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Articles 48121 - 48150 of 713438

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Researching The Legal Culture Of The Bureaucracy: An Introduction To Ethnographic Study Of Procedural Criminal Law (Meneliti Budaya Hukum Aparat: Sebuah Pengantar Tentang Etnografi Dalam Studi Hukum Acara Pidana), Fachrizal Afandi Mar 2022

Researching The Legal Culture Of The Bureaucracy: An Introduction To Ethnographic Study Of Procedural Criminal Law (Meneliti Budaya Hukum Aparat: Sebuah Pengantar Tentang Etnografi Dalam Studi Hukum Acara Pidana), Fachrizal Afandi

The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies

This article presents the development of ethnographic research to understand the culture and performance of criminal justice actors (i.e. police, prosecutors, judges, probation officers). This article begins by outlining the lack of socio-legal research in Indonesian criminal justice research, which results in a scarcity of academic contributions to criminal justice reform. This article then provides an introduction to how the socio-legal approach influences criminal law research and how the ethnographic approach contributes to the study of criminal justice. Before the final section of this article, I discuss the challenges of conducting ethnographic research and suggestions based on my experience as …

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Understanding Institutional Life-Cycle And Sustainability Of Co-Operative Model: A Case Study Of Campco, India, Amalendu Jyotishi, Deepika M.G. Mar 2022

Understanding Institutional Life-Cycle And Sustainability Of Co-Operative Model: A Case Study Of Campco, India, Amalendu Jyotishi, Deepika M.G.

The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies

Co-operative movement in India has a long-standing contribution in the growth of business, agriculture and allied activities. One such cooperative movement in India is the Central Arecanut and Cocoa Marketing and Processing Co-operative Limited (CAMPCO) which was initiated with a joint cooperation between the states of Karnataka and Kerala to create an organized market structure for the two plantation crops namely Arecanut and Cocoa in the backdrop of falling market price of these crops. CAMPCO is an interesting co-operative movement, worth investigating in terms of its evolution, challenges, growth and diversification. The paper tries to examine the factors responsible for …

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Editorial Foreword Ijsls Volume 1 Number 2, Sulistyowati Irianto Mar 2022

Editorial Foreword Ijsls Volume 1 Number 2, Sulistyowati Irianto

The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies

No abstract provided.

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Artificial Intelligence And Chatbots In Psychiatry, Kay T Pham, Amir Nabizadeh, Salih Selek Mar 2022

Artificial Intelligence And Chatbots In Psychiatry, Kay T Pham, Amir Nabizadeh, Salih Selek

Student and Faculty Publications

The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in psychiatry has risen over the past several years to meet the growing need for improved access to mental health solutions. Additionally, shortages of mental health providers during the COVID-19 pandemic have continued to exacerbate the burden of mental illness worldwide. AI applications already in existence include those enabled to assist with psychiatric diagnoses, symptom tracking, disease course prediction, and psychoeducation. Modalities of AI mental health care delivery include availability through the internet, smartphone applications, and digital gaming. Here we review emerging AI-based interventions in the form of chat and therapy bots, specifically conversational …

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Teacher Perception Of Implicit Mindset And Its Influence On Math Instruction In Elementary Classrooms, Danielle E. Tamke Mar 2022

Teacher Perception Of Implicit Mindset And Its Influence On Math Instruction In Elementary Classrooms, Danielle E. Tamke

Education Doctorate Dissertations

Math achievement is frequently measured by various assessments. These assessments are then used to determine student and school success, often leading to high stakes decision making. Therefore, it is important to understand ways in which educators can improve student math achievement. Students with a growth mindset, as defined by Dweck (2006), exhibit higher math achievement than students with fixed mindsets. Additionally, teaching practices predict and influence the development of student mindsets. Therefore, one way to improve student math achievement may be through understanding the impact, as well as proper and consistent implementation of growth mindset instructional practices. This qualitative phenomenological …

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Ethical Ai Development: Evidence From Ai Startups, James Bessen, Stephen Michael Impink, Lydia Reichensperger, Robert Seamans Mar 2022

Ethical Ai Development: Evidence From Ai Startups, James Bessen, Stephen Michael Impink, Lydia Reichensperger, Robert Seamans

