factors and perhaps mitigate or at least understand them in the future. The present study was designed to identify which myths or stereotypes about atheists are most influential in these attitudes. A Lexical Decision Task was utilized to identify which words related to popular stereotypes are most related to the label atheists. …


Linguist Lafond Organizes Space Meeting, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 2012

Linguist Lafond Organizes Space Meeting, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.


Brown Studies Problems Of “Food Deserts.”, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 2012

Brown Studies Problems Of “Food Deserts.”, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.


Oberweis Studies Drug Problems In Society, Aldemaro Romero Jr. Jan 2012

Oberweis Studies Drug Problems In Society, Aldemaro Romero Jr.

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.