Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 31981 - 32010 of 713420

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Tshlf And Tshl Memorandum Of Understanding And 2025-2023 Roster Foundation Board Of Directors For The Texas Silver-Haired Legislature Foundation, Texas Silver-Haired Legislature Jan 2023

Tshlf And Tshl Memorandum Of Understanding And 2025-2023 Roster Foundation Board Of Directors For The Texas Silver-Haired Legislature Foundation, Texas Silver-Haired Legislature

Texas Silver-Haired Legislature

Memorandum of Understanding between the Texas Silver-Haired Legislature and the Texas Silver-Haired Legislature Foundation dated during the 20th TSHL Legislative Session and the 2025-2023 Rosters Foundation Board of Directors for the Texas Silver-Haired Legislatures Foundation.


Young Adult Substance Use Following Involuntary Job Loss, Nicholas A. Jolly, Gwendolyn J. Davis Jan 2023

Young Adult Substance Use Following Involuntary Job Loss, Nicholas A. Jolly, Gwendolyn J. Davis

Economics Faculty Research and Publications

This paper uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to study the relationship between job displacement and substance use among young adults. Results show that displacement is associated with increases in the probability of smoking cigarettes and drinking and the intensity of consuming alcohol and marijuana. Men, whites, and those who live with family/friends at the time of displacement are more likely to use hard drugs after job loss. Findings suggest that government policy designed to aid displaced workers should contain provisions to anticipate and respond to substance use disorders that may arise, particularly among younger job losers.


Achieving Equitable Offshore Wind Development: Lessons From European Stakeholders, Kacey Hirshfeld Jan 2023

Achieving Equitable Offshore Wind Development: Lessons From European Stakeholders, Kacey Hirshfeld

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

The Biden Administration has set aggressive offshore wind energy goals, aiming to have 30 gigawatts of offshore energy in place by 2030. This amount of energy has the potential to power 10 million homes (White House, 2022), helping the administration to reach larger clean energy goals. In Virginia, Dominion Energy aims to have 2.6 gigawatts of offshore wind energy by 2026, enough to power up to 660,000 homes (Dominion Energy).

While the upcoming offshore wind energy development will create clean energy and green jobs, the ocean is no longer an open field for development and already supports a complex matrix …


A Qualitative Investigation Into The Ethnic And Racial Identity Development Of Counseling Students, Philippa Chin Jan 2023

A Qualitative Investigation Into The Ethnic And Racial Identity Development Of Counseling Students, Philippa Chin

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study sought to understand the experiences of graduate counselor students during the development of their ethnic and racial identity (ERI). The research questions for the study were: How do counseling students experience ethnic and racial identity development during their graduate program and what is the meaning made by graduate students in their experiences with ERI development in their graduate program? Participants were recruited from a CACREP accredited graduate counseling program and the purposive sampling technique was used to identify those who have experience with the phenomena. In-depth, open ended questions were utilized to gather comprehensive descriptions of …


Professional Learning Communities As A Framework For School Counselor Collaboration And Data Use: An Action Research Study, Adam Rixey Southall Jan 2023

Professional Learning Communities As A Framework For School Counselor Collaboration And Data Use: An Action Research Study, Adam Rixey Southall

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) calls on school counselors to take part in collaborative work experiences using data to address problems of practice. School counselors experience professional isolation leading to underperformance (Elliot et al., 2004; Stone-Johnson, 2015). School structures that lack collaborative experiences for school counselors leads to isolation (Bardhoshi et al., 2014). The purpose of this action research study was to assess the influence of a professional learning community (PLC) on the perceptions of school counselors to perform the elements of a PLC, their use of data to solve problems of practice, and their perceptions of benefits and …


La Descortesía En Los Comentarios Digitales De La Prensa Deportiva. El Tenis, Mucho Más Que Un Juego, David Sánchez-Jiménez Jan 2023

La Descortesía En Los Comentarios Digitales De La Prensa Deportiva. El Tenis, Mucho Más Que Un Juego, David Sánchez-Jiménez