Faculty Scholarship

Artificial Intelligence startups use training data as direct inputs in product development. These firms must balance numerous trade-offs between ethical issues and data access without substantive guidance from regulators or existing judicial precedence. We survey these startups to determine what actions they have taken to address these ethical issues and the consequences of those actions. We find that 58% of these startups have established a set of AI principles. Startups with data-sharing relationships with high-technology firms; that were impacted by privacy regulations; or with prior (non-seed) funding from institutional investors are more likely to establish ethical AI principles. Lastly, startups …

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A Proposed Governance Model For The Adoption Of Geoparks In Australia, Alan Briggs, David Newsome, Ross Dowling Mar 2022

A Proposed Governance Model For The Adoption Of Geoparks In Australia, Alan Briggs, David Newsome, Ross Dowling

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: Good governance is crucial in establishing and managing geoparks and is a requirement by UNESCO if global status is to be achieved. Australia has three levels of government, government agencies and not for profit organisations that can assist in the reintroduction of geoparks to Australia. This paper examines a range of governance models used by UNESCO Global Geoparks. Design/methodology/approach: This paper explores mechanisms that could be applied in the reintroduction of geoparks into Australia and considers how future geoparks might be managed. The suggested model is based on a review of existing UNESCO Global Geopark governance and their management …

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Body Gaze As A Marker Of Sexual Objectification: A New Scale For Pervasive Gaze And Gaze Provocation Behaviors In Heterosexual Women And Men, Ross C. Hollett, Shane L. Rogers, Prudence Florido, Belinda Mosdell Mar 2022

Body Gaze As A Marker Of Sexual Objectification: A New Scale For Pervasive Gaze And Gaze Provocation Behaviors In Heterosexual Women And Men, Ross C. Hollett, Shane L. Rogers, Prudence Florido, Belinda Mosdell

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Body gaze behavior is assumed to be a key feature of sexual objectification. However, there are few self-report gaze measures available and none capturing behavior which seeks to invite body gaze from others. Across two studies, we used existing self-report instruments and measurement of eye movements to validate a new self-report scale to measure pervasive body gaze behavior and body gaze provocation behavior in heterosexual women and men. In Study 1, participants (N = 1021) completed a survey with newly created items related to pervasive body gaze and body gaze provocation behavior. Participants also completed preexisting measures of body attitudes, …

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Developing A Food And Beverage Corporate Sustainability Performance Structure In Indonesia: Enhancing The Leadership Role And Tenet Value From An Ethical Perspective, Tat Dat Bui, Hania Aminah, Ching Hsin Wang, Ming Lang Tseng, Mohammad Iranmanesh, Ming K. Lim Mar 2022

Developing A Food And Beverage Corporate Sustainability Performance Structure In Indonesia: Enhancing The Leadership Role And Tenet Value From An Ethical Perspective, Tat Dat Bui, Hania Aminah, Ching Hsin Wang, Ming Lang Tseng, Mohammad Iranmanesh, Ming K. Lim

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The food and beverage industry is the second largest contributor to Indonesia’s economy; however, most industry firms significantly, and negatively, impact ecological and economic performance, and corporate sustainability performance is considered an area that can be significantly improved. This study aims to measure the causal interrelationships among the hierarchical attributes, as well as the decisive attributes that force successful corporate sustainability. Further, there are also other factors that have a negative impact, such as poor social justice and firms’ responsibilities and identities. Hence, emphasizing the ethics role to ensure a better sustainable performance in addition to focusing on the traditional …

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How Do Ethical Consumers Utilize Sharing Economy Platforms As Part Of Their Sustainable Resale Behavior? The Role Of Consumers’ Green Consumption Values, Teck Ming Tan, Hannu Makkonen, Puneet Kaur, Jari Salo Mar 2022

