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Articles 12571 - 12600 of 302419

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Grazing Preference, Herbage Production And Quality Of Diploid And Tetraploid Lolium Perenne Cultivars In Southern Chile, Oscar A. Balocchi, Ignacio F. López Jun 2023

Grazing Preference, Herbage Production And Quality Of Diploid And Tetraploid Lolium Perenne Cultivars In Southern Chile, Oscar A. Balocchi, Ignacio F. López

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Lolium perenne is the most important plant species used in sown pasture in Southern Chile. Cultivars used are mainly diploid. However, in recent years some tetraploid cultivars have been introduced into the country. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the ploidy of the cultivars on herbage production, nutritive value, grazing preference and utilisation of the herbage.

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The Diet Of Free-Ranging Beef Cattle In A Semi-Arid Savanna Of Eastern Namibia, A. Rothauge, A. L. Abate, G. N. Smit Jun 2023

The Diet Of Free-Ranging Beef Cattle In A Semi-Arid Savanna Of Eastern Namibia, A. Rothauge, A. L. Abate, G. N. Smit

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Beef ranching is the most important agricultural enterprise in arid and semi-arid SW African countries. It earns foreign exchange via beef exports to the EU and very many rural people depend on cattle pastoralism for their livelihood. However there is no published information on what cattle eat in such extensive systems. Therefore, it is difficult to optimize grazing strategies and to prevent degradation of rangeland.

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Performance Of Timothy Cultivars In Monoculture Or In Mixtures With Meadow Fescue In Finland, M. Kari, M. Rinne Jun 2023

Performance Of Timothy Cultivars In Monoculture Or In Mixtures With Meadow Fescue In Finland, M. Kari, M. Rinne

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) are dominating grass species in Nordic countries with severe winters. Dry matter (DM) yield potential, forage quality and winter hardiness are of main interest for commercial cultivars. Further, it is advantageous to take into account the relation between primary growth and regrowth (P/R) DM yield when planning mixtures for different purposes and areas. In the current experiment, three different types of timothy were evaluated: a northern type cv. Jonatan, a southern type cv. Ragnar and an intermediate type cv. Grindstad. In addition, meadow fescue cv. Kasper and mixtures …

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Effect Of Dairy Effluent On Turnip Nutritive Characteristics, Joe L. Jacobs, G. N. Ward, Frank R. Mckenzie Jun 2023

Effect Of Dairy Effluent On Turnip Nutritive Characteristics, Joe L. Jacobs, G. N. Ward, Frank R. Mckenzie

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In southern Victoria, high summer temperatures and low rainfall lead to low pasture growth and a decline in nutritional value until rainfall commences in autumn. Annual forage crops such as turnips often are used to fill the summer feed gap. Jacobs & Ward (2003) observed that dairy effluent applied at low rates could improve turnip DM yields and crude protein content. Results from the first two years of a 3-year study comparing a range of effluent application rates on turnip leaf and root nutritive characteristics are reported.

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Effects Of Grass Suppression On Legume Abundance In A Naturalised Pasture, Christian Hepp, I. Valentine, P. D. Kemp Jun 2023

Effects Of Grass Suppression On Legume Abundance In A Naturalised Pasture, Christian Hepp, I. Valentine, P. D. Kemp

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Low abundance and poor persistence of legumes is a generalised problem in hill country pastures in New Zealand, even at adequate soil phosphorus levels (Woodfield & Caradus, 1996). Likely causes of low legume contents in swards include lack of soil moisture, high temperatures (Barker et al., 1993), frequency and intensity of defoliation (Suckling, 1975; (Lambert et al., 1982) and increased grass competition due to increasing fixed nitrogen in the soil (Lambert et al., 1982). On this later point there is anecdotal evidence that suppression of the grass component with herbicide will boost clover content, colloquially called 'chemical topping'.