Publications and Research

Comments on sports news published on the digital platforms of newspapers have turned these spaces into forums for debate in which homogeneous social communities are established. The aim of this research is to find out how the participants of these platforms interact in the sports press and what impoliteness strategies they use when evaluating the text of the news and the comments of other users. For this purpose, a qualitative textual analysis of a corpus of 1,000 digital comments produced on the Australian Open 2022 final in four of the most widely distributed Spanish newspapers with the highest national circulation, …


Insights: Qualitative Study To Reevaluate And Redesign Online Learning Self-Guided Tools For English First Year Writers Learning Self-Guided Tools For English First Year Writers, Nandi Prince Jan 2023

Insights: Qualitative Study To Reevaluate And Redesign Online Learning Self-Guided Tools For English First Year Writers Learning Self-Guided Tools For English First Year Writers, Nandi Prince

Publications and Research

The library faculty teaches approximately three hundred one-time instructional classes per year. This study explored the role of the library instructor in support of serving the needs of first-year writers (FYW) in a discourse community (DC). The English faculty teach English Composition I, the FYW develop their writing skills in a community with shared goals and an established means of communicating. This qualitative study explored: (1) in-depth experiences of the English faculty during library one-time instructional classes; (2) their perceptions of what students need most, in the new curriculum; (3) new findings that would guide the design of digital tools …


How Do Cultural Norms Shape Healthy Eating In African Americans? The Role Of Cultural Congruence And Mindsets Of Health In Healthy Eating Intentions Among African American College Students, Danyel Smith Jan 2023

How Do Cultural Norms Shape Healthy Eating In African Americans? The Role Of Cultural Congruence And Mindsets Of Health In Healthy Eating Intentions Among African American College Students, Danyel Smith

Theses and Dissertations

Targeting dietary behaviors is a predominant strategy to reduce rates of obesity among African Americans, across the lifespan. Notably, dietary behaviors are shaped by social, cultural and environmental affordances. This study integrated Theory of planned behavior (TPB), identity-based motivation, and mindset theory to unearth cultural mechanisms that inform motivations to eat healthy among African American college students. This project employed a cross-sectional (Study 1) and experimental design (Study 2) to contextualize the antecedents of intentions to eat healthy among African American college students. Recruitment occurred via university-wide digital channels. Eligible participants: were 18+ years; Black/African American; were undergraduate students; and …


What Is Catholic Psychotherapy And How Should It Move Forward?, Thomas G. Plante Jan 2023

What Is Catholic Psychotherapy And How Should It Move Forward?, Thomas G. Plante

Psychology

Catholic psychotherapy is a critically important specialization that under-scores the need for culturally competent best practices. It integrates state-of-the-art psychotherapeutic professional services with the rich religious, spiritual, and cultural contributions and traditions of the Roman Catholic Church. Since the Church is the single largest religious denomination in the world and represents about a quarter of the United States population, there is ample need for Catholic-informed and engaged psychotherapists with expertise in working thoughtfully and sensitively with Catholic clients, including laypersons and clerics, and with Church institutions such as schools, hospitals, and charitable groups. While the Catholic Psychotherapy Association has been …


Shifting Students Toward Testing: Impact Of Instruction And Context On Self-Regulated Learning, Patricia M. Simone, Lisa C. Whitfield, Matthew C. Bell, Pooja Kher, Taylor Tamashiro Jan 2023

Shifting Students Toward Testing: Impact Of Instruction And Context On Self-Regulated Learning, Patricia M. Simone, Lisa C. Whitfield, Matthew C. Bell, Pooja Kher, Taylor Tamashiro

Psychology

Much of the learning that college students engage in today occurs in unsupervised settings, making effective self-regulated learning techniques of particular importance. We examined the impact of task difficulty and supervision on whether participants would follow written instructions to use repeated testing over restudying. In Study 1, we found that when supervised, instructions to test resulted in changes in the self-regulated learning behaviors such that participants tested more often than they studied, relative to participants who were unsupervised during learning. This was true regardless of the task difficulty. In Study 2, we showed that failure to shift study strategies in …


Impacts Of Successive Drug Legislation Shifts: Qualitative Observations From Oregon Law Enforcement [Interim Report: Year One], Kelsey S. Henderson, Christopher M. Campbell, Brian Renauer Jan 2023

Impacts Of Successive Drug Legislation Shifts: Qualitative Observations From Oregon Law Enforcement [Interim Report: Year One], Kelsey S. Henderson, Christopher M. Campbell, Brian Renauer

Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Publications and Presentations

This report provides the initial findings of Year 1 of a multi year project to understand the effects of successive drug policy efforts in Oregon, with special focus given to Ballot Measure 110 (M110).

