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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Learning Life Skills Through English Materials: Integrating Life Skills In English Pedagogy, Laela Hikmah Nurbatra, Masyhud Masyhud, Hartono Hartono Dec 2022

Learning Life Skills Through English Materials: Integrating Life Skills In English Pedagogy, Laela Hikmah Nurbatra, Masyhud Masyhud, Hartono Hartono

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

John Dewey once said that “education is not an affair of ‘telling’ and being told, but an active and constructive process.” Accordingly, pedagogical processes should not simply be conducted by traditional lecturing, but rather, they should be constructive processes that gradually build the meaning-making process of the children through their active participation. Therefore, this paper aims to suggest materials that integrate English learning and LSE that are specifically designed for Indonesian children. As a follow-up project from the previous program, the current community service focuses on the implementation of life skills education (LSE) by integrating LSE with English learning in …


Foreword From Editor - 12th Edition, Yandi Andri Yatmo Dec 2022

Foreword From Editor - 12th Edition, Yandi Andri Yatmo

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

This edition of AJCE focuses on three main objectives of community engagements, running under the theme of literacy, creative innovation, and resilience. Covering these objectives, this edition consists of three research articles and five case-based articles written by authors from multi-nationalities. These authors' expertise spans across fields and industries, from communications, journalism, nursing, and economics; demonstrating various means of engaging with society informed by their respective backgrounds.


Twitter Sentiment Analysis: Applications In Healthcare And Finance, Jiali Wang Dec 2022

Twitter Sentiment Analysis: Applications In Healthcare And Finance, Jiali Wang

Dissertations

This research explores the influence of Twitter sentiment on healthcare and finance industries. It assesses how Twitter sentiment and culture measure influence COVID-19 statistics, and it investigates the impact of Twitter sentiment on S&P 1500 stock mispricing. Furthermore, it examines how tweet sentiment predicts major industry returns.

The first part examines how Hofstede’s Culture Dimensions (HCD) and Twitter economic uncertainty index (TEU) relate to COVID-19 infection rate and death rate. The results show certain aspects in HCD, such as power distance index (PDI) and masculinity (MAS) both are negatively and significantly associated with the infection rate, while indulgence (IVR) and …


The Future Of The Urban Street In The United States: Visions Of Alternative Mobilities In The Twenty-First Century, Esther Zipori Dec 2022

The Future Of The Urban Street In The United States: Visions Of Alternative Mobilities In The Twenty-First Century, Esther Zipori

Dissertations

This dissertation is concerned with the present and future of urban streets in the United States. The goal is to document and analyze current visions, policies, and strategies related to the form and use of American urban streets. The dissertation examines current mobility trends and offers a framework for organizing visions of the future of urban streets, evaluating them through three lenses: safety, comfort, and delight: assessing physical conditions in accordance with livability standards toward sustainable development. At the same time, it demonstrates the way 12 scenarios (NACTO Blueprint for Autonomous Urbanism, Sidewalk Labs: Quayside Project, Public Square by FXCollaborative, …


Digitalcommons@Cedarville Statistical Report For December 2022, Cedarville University Dec 2022

Digitalcommons@Cedarville Statistical Report For December 2022, Cedarville University

DigitalCommons@Cedarville Monthly Reports

No abstract provided.


Voices, Stories And Experiences Of Black Women: Informing The Establishment Of A Trenton-Based Maternal And Infant Health Innovation And Research Center, Tirzah R. Spencer Phd, Mph, Barbara George Johnson Mph, J.D., Consuelo Bonillas Dec 2022

Voices, Stories And Experiences Of Black Women: Informing The Establishment Of A Trenton-Based Maternal And Infant Health Innovation And Research Center, Tirzah R. Spencer Phd, Mph, Barbara George Johnson Mph, J.D., Consuelo Bonillas

Center for Health Policy Development

The establishment of a Maternal and Infant Health Innovation and Research Center is one of nine recommendations outlined by the 2021 Nurture NJ Strategic Plan to reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity and ensure equity in care and in outcomes for mothers and infants of all ethnic groups. The purpose of this environmental scan is to provide input for the design of a Maternal and Infant Health Innovation and Research Center within Trenton.