How Do Ethical Consumers Utilize Sharing Economy Platforms As Part Of Their Sustainable Resale Behavior? The Role Of Consumers’ Green Consumption Values, Teck Ming Tan, Hannu Makkonen, Puneet Kaur, Jari Salo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Past research has extensively studied the antecedents and consequences of consumers’ green consumption values, as well as the psychological mechanisms that underlie an ethical consumer. Yet a frustrating paradox remains, indicated by the consumers’ intention–behavior gap for their sustainable behavior. To address this gap, the present study focuses on the consumption values that lead to using a sharing economy platform. Our study draws on the theory of consumption values and altruistic–egoistic values, as well as spillover effect psychology, to examine associations between context-specific values, green consumption values, and sustainable resale behavior. By collaborating with a Nordic second-hand peer-to-peer platform brand, …

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The Eu-China Comprehensive Agreement On Investment: Between Strategic Opportunity And Strategic Autonomy, Henry S. Gao Mar 2022

The Eu-China Comprehensive Agreement On Investment: Between Strategic Opportunity And Strategic Autonomy, Henry S. Gao

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

This article provides a critical analysis of the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), which was concluded in principle by the EU and China on 30 December 2020. It was hailed as “the most ambitious agreement that China has ever concluded with a third country” by the EU, and a “high-level” agreement that matches “international high-level economic and trade rules” by China. Upon a closer examination, however, such rhetoric does not appear to be warranted as the Agreement failed to add much in terms of substance. What, then, explains the rationale between the Agreement? This article argues that the key …

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Revisiting Remedies And The Legality-Merits Distinction In Singapore Administrative Law: Cbb V Law Society Of Singapore [2021] Sgca 6, Kenny Chng, Wen Qi Andrea Soon Mar 2022

Revisiting Remedies And The Legality-Merits Distinction In Singapore Administrative Law: Cbb V Law Society Of Singapore [2021] Sgca 6, Kenny Chng, Wen Qi Andrea Soon

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

It is a general principle of administrative law that the courts will not compel a decision-maker to perform a public duty in a particular manner by way of a mandatory order. Notably, in CBB v Law Society of Singapore [2021] SGCA 6, the Singapore Court of Appeal accepted that an exception could be made to this general principle where there was only one reasonable way to perform the public duty in question. Beyond the decision’s obvious ramifications for the law relating to public law remedies in Singapore, this note argues that the Court of Appeal’s reasoning bears significant implications for …

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Sensing Brownness: On Racialization, Perception, And Method, Amber Jamilla Musser Mar 2022

Sensing Brownness: On Racialization, Perception, And Method, Amber Jamilla Musser

Publications and Research

Maureen Catbagan’s Dark Matter (2020) photography series invites us into sensing brownness. In these images of museum passages and stairwells, silhouettes of museum guards, and evocative shadows, Catbagan presents the landscape of the museum. However, this may not be immediately recognizable because the photographs draw focus to the parts of museums to which we rarely pay attention. In particular, Catbagan’s attention to the presence of guards allows us to perceive dynamics of racialized and gendered labor and laborers who, in an echo of their architectural focus on minor, peripheral spaces and shadows, hover between the underrecognized and oft-neglected, thereby allowing …

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Examining The Effects Of A Bike And E-Bike Lending Program On Commuting Behavior, Dillon T. Fitch, Zeyu Gao, Lucy Noble, Terry Mac Mar 2022

Examining The Effects Of A Bike And E-Bike Lending Program On Commuting Behavior, Dillon T. Fitch, Zeyu Gao, Lucy Noble, Terry Mac

Mineta Transportation Institute

In 2015, Google added a new transportation demand management (TDM) program to increase bike commuting to their two main campuses in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, California. An initial survey of employees indicated that bike ownership and worry about maintenance were primary bicycling barriers. With this information, Google began a program that loaned high-quality electric-assisted and conventional bicycles for a period of six months at no cost to interested employees. This research evaluates the effectiveness of the program at changing travel behavior to the corporate campuses by using self-reported and smartphone-integrated travel data. The lending program at Google represents one of, …

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Congestion Costs And Scheduling Preferences Of Car Commuters In California: Estimates Using Big Data, Jinwon Kim, Jucheol Moon Mar 2022

Congestion Costs And Scheduling Preferences Of Car Commuters In California: Estimates Using Big Data, Jinwon Kim, Jucheol Moon