Related Reports:
Key Points in Preparation for Oregon Legislative Session (2024): Examining the Multifaceted Impacts of Drug Decriminalization on Public Safety, Law Enforcement, and Prosecutorial Discretion (December 2023)

An Additive Model of Engagement: Considering The Role of Front-End Criminal Justice Agencies in Treatment Provisions [Interim Report: Year Two]


Mapping Communities Of Mothering: Where Race, Class, Gender, And Space Intersect, Cynthia Edmonds-Cady Jan 2023

Mapping Communities Of Mothering: Where Race, Class, Gender, And Space Intersect, Cynthia Edmonds-Cady

Faculty Publications - Social Work

This manuscript explores the unique construction of community that young, low-income, women create, based on the embodied internal and external spaces they occupy as lone mothers. Issues related to diverse women’s representation, voice, and power, within these socially constructed communities are examined. Attention is paid to how young low-income mothers experience and actively create their own supportive community within both geographic and social boundaries, in active resistance to dominant and oppressive assumptions. To explore these concepts in-depth, results are presented from an ethnographic study that examined the community participation of eleven young, low-income, racially diverse single mothers living in a …


U.S.-China Economic Links And Technological Decoupling, Kevin Zhang Jan 2023

U.S.-China Economic Links And Technological Decoupling, Kevin Zhang

Faculty Publications – Economics

The US has been waging an economic decoupling from China, in which national security concerns replace economic logic and loss-loss game replaces win-win gains from globalization. The decoupling is generating profound ramifications for the world as well as the US and China. The article explores the following questions: what drives the US government to implement the decoupling? what rationales for technology separation as the core of the decoupling? and what are possible outcomes of the decoupling in the short run and long run? It argues that (a) the decoupling was motivated mainly by national security and geopolitical concerns that China’s …


Self-Disclosure Of Mental Illness In The College Classroom: The Role Of Stigma And Avoidance, Christopher Gjesfjeld, Jeffrey Kahn Jan 2023

Self-Disclosure Of Mental Illness In The College Classroom: The Role Of Stigma And Avoidance, Christopher Gjesfjeld, Jeffrey Kahn

Faculty Publications - Social Work

Many college students identify having a mental health condition, yet students may be ambivalent about self-disclosing their mental health. While stigma and self-disclosure have been examined in research, personal factors may also impact self-disclosure behaviors. The present study examined 150 U.S. college students with a self-identified mental health condition. Research aimed to predict classmate self-disclosure by stigma, avoidance beliefs, and the interaction of these variables. Multiple regression analysis found a significant interaction effect, whereby stigma was negatively associated with self-disclosure only under conditions of low avoidance. Implications suggest that self-disclosure interventions target stigma and avoidance beliefs to encourage greater self-disclosure.


The Interpretive And Relational Work Of Financial Innovation: A Resemblance Of Assurance In Islamic Finance, Aaron Z. Pitluck Jan 2023

The Interpretive And Relational Work Of Financial Innovation: A Resemblance Of Assurance In Islamic Finance, Aaron Z. Pitluck

Faculty Publications—Sociology and Anthropology

What social forces shape the trajectory of novel, moralized forms of finance such as social finance, green finance, or Islamic banking and finance? More broadly, how do agents mobilize arguments and organize each other to create any form of financial innovation? This article addresses both questions by contributing an ethnography of a novel financial innovation pseudonymously named Sukuk Illumination, an internationally traded moral alternative to a corporate bond. This article’s findings both elaborate and subsume existing functionalist and critical explanations of financial innovation. The central argument is that we can better understand what causes financial innovation and the trajectory that …