Building on the Nurture NJ Initiative, this project is a deeper dive in its focus on Black and Latina women living in Trenton and surrounding areas. …


Populist Nationalism In The Age Of Trump, Vernon D. Johnson, Chelsee Autry Dec 2022

Populist Nationalism In The Age Of Trump, Vernon D. Johnson, Chelsee Autry

Political Science Faculty Publications

This paper builds upon the arguments advanced by Johnson and Frombgen in “Race and the Emergence of Populist Nationalism in the United States” (2009). Johnson and Frombgen made three central arguments: that the US is two nations, not one; that racial attitudes are central to each national identity, and that social movements of a populist character have critically shaped each national identity. They then offered a typology of left and right national identities, each of which had been shaped by populist social movements. This paper seeks to revisit the two nations thesis in the era of Donald Trump on the …


Rehabilitation Of Acute And Chronic Ankle Sprain For Male Cricketers Through Mixedbag (Hydrotherapy And Land-Based) Exercises, Sajjad Ali Gill, Tanveer Akhtar, Muhammad Islam, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani, Hira Shahid, Sajjad Yasin, Muhammad Tahir Waseem Dec 2022

Rehabilitation Of Acute And Chronic Ankle Sprain For Male Cricketers Through Mixedbag (Hydrotherapy And Land-Based) Exercises, Sajjad Ali Gill, Tanveer Akhtar, Muhammad Islam, Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani, Hira Shahid, Sajjad Yasin, Muhammad Tahir Waseem

Journal of Bioresource Management

Ninety-five amateur cricketers of age, 15-35 years with confirmed acute or chronic ankle sprain, selected from four different cities of the Punjab, Pakistan were evaluated through Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Single Leg Balance test (SLB) and subject to a set of progressively increasing exercises on ground and in water as well known as MixedBag rehab exercises which consisted of Hydro, Isometric, Isotonic and proprioception protocols. Another group of same level cricketer (n = 40) served as control. Comparisons of pre and post-exercise values showed significant increase (p < 0.001) in Lateral direction reach and Posteromedial direction while the rest of the six directions showed non-significant results. MixedBag Rehab Group showed an overall improvement of 14.3 % and 9.2 % with an increase (cm) of 9.6 and 6.3 for the non-injured and injured leg respectively. However, the range of improvement in percentage for all eight directions lies between 5.5-6.3 and 7.7-11.8 for the non-injured and injured leg, respectively. Similarly, the difference between pre and post-exercise difference of two positions of non-injured leg and injured leg in seconds were 2.9, 12.1 and 4.1, 27.7. The results indicated that MixedBag exercises improved isometric and isotonic muscular strength, proprioception and stability that ultimately helped to recover, regaining strength and reinstall proprioception. After completing the MixedBag Rehab plan, the subjects were followed for four months to check the recurrence and it was found that the recurrence of Control Injured Group and MixedBag Rehab Group was 17.5 % and 7.5 %, respectively.


Cedarville Vs. Tiffin, Cedarville University Dec 2022

Cedarville Vs. Tiffin, Cedarville University

Men's Basketball Programs

No abstract provided.


The Narration Of Religion On Television, Reconstruction Of Meaning And Diversity, Benni Setiawan Dec 2022

The Narration Of Religion On Television, Reconstruction Of Meaning And Diversity, Benni Setiawan

Informasi

This paper aims to construct the diversity reality of the society that has been presented in the media reality of television. Television presents symbols that need to be interpreted critically. When humans perform critical interpretation consciously, the meaning of diversity will be comprehensively grasped. On the contrary, when television shows cannot be interpreted in a mature frame of mind, it will become a serious problem for society. One of the serious issues deals with the abundant religious shows in the month of Ramadan. Religious television programs are part of religion commodification. Religion became a cheap trade. Ironically, many people enjoyed …


Social Media, Mass Mobilization And National Development In Nigeria: Lessons From The #Endsars Protest, Eno-Obong Blaise Akpan, Tordue Simon Targema Dec 2022