Mineta Transportation Institute

On average, California car commuters waste 4–5 minutes per morning commute due to congestion. Multiplied across all California car commuters, those few minutes entail a yearly total of approximately 2.3 billion hours of time wasted, costing 6 billion dollars. The objective of this study is to quantify congestion costs and determine how commuters adapt to the level of congestion they face (i.e., commuters’ scheduling utility functions). To that end, this research developed a model of trip scheduling under congestion to construct California commuters’ travel-time profiles, i.e., the menu of travel times that each individual would likely face according to alternate …

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“It Is Not Out There, And It’S In Here”: The Challengingand Duality Perspective Of Teaching Gender In Journalism And Media Studies In Private Universities, Fitria Angeliqa, Lestari Nurhajati Mar 2022

“It Is Not Out There, And It’S In Here”: The Challengingand Duality Perspective Of Teaching Gender In Journalism And Media Studies In Private Universities, Fitria Angeliqa, Lestari Nurhajati

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This study aimed to determine challenges of teaching gender in journalism and media studies courses on various campuses in Jakarta, Indonesia. The ‘otherness’ is still ghosting the lecturer, where the duality is a must to create comprehension on gender topics. It is essential because teaching the gender issue in communication study programs in Indonesia does not reflect a lot on women’s experiences. The theory of gender pedagogy is the basis of this study. Meanwhile, the duality perspective serves as its framework. Gender pedagogy is not just a tool, strategy, or practical technique for understanding gender teaching in education. Teaching gender …

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Policy Directives And Problem Mapping:Systematic Literature Review Ofpublic Service Media Policy Studies, Rahayu Rahayu, Agne Yasa, Tri Kurnia Revul Andina, Mira Ardhya Paramastri Mar 2022

Policy Directives And Problem Mapping:Systematic Literature Review Ofpublic Service Media Policy Studies, Rahayu Rahayu, Agne Yasa, Tri Kurnia Revul Andina, Mira Ardhya Paramastri

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This article aimed to map the themes of Public Service Media (PSM) studies, definitions, competition of interests, positions, and policy directives. Changes in the digital media sector have changed the characteristic of Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) into those of PSM. This change in character has led to a polemic on the relevance of PSB’s role and debates over media policies and regulations in a number of countries. Through a systematic study of literature, this research examined 62 journal articles related to media public service policies from 2003 to 2011. The search and selection of articles adapted the stages of the …

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The Ultimate Traditional Wedding Ceremony:Accommodating Generation Gap Of Javanese Familyin Celebrating Nostalgic Moment, Bhernadetta Pravita Wahyuningtyas, Donna Asteria, Sunarto Sunarto Mar 2022

The Ultimate Traditional Wedding Ceremony:Accommodating Generation Gap Of Javanese Familyin Celebrating Nostalgic Moment, Bhernadetta Pravita Wahyuningtyas, Donna Asteria, Sunarto Sunarto

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

Traditional wedding ceremony legacy helps people to understand their own history, traditions and family better. Marriage is considered as one of the important stages in human life, for a new family will be formed as the next generation in the family. It is also necessary to hold a traditional wedding ceremony since it is the very first beginning to entering the next level of the life cycles for Javanese people. Traditional wedding ceremony is still popular over generations whilst it actually lives and remains amongst the society and becomes valuable cultural experience for the people. People not only celebrate the …

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Hoax And Paradox Of Digital Public Sphere, Wisnu Prasetya Utomo Mar 2022

Hoax And Paradox Of Digital Public Sphere, Wisnu Prasetya Utomo

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

Along with technological development, social media have brought various problems which have not been thought of before. Various public conversations are mediated in a space which initially was idealised as an equal and free space. However, multiple indicators indicate that the digital public sphere is vulnerable to hoaxes and fake news. This essay discusses the rise of hoax spreading groups in Indonesia and applied several cases to look back at the public sphere concept in the digital era. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, media sosial telah membawa berbagai masalah yang belum terpikirkan sebelumnya. Berbagai percakapan publik dimediasi di ruang yang awalnya …

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The Ideology Of Racism In Contemporary Hollywoodfilms On Netflix: A Case Study On“All The Boys I’Ve Loved Before” Movie, Rizki Briandana, Rustono Farady Marta, Rohana Mijan, Eka Perwitasari Fauzi Mar 2022