Awareness Of Social Media Audiences Among Adolescents In A School-Based Intervention, Keeley Hynes, Luke Russell, Daniel Lannin, Leandra N. Parris, Ani Yazedjian Jan 2023

Awareness Of Social Media Audiences Among Adolescents In A School-Based Intervention, Keeley Hynes, Luke Russell, Daniel Lannin, Leandra N. Parris, Ani Yazedjian

Faculty Publications – Psychology

The current study investigated adolescents’ (N=213) decision finding processes and affective reactions to interactions on social media via 29 focus groups. As part of a larger study, adolescents participated in focus groups at two time-points across an academic year while participating in a school-based intervention promoting healthy romantic, interpersonal, and family relationships, job readiness, and financial literacy. Qualitative analyses indicated adolescents’ experiences and decisions on social media platforms were informed by their awareness of audiences, namely who they thought would view their posts and anticipated responses from “friends,” “family members,” “fans,” “creeps,” and “potential employers.” Comprehensive school-based interventions may serve …


Long-Term Health Effects Of Work Trajectories Among Middle-Aged And Older Adults: The Mediating Role Of Work, Material, And Social Environments, Oejin Shin, Ji Young Kang, Seoyeon Ahn, Borin Kim, Sojung Park Jan 2023

Long-Term Health Effects Of Work Trajectories Among Middle-Aged And Older Adults: The Mediating Role Of Work, Material, And Social Environments, Oejin Shin, Ji Young Kang, Seoyeon Ahn, Borin Kim, Sojung Park

Faculty Publications - Social Work

Using data from 14 waves (2003–2016) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) (N = 1,627 individuals aged 45–64; 22778 observations), in this study, we conducted sequence analysis and a multi-categorical variable mediation analysis (1) to examine to what extent long-term work histories exhibit varying degrees of de-standardization and precariousness using sequence analysis (2) to explore the potential mediating effects of work, material, and social environments in the association between multiple work sequences and self-rated health. We found the coexistence of a relatively stable long-term employment pattern and a high prevalence of precariousness. The health and economic …


Temporal Impacts Of Problematic Social Media Content On Perceived Employee Hirability, Caleb T. Carr, Mary C. Katreeb, Ertemisa P. Godinez Jan 2023

Temporal Impacts Of Problematic Social Media Content On Perceived Employee Hirability, Caleb T. Carr, Mary C. Katreeb, Ertemisa P. Godinez

Faculty Publications - Communications

Job applicants’ social media postings and presence can impact employers’ perceptions during the hiring process. The current study expands this line of inquiry, exploring the effects of both message characteristics (i.e. post temporality) and individual characteristics (i.e. hiring manager’s view about individuals’ ability to change over time). Results of a 2 (problematic content: present v. absent) × 3 (post temporality: recent v. 2 years ago v. 5 years ago) experiment (N = 220) revealed the negative main effect of the presence of problematic social media content was moderated by the temporality of the post: More recent posts more substantively impacted …


Cross And Crown™: Trademarks And The Legal Naming Of American Religions, Andrew Ventimiglia Jan 2023

Cross And Crown™: Trademarks And The Legal Naming Of American Religions, Andrew Ventimiglia

Faculty Publications - Communications

Can religious organizations use American trademark law to assert control over the name of a religion? Further, what is the relationship between a religious organization as guarantor of fundamental spiritual truths and the signs by which it is known? To answer these questions, this article traces the history and role of trademarks in American religion with a focus on Christian Science's faith-branding strategy. This narrative explores the religious use of trademarks as an emergent strategy in the early twentieth century to manage religious practice through brand management and trademark law. Using a combination of archival research and legal analysis, this …


Understanding Parents’ Sense-Making Of Their Role In Adolescent Daughters’ Social Media Use Through The Lens Of Relational Dialectics Theory 2.0, Aimee Miller-Ott, Lynne Kelly, Samantha Schultz Jan 2023

Understanding Parents’ Sense-Making Of Their Role In Adolescent Daughters’ Social Media Use Through The Lens Of Relational Dialectics Theory 2.0, Aimee Miller-Ott, Lynne Kelly, Samantha Schultz