Social Media, Mass Mobilization And National Development In Nigeria: Lessons From The #Endsars Protest, Eno-Obong Blaise Akpan, Tordue Simon Targema

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

This study explored the potential of social media for effective mass mobilization and community engagement to attain national development in Nigeria. Premised on the fact that social media have become popular platforms attracting millions of subscribers, the study examined how the opportunities they offer could be harnessed and purposefully deployed to galvanize the citizens to pursue national development causes. This was done against the backdrop of the technological determinism theory that provides the framework for investigating the indispensable role which technology plays in the advancement of a nation’s socio-economic development. The secondary research approach was adopted to carry out the …


Massachusetts Community Mediation Center Grant Program: Fiscal Year 2022 Report & Evaluation, Madhawa Palihapitiya Dec 2022

Massachusetts Community Mediation Center Grant Program: Fiscal Year 2022 Report & Evaluation, Madhawa Palihapitiya

Massachusetts Office of Public Collaboration Publications

The FY2022 evaluation report prepared by MOPC for the tenth year of the Grant Program operations confirms that the state’s FY2022 appropriation of $2.7 million[1]continued to strengthen community mediation center operations statewide, expanded public awareness and utilization of community mediation, and maintained critical public programs focused on housing stability, youth empowerment, reducing recidivism and building capacity for diversity, equity and inclusion for center practices and services, while producing significant social and economic impacts, including a $22.1 million return on the state’s investment in cost-savings and leveraged resources. This impact demonstrates the public value and cost-effectiveness of this local …


The Function Of A Nail: An Archaeological Examination Of Three 18th- And 19th-Century Eastern Pequot Reservation Homes In Southeastern Connecticut, Salvatore A. Ciccone Dec 2022

The Function Of A Nail: An Archaeological Examination Of Three 18th- And 19th-Century Eastern Pequot Reservation Homes In Southeastern Connecticut, Salvatore A. Ciccone

Graduate Masters Theses

This thesis examines three indigenous households excavated on the Eastern Pequot reservation in North Stonington, Connecticut. Architectural artifact and spatial analyses, combined with historical documents, are utilized to understand reservation building practices of Native Americans navigating colonialism in the 18th and 19th century. The homes are small in design with at least one window and one stone chimney each. They all possessed cellars, but not all are stone-lined. Nails and window glass serve as the primary architectural artifact classes in this work, with an emphasis on their manufacture and modification. Examining nail and glass type, quantity, modification, and spatial patterns …


How Do Cooperatives Enable Empowerment Among Rural Women? Evidence From The Municipality Of Cavinti, Laguna, Maria Theresa M. Castro-Bernardo, Liezel S. Cruz Dec 2022

How Do Cooperatives Enable Empowerment Among Rural Women? Evidence From The Municipality Of Cavinti, Laguna, Maria Theresa M. Castro-Bernardo, Liezel S. Cruz

Journal of Economics, Management and Agricultural Development

The persistent gender issues and their implications for sustainable development have led to several strategic yet collective schemes, such as the cooperatives, promising to contribute to (women) empowerment and social equality. Guided by Kabeer’s conceptual framework, this study analyzes the role of cooperative membership in promoting empowerment among its female coop-members in Cavinti, Laguna. Primary and secondary sources of data were used and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The result indicates that cooperatives play a critical role in empowering women by providing new and/or improved knowledge and skills through capacity-building training necessary to make informed decisions, thus strengthening …


Connecting The Dots: Immigration Policy And Access To Higher Education For Refugees In France, Isabella Amaro Varas Dec 2022

Connecting The Dots: Immigration Policy And Access To Higher Education For Refugees In France, Isabella Amaro Varas

CISLA Senior Integrative Projects

Since 2016, the increasing number of refugees in Europe accelerated the development of national and regional policies to determine their rights and access to resources. Against this backdrop, the strong politicization of migration, and the recent financial crises, refugees' access to welfare has “become a key area of concern across European democracies” (Lafleur et al. 2020). Considering public education programs as a pillar of social policy agendas in this region, this study examines French policy in order to answer the following questions: How do French immigration and education policies converge to determine refugees’ access to higher education in France? What …


Cedarville Vs. Saginaw Valley State, Cedarville University Dec 2022

Cedarville Vs. Saginaw Valley State, Cedarville University

Women's Basketball Programs

No abstract provided.