The Ideology Of Racism In Contemporary Hollywoodfilms On Netflix: A Case Study On“All The Boys I’Ve Loved Before” Movie, Rizki Briandana, Rustono Farady Marta, Rohana Mijan, Eka Perwitasari Fauzi

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyse the ideology of racism in Hollywood films shown on Netflix. To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before is a film based on a New York Times Best Seller novel. Initially, this film had some drawbacks because almost all production houses refused to keep an Asian face as the main character in accordance with the novel. The concept of ideology in the film refers to the concept proposed by John Storey. That ideology is an ideal form of image which aims to attract attention through methods, such as those used in texts, including films as mass …

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A Communication Strategy Of Support Providers In Providing Supports For Sexual Violence Victims, Desideria Lumongga Dwihadiah, Alya Hadijah Stephanie Mar 2022

A Communication Strategy Of Support Providers In Providing Supports For Sexual Violence Victims, Desideria Lumongga Dwihadiah, Alya Hadijah Stephanie

JURNAL KOMUNIKASI INDONESIA

Sexual violence is a big problem in society, because the negative impact on the victim causes prolonged suffering. Assistance for victims is carried out at the individual, group and institutional levels, both formal and informal. They act as support providers for sexual violence victims. Support providers often experience difficulties because victims find it difficult to open up due to the trauma they have experienced. A strategy to communicate is necessary, so the providers can well provide supports and assistances to victims. This study wanted to explore communication strategies used by support providers in dealing with and helping sexual violence victims. …

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Women In Bujuur Society: Marriage, Imah-Itu And Ethnic Lineage, Elija Chara Feb 2022

Women In Bujuur Society: Marriage, Imah-Itu And Ethnic Lineage, Elija Chara

Journal of Gender, Ethnic, and Cross-Cultural Studies

The role of women in Bujuur social identity is often overlooked by emphasizing the general patrilocal and patrilineal customs. Traditional Bujuur society was characterized by ambilineage as well as matrilocality whereby women contributed to the making and remaking of Bujuur identity. This paper explores two spaces within the theme of marriage: i) Imah-Itu (the residence of a husband at his wife’s house) and ii) children of mixed marriages identifying with the mother’s Bujuur ethnicity. The objective is to critique the everyday emphasis on patriarchy, patrilineality and patrilocalism among the Bujuur, all of which are in contrast to historical traditions. A …

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Analyzing The Distinction Between Protectionism And Empowerment As Perspectives On Media Literacy Education, W. James Potter Feb 2022

Analyzing The Distinction Between Protectionism And Empowerment As Perspectives On Media Literacy Education, W. James Potter

Journal of Media Literacy Education Pre-Prints

It has become a common practice to categorize the different perspectives on media education as following either a protectionist approach or an empowerment approach. However, the way scholars write about these two categories can be confusing and sometimes misleading. A critical analysis is presented where these writings are examined along 10 analytical dimensions that include how authors conceptualize the power differential between the media and audiences, purpose of media education, nature of instruction (scope, stance, extent, and content), role of the instructor, and outcome assessment (type of measures, timing, and indicators of success). The findings from this critical analysis indicate …

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“It’S Just A Girl Thing”; The Feminization Of Work Groups And The Effect Of Numerical Composition On Group Hierarchy, Miriam E. Verploegh Feb 2022

“It’S Just A Girl Thing”; The Feminization Of Work Groups And The Effect Of Numerical Composition On Group Hierarchy, Miriam E. Verploegh

Great Plains Sociologist

Women have recently shown higher rates of attendance and graduation in college, a reversal of a long-standing educational status quo that could alter gender relations in society. Given recent trends of female achievement in higher education, how will this shift in gender composition shape processes of stratification in academic work settings? To answer this question, this study looked at 78 videos men and women working in three person groups, who had been videotaped for a previous laboratory study. Examination of these videos provided the qualitative data to investigate how group composition and gender shapes stratification within academic groups. Systematic observation …

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A Graphic Representation Of The Minnesota Dakota Diaspora, Ronald G. Stover Feb 2022

A Graphic Representation Of The Minnesota Dakota Diaspora, Ronald G. Stover

Great Plains Sociologist

By the early 1800s, the Sioux of the upper Great Plains had divided into three main sub-divisions: the Dakota, the Nakota, and the Lakota. The Dakota occupied most of the territory now known as the state of Minnesota. Throughout the 1800s, they were slowly deprived of much of that territory. By the end of the 1800s, they had not only lost most of their land, they had lost the legal right to live in Minnesota. This manuscript presents a graphic representation of that diaspora.