Faculty Publications - Communications

With the development of social media, parents must figure out how to guide their children’s use or even whether to allow it. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 30 parents of daughters aged 12–18. Relational dialectics theory 2.0 was used to analyze how parents’ talk revealed their sense-making of their role in adolescent daughters’ social media use. Analysis revealed that parents voiced competing discourses pertaining to “bad” versus “good” parents and monitoring versus trusting daughters. Discourses that take place at the distal level compete with those at the proximal site of the utterance chain, challenging parents to engage in …


The Experiences Of Colorism For South Asian Women: A Qualitative Study, Aishwarya Nambiar Jan 2023

The Experiences Of Colorism For South Asian Women: A Qualitative Study, Aishwarya Nambiar

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Research has limitedly explored how colorism shapes the mental health and well-being of South Asian women across the diaspora. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology study was to understand how South Asian women experience colorism and how these experiences shape their mental health and well-being. A total of 14 participants were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews and an artifact symbolizing experiences of colorism served as the methods of data collection. Critical Race Theory and Womanism were employed as the theoretical framework and the lens in which data was analyzed. A total of six main themes emerged in the study. The themes and …


Competencies Acquired In The Psychology Major, Jake Harrington Jan 2023

Competencies Acquired In The Psychology Major, Jake Harrington

Honors Program Theses

The psychology undergraduate degree is not linked to any specific occupation in the same sense as other degrees, such as accounting or education. The lack of a clear connection between the psychology degree and distinct employment opportunities can make it difficult for stakeholders, such as prospective students, their parents, and even faculty, to develop a clear understanding of which careers psychology students are prepared for after graduation. Until these stakeholders are given a framework to conceptualize the degree's benefits better, the psychology department may fail to optimize its recruitment of valuable young minds into its ranks; furthermore, prospective students may …


The Conceptual "New Cold War": A Comparative Analysis Of Great Power Competition, Annie Goodman Jan 2023

The Conceptual "New Cold War": A Comparative Analysis Of Great Power Competition, Annie Goodman

Honors Theses

The Cold War was a decades-long competition between the US and the Soviet Union marked mainly by an existential nuclear arms race, the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction, and the dire opposition of democracy and communism worldwide. Today, however, the concept of a ‘Cold War,’ a frozen conflict, has expanded to include other forms of competition, and perhaps even new conflicts based in a state’s desire for hegemonic power. In this project, I sought to perform a comparative, qualitative analysis of the US/Soviet Cold War and the ongoing competitions between the US and China to determine if the US/China conflict …


Here We Go Again? – Wcc´S Statement On Ukraine, Mio Kivelä Jan 2023

Here We Go Again? – Wcc´S Statement On Ukraine, Mio Kivelä

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The aim of this paper is to analyze the statement World Council of Churches, WCC, made on the war in Ukraine as well as the discussion related to the statement at the WCC´s 11th assembly in 2022. The statement and the discussion around it at the assembly will also open a wider perspective on ecumenical movements. One perspective will be to analyze whether the statement made on Ukraine repeats the problems made in previous ecumenical statements and comments around Second World War, WWII.


Christian Denominations On The Territory Of Ukraine In The First Half Of The 20th Century (1900-1939), Fedir Prodanyuk Jan 2023

Christian Denominations On The Territory Of Ukraine In The First Half Of The 20th Century (1900-1939), Fedir Prodanyuk

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The article examines the state of Christian denominations in the territory of Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century. It has been established that the Christian religion occupied an important place in the life of Ukrainian society. However, the period of prosperity and oppression simultaneously fell in the first 40 years of the 20th century. The confessional policy of the Soviet Union, which came to replace the tsarist authorities, gave a limited privileged position for some Christian churches while creating harsh conditions for other denominations. As a rule, these were Protestant movements, but the Orthodox Church also experienced …


Religious Issues In The Journal "Ukrainian Life" (1912-1917), Olga Polumysna, Mariia Bobro Jan 2023

Religious Issues In The Journal "Ukrainian Life" (1912-1917), Olga Polumysna, Mariia Bobro