Market Analysis And Positioning Of Processed Halal Chevon Food Products, Jalaloden B. Marohom, Ivy Mar B. Cabornida Dec 2022

Market Analysis And Positioning Of Processed Halal Chevon Food Products, Jalaloden B. Marohom, Ivy Mar B. Cabornida

Journal of Economics, Management and Agricultural Development

Halal has gained popularity as a result of consumer concerns about food safety and ethical issues. Chevon is an important source of protein. However, no halal chevon products are commercially produced. Hence, the study aimed to develop positioning strategies to commercialize the products. A survey was undertaken of 400 potential consumers in the Philippines. The majority of the respondents were willing to buy halal food products. Descriptive statistics were applied, and findings revealed that products were generally acceptable. Potential consumers prefer it in wide assortment, in proper packaging, has informative labels, and easy to locate. However, their preference is significantly …


Ex-Ante Cost-Benefit Analysis Of High-End And Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network (Wsn) Technology Packages For Efficient Irrigation Water Management In The Philippines, Marielle Q. Aringo, Victor B. Ella, Camille G. Martinez, Gamiello S. Pereira Dec 2022

Ex-Ante Cost-Benefit Analysis Of High-End And Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network (Wsn) Technology Packages For Efficient Irrigation Water Management In The Philippines, Marielle Q. Aringo, Victor B. Ella, Camille G. Martinez, Gamiello S. Pereira

Journal of Economics, Management and Agricultural Development

Four wireless sensor network (WSN) technology packages developed for efficient irrigation water management in the Philippines were subjected to ex-ante cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to assess their financial viability. The WSN technologies include high-end and low-cost wireless sensors for upland crop production with drip irrigation system and lowland crop production with alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Results showed that the high-end WSN technology packages are only viable for high-value crops such as red onion, bell pepper, and hot pepper. The low-cost WSN technology packages are viable for all selected crops except sweet corn. Minimum areas were also generated for each crop …


Preferences Of Coffee Farmers For Attributes Of Selected Coffee Technologies In The Philippines, Jayson S. Cabral, Dia Noelle F. Velasco, Mar B. Cruz, Nohreen Ethel P. Manipol, Hannah D. Miranda-Quibot Dec 2022

Preferences Of Coffee Farmers For Attributes Of Selected Coffee Technologies In The Philippines, Jayson S. Cabral, Dia Noelle F. Velasco, Mar B. Cruz, Nohreen Ethel P. Manipol, Hannah D. Miranda-Quibot

Journal of Economics, Management and Agricultural Development

This paper looked into the preferences of 151 coffee farmers for the attributes of selected coffee technologies. The study was done to help guide technology developers in crafting post harvest processing facilities for coffee which their target market will need which can lead to a higher probability of commercialization of new coffee technologies. The study examined the preferences for attributes for coffee dryers, moisture meters, coffee depulpers, and coffee sorters using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework. The results revealed that the quality of the final product is the top priority for coffee farmers when choosing a coffee dryer. Non-destructiveness …


Pollution Emissions And Economic Growth In Asia Through The Lens Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Brian Jason H. Ponce, Yolanda T. Garcia, Gideon P. Carnaje, Agham C. Cuevas Dec 2022

Pollution Emissions And Economic Growth In Asia Through The Lens Of The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Brian Jason H. Ponce, Yolanda T. Garcia, Gideon P. Carnaje, Agham C. Cuevas

Journal of Economics, Management and Agricultural Development

The nonlinear relationship of pollution emissions with economic growth alongside energy consumption variables was examined to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using a panel sample comprising 34 Asian economies from 2001 to 2013. Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag models in the forms of Pooled Mean Group and Mean Group models were estimated and tested against one another using the Hausman test. For robustness checks, the same econometric techniques were applied to disaggregated panel groups based on income classifications. The study reveals that, while the EKC hypothesis holds in Asia, the findings were not robust across the disaggregated panel groups. …