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Using Humor With Dying And Bereaved Children, Gerry Cox Feb 2022

Using Humor With Dying And Bereaved Children, Gerry Cox

Great Plains Sociologist

Both adults and children may suffer from complicated grief. Strategies that are effective for adults often do not work as well for children. Individuals suffering from complicated grief typically feel overwhelmed, unable to adapt, engage in behavior that is repetitive, or experience extensive interruptions of the healing process that abnormally lengthens their grieving. For children, complicated grief may be presented by the complete absence of grief reactions. Although many strategies exist to aid those suffering from complicated grief, the use of humor may be used to aid both children and adults be more receptive to other forms of grief management. …

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Society And The Individual: A Theoretical Exploration Of The Contemporary Era, Daniel Bartholomay Feb 2022

Society And The Individual: A Theoretical Exploration Of The Contemporary Era, Daniel Bartholomay

Great Plains Sociologist

The theoretical discussion of the relationship between society and the individual is fundamental to the field of sociology. A shift into the contemporary era of social theory begins to accredit the individual with a greater sense of agency in terms of interacting with and recognizing the impact of structures rather than being unconsciously controlled by them. The following work discusses the positions held by seminal contemporary theorists regarding the relationship between the individual and society. A comparative analysis among a number of the theorists highlights similarities and differences in approaches and illuminates the core concepts, terminology and theoretical perspectives generated …

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How Do Teachers’ Unions Influence Vaccine Mandates?, Kristian Thymianos Feb 2022

How Do Teachers’ Unions Influence Vaccine Mandates?, Kristian Thymianos

Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal

The COVID-19 pandemic presented an array of policy problems for school districts across the country. This included balancing social distancing during in-person learning. The creation of the COVID-19 vaccine made in-person learning a more viable option again. However, the political polarization that surrounded COVID-19 extended to vaccines, with many communities experiencing hurdles in vaccinating their populace. Previous research shows how teachers’ unions influenced school district reopenings during the height of the pandemic in fall of 2020; this paper seeks to expand on this literature by looking at how teachers’ unions influence the adoption of vaccination mandates and testing. I test …

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The Gender Wage Gap As It Relates To State Partisan Control And Pay Equity Policy, Candace Wells Feb 2022

The Gender Wage Gap As It Relates To State Partisan Control And Pay Equity Policy, Candace Wells

Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal

This study offers an explanation to the interstate variation of the gender wage gap in the United States. Looking at political explanations as an answer for the wage gap’s persistence, I hypothesize that Democratically controlled state government positively impacts the state having pay equity policies, and that having these pay equity policies positively impacts the state’s gender wage gap. Using U.S. Census Bureau, National Conference of State Legislatures, and American Association of University Women with U.S. Department of Labor Women’s Bureau data, I find that while there is a correlation between Democratically controlled state legislatures and pay equity policy and …

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A Systematic Literature Review On The Resilience Reported By Bipoc In The Face Of Discrimination, Lianelys Cabrera Martinez, Aldo Barrita, Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt Feb 2022

A Systematic Literature Review On The Resilience Reported By Bipoc In The Face Of Discrimination, Lianelys Cabrera Martinez, Aldo Barrita, Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt

Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal

The present study is a systematic literature review on the psychology of resilience, or the ability to bounce back after a difficult situation (Smith, 2008). Although resilience is a timely and relevant variable in social psychology, little is known about its connection to the racism-related experiences of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). This review explores how resilience manifests in the BIPOC community and its influence on the identity of minority groups. Previous research has shown that BIPOC reports higher resilience (Carter, 2012); however, there is still uncertainty around its connection to discrimination. Through the analysis of nine final …

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