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The article establishes that at the beginning of the 20th century, the journal Ukrainskaia Zhizn became a reliable and unbiased source of information about the social-political and religious life in Ukraine. The reports published in the journal make it possible to state that through the mediation of Russian priests, the authorities imposed the use of the Russian language while holding services in Ukrainian churches. Besides, it is ascertained that those priests who advocated the Ukrainian national idea, the spreading of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of life, who upheld the Ukrainian issue in various state institutions were humiliated and …


Analysis Of Letters From Representatives Of Religious Bible Student Groups (Badaczy Pisma Świętego) In Poland During The Nazi Occupation, Roman Orlovskii, Denys Shpak Jan 2023

Analysis Of Letters From Representatives Of Religious Bible Student Groups (Badaczy Pisma Świętego) In Poland During The Nazi Occupation, Roman Orlovskii, Denys Shpak

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The founder and leader of the International Bible Students movement was Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916), an eminent religious figure, the first president of the Watch Tower Society. After his death, the denomination he created split into a number of communities: Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as various groups of Bible Students who refused to recognize the authority of the Watch Tower Society under the rule of subsequent presidents. The followers of these groups, who recognized only the works of Charles Taze Russell, lived in different countries of the world, including in Poland. There are practically no scientific works devoted to the …


Hope Channel Ukraine As "The Spiritual Front": Mediatization Of Religion In The War Against Ukraine, Maksym Balaklytskyi Jan 2023

Hope Channel Ukraine As "The Spiritual Front": Mediatization Of Religion In The War Against Ukraine, Maksym Balaklytskyi

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

Hope Channel Ukraine (Nadiia TV in Ukrainian) claims to be “the first Christian TV channel in Ukraine.” During the Russian invasion of 2022, its main innovation was the “All-Ukrainian HOPE Marathon” program. It is a live program that is being aired from February 28 to June 22 in morning and evening blocks of one and a half hours. For the first months, the Marathon was broadcast daily without a day off. Since September, it has been aired twice a week under the title “Spiritual Front.” “All-Ukrainian HOPE Marathon ”became the largest live project of Hope Channel Ukraine during its conventional …


Brief Observation Of The General Trajectory Of Western Media Coverage Of The Religious Situation In Ukraine, Petro Livak, Daniil Palij Jan 2023

Brief Observation Of The General Trajectory Of Western Media Coverage Of The Religious Situation In Ukraine, Petro Livak, Daniil Palij

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

The article attempts to analyze the general trajectory of Western media coverage of the religious environment in Ukraine. Recently, the religious situation in Ukraine has become one of the strategic issues of national security, since it is relevant and important in the light of not only the religious, but also the political context of Ukraine. The study examines the journalistic activity of Western publications about the religious transformations of Ukraine from 2019 to 2023. This encompasses the intensity of the rapid confessional changes in Ukraine, the style of the journalistic text under study, the intensity of their media representation, and …


Social Media And Dermatology During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Analyzing User-Submitted Posts Seeking Dermatologic Advice On Reddit, Nader Aboul-Fettouh, Kevin P Lee, Natalie Kash, Kathleen Kroger, Sirunya Silapunt Jan 2023

Social Media And Dermatology During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Analyzing User-Submitted Posts Seeking Dermatologic Advice On Reddit, Nader Aboul-Fettouh, Kevin P Lee, Natalie Kash, Kathleen Kroger, Sirunya Silapunt

Student and Faculty Publications

INTRODUCTION: Reddit, a popular social media website, has numerous forums where users may discuss healthcare-related topics and request diagnostic and treatment advice for dermatologic conditions. We sought to analyze and grade user-submitted requests for dermatologic advice and their top responses on Reddit.

METHODS: User-submitted posts requesting diagnostic advice and their respective responses on two popular Reddit forums, SkinCareAddiction (ScA) and DermatologyQuestions (DQ), were reviewed by three board-certified dermatologists using a grading rubric designed for this study.

RESULTS: 300 posts and comments were reviewed. Diagnoses among all graders matched in 52.3% of posts with a mean grader confidence score of 4/5 …