Difference On The Level Of Customer Satisfaction Among Private Senior High School Students In Calabarzon Before And After Putting A Price Discount Label On Binahiga’S Packaging, Josiah Keil S. Dinglasan, Max Alessandra B. Perez, Jhon Aerol E. Latina, Jean A. Mendoza Dec 2022

Difference On The Level Of Customer Satisfaction Among Private Senior High School Students In Calabarzon Before And After Putting A Price Discount Label On Binahiga’S Packaging, Josiah Keil S. Dinglasan, Max Alessandra B. Perez, Jhon Aerol E. Latina, Jean A. Mendoza

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

In this research study, implementation of price discount labels as a marketing strategy was assessed to identify the difference it makes to the level of customer satisfaction on the product Binahiga. The study aimed to address the identified research problem about the starting profitability of SEAty Co. An embedded design, covering a pre-test, an intervention, and a post-test, was conducted on a population of senior high school students. The respondents of the study were chosen through random sampling from a population. In the data analysis, quantitative data were analyzed through both descriptive and inferential analysis; mean and paired t-tests were …


From Safety To Source Domination And Diversity Content: Media Challenges In The Pandemic Era, Erwin Kartinawati Dec 2022

From Safety To Source Domination And Diversity Content: Media Challenges In The Pandemic Era, Erwin Kartinawati

Informasi

All sectors of human life have been affected by the Covid-19 virus, including the media industry. There have been many changes in the media organization. The patterns that have become standard have completely changed due to the pandemic. The media face many challenges because of that. Those are the risk to the safety of workers, the loss of several types of jobs, the dominance of information sources, and threats to the diversity of information that the public can receive. Those were the results of this study. That results were obtained by a research process carried out from May to mid-December …


Editorial Policy Of Kedaulatan Rakyat, Tribun Jogja, And Harian Jogja In Reporting Regional Management By Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Gilang Jiwana Adikara Dec 2022

Editorial Policy Of Kedaulatan Rakyat, Tribun Jogja, And Harian Jogja In Reporting Regional Management By Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Gilang Jiwana Adikara

Informasi

The Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is an anomaly in a democratic country. The position of regional head in this province is held by the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate which adheres to a monarchical system so that regional management experiences various obstacles, such as internal palace conflicts or allegations of maladministration. As mass media whose freedom is regulated by law, the three mass media in DIY also have to deal with a unique local government system. This study discusses the editorial policies of three local media in Yogyakarta: Kedaulatan Rakyat, Tribun Jogja, and Harian Jogja regarding the DIY government …


Revealing Intercultural And Interfaith Communication In Manado Which Has A Thousand Churches As A City Of Tolerance, Yanti Dwi Astuti, Mohammad Zamroni, Siantari Rihartono Dec 2022

Revealing Intercultural And Interfaith Communication In Manado Which Has A Thousand Churches As A City Of Tolerance, Yanti Dwi Astuti, Mohammad Zamroni, Siantari Rihartono

Informasi

Indonesia is prone to violence with religious motives that could threaten the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. Various conflicts with cultural and religious motives not only cause loss of property, but also human life. This research tries to map the intercultural and religious communication model in the city of Manado by using the theory of intercultural communication and symbolic interaction. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through FGD, in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the study found that the creation of harmony between religious communities is a sense of tolerance for the …


The Influence Of The Use Of Website-Based Learning Media On Engineering Drawing Materials, Tuti Suartini, Aan Sukandar, Fikran Fauzul Zadi, Anggraili Salsabila Fikadinda, Wahid Maulana Dec 2022

The Influence Of The Use Of Website-Based Learning Media On Engineering Drawing Materials, Tuti Suartini, Aan Sukandar, Fikran Fauzul Zadi, Anggraili Salsabila Fikadinda, Wahid Maulana

Informasi

The era of digitalization actually offers various conveniences. Learning can be done through various methods, not only conventional methods. The widespread use of the internet network must be utilized optimally in various fields. So that digital technology is very functional today to do online learning. The influence of the production of learning media with website-based technology on responses to the learning activities of the Engineering Drawing course, Mechanical Engineering Education Department. Learning media used through the web aims to be used as alternative teaching materials in the learning process in the hybrid learning era. The technology used allows users to …


Disembodied Behavior And Communication Effectiveness In Learning Activity During The Covid-19 Pandemic Era, Suwatno Suwatno, A. Adman, Hady Siti Hadijah, Fahmi Jahidah Islamy, Aeng Muhidin Dec 2022

Disembodied Behavior And Communication Effectiveness In Learning Activity During The Covid-19 Pandemic Era, Suwatno Suwatno, A. Adman, Hady Siti Hadijah, Fahmi Jahidah Islamy, Aeng Muhidin

Informasi

Currently, Corona is a hot topic of discussion. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), better known as the coronavirus, is a new type of coronavirus that causes infectious diseases in humans. The online learning system (on the network) is the answer for universities to continue to carry out academic activities. Online learning is a learning system without face-to-face directly between lecturers and students but is done virtually. Lecturers must ensure that teaching and learning activities continue while students are at home. The solution is that lecturers must be able to design learning activities as innovations by utilizing online media …


Tanoker Community As A Counter Culture Movement To Communicate Traditional Games In Ledokombo Jember Indonesia, Juariyah Juariyah, Putri Robiatul Adawiyah Dec 2022

Tanoker Community As A Counter Culture Movement To Communicate Traditional Games In Ledokombo Jember Indonesia, Juariyah Juariyah, Putri Robiatul Adawiyah

Informasi

Tanoker is one of the traditional games in Indonesia which is one of the cultural heritages whose existence must be protected and preserved. The Tanoker community has begun to actively promote this traditional game to be introduced to the community. The purpose of this study is to examine the Tanoker community in their efforts to prevent the negative impact of online gaming culture through traditional games. This type of research using in this study is a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods was used in this study as well as by analyzing the text and interview results. The results showed that …


Dramaturgy Analysis In Self-Presentation Of Smokers, Novi Andayani Praptiningsih, Sarah Handayani, Vilya Dwi Agustini Dec 2022

Dramaturgy Analysis In Self-Presentation Of Smokers, Novi Andayani Praptiningsih, Sarah Handayani, Vilya Dwi Agustini

Informasi

The purpose of this study was to find out how dramaturgy is in the self-presentation of smokers. The research method uses a qualitative with an interpretive approach. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, observations, FGDs, and literature studies. Miles & Huberman interactive model data analysis technique. The results showed that smokers among teenagers almost entirely did dramaturgy where there was a difference in smoking behavior on the front stage and back stage. Smokers apply Goffman's self-presentation, for example on the back stage they smoke, but on the front stage when dealing with teachers/parents/leaders/employers/lover - they do not smoke. The self-presentation …


The Presumption Of Innocence: Interpretation And Application In Online Journalism, Dicky Wahyudi, Anang Sujoko, Zainal Amin Ayub Dec 2022

The Presumption Of Innocence: Interpretation And Application In Online Journalism, Dicky Wahyudi, Anang Sujoko, Zainal Amin Ayub

Informasi

Implementation of the Presumption of Innocence by journalists has implications for the occurrence of trial by the press and potentially impacts social disharmony. This study aims to explain the interpretation of the presumption of innocence in journalism, and the understanding and application of the presumption of innocence by online media journalists. This research uses qualitative methods by utilizing two data collection techniques. Firstly, documentation that collects some related research about the Journalistic Codes of Ethics of the Press Council, PWI and AJI. Secondly, in-depth interviews with four online media journalists. The result shows that the literal interpretation of the presumption …


The End Of Print Media?, Benni Setiawan Dec 2022

The End Of Print Media?, Benni Setiawan

Informasi

The publication end of print media certainly remains some serious problems. First, the termination of employment for media workers. The layoff may target the workers who operate machines and or workers at the circulation section. The publication end of Republika print media has caused more than 200 people out of work. Of course, this is not a small number. In fact, the laid-off workers should hold and fulfill their family life needs. This means that there will be an extraordinary upheaval for media workers when the print newspaper edition closes. Second, the end of newspaper print editions causes many newspaper …