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Butterfly Pea In Queensland: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Maurice J. Conway Jun 2023

Butterfly Pea In Queensland: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Maurice J. Conway

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a productive and persistent legume adapted to a range of soils and climates in northern (tropical & sub tropical) Australia. Cultivar Milgarra, a composite line of introduced and naturalised accessions, was released in Queensland in 1991. The area planted in Queensland is a measure of its success, reaching <500ha in 1996; 5Kha by 1998; 30Kha by 2000; 50Kha by 2002; and 100Kha by 2004. Butterfly pea is used by cattleman mostly to grow and finish cattle. It is not grown extensively as a ley legume yet. Farmers who crop and have cattle, plant it but usually on cropping soils with limitations e.g. low plant available water capacity, shallow, low N or duplex soils. Farmers without cattle generally choose to use inorganic nitrogen as an N-source for crops.

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Estilosantes Campo Grande In Brazil: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Celso D. Fernandes, Bela Grof, S. Chakraborty, Jaqueline R. Verzignassi Jun 2023

Estilosantes Campo Grande In Brazil: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Celso D. Fernandes, Bela Grof, S. Chakraborty, Jaqueline R. Verzignassi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Estilosantes Campo Grande (ECG) is a mixture (80/20 by weight) of Stylosanthes capitata and S. macrocephala, derived through genetic combination of selected accessions by open crossing over 6 generations (Grof et al., 2001). The cultivar is the result of >10 years of research on a collection of >1000 ecotypes of Stylosanthes species collected and maintained by Embrapa. The main use of ECG in Brazil is to improve grass-dominant pastures. It has good persistence with Brachiaria spp., Panicum maximum (Tanzania-1 and Mombaça) and Andropogon gayanus. It has excellent adaptation to low fertility sandy soils and is persistent under …

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Forage Peanut (Arachis Pintoi): A High Yielding And High Quality Tropical Legume For Sustainable Cattle Production Systems In The Western Brazilian Amazon, Judson F. Valentim, C. M. S. De Andrade Jun 2023

Forage Peanut (Arachis Pintoi): A High Yielding And High Quality Tropical Legume For Sustainable Cattle Production Systems In The Western Brazilian Amazon, Judson F. Valentim, C. M. S. De Andrade

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The State of Acre had 1.45 million ha of pastures and a cattle herd of 1.95 million heads in 2003. Since 1998, the increasing area affected by the death of Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha) led farmers in Acre to search for alternatives to maintain productivity and profitability of their production systems. However, the traditional strategy of converting primary forest areas into pastures has been severely restricted by strong enforcement of environmental legislation by state and federal agencies. This forced farmers to search for alternative technologies to reclaim degraded pastures and to intensify their production systems. Tropical kudzu ( …

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Tropical Kudzu (Pueraria Phaseoloides): Successful Adoption In Sustainable Cattle Production Systems In The Western Brazilian Amazon, Judson F. Valentim, C. M. S. De Andrade Jun 2023

Tropical Kudzu (Pueraria Phaseoloides): Successful Adoption In Sustainable Cattle Production Systems In The Western Brazilian Amazon, Judson F. Valentim, C. M. S. De Andrade

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In 1976 the Program for Reclamation, Improvement and Management of Pastures in the Brazilian Amazon (PROPASTO), conducted by Embrapa, established on-farm experiments in the State of Acre. These experiments consisted of introducing and evaluating grass and grass-legume stands, both under cutting and grazing. Similar experiments were established in all states in the region. Since then, research has recommended new species of grasses, legumes and grass-legume associations for establishment of improved pastures in the Brazilian Amazon. The grass cultivars recommended were an instant success with farmers, with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu becoming the predominant species, occupying approximately 80% of the total …

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Arachis Pintoi In The Humid Tropics Of Colombia: A Forage Legume Success Story, E. Lascano Carlos, M. Peters, F. Holmann Jun 2023

Arachis Pintoi In The Humid Tropics Of Colombia: A Forage Legume Success Story, E. Lascano Carlos, M. Peters, F. Holmann

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Cattle liveweight gain and milk yield can be depressed significantly on grass alone pastures that degrade over time on the margins of tropical forest. Use of legumes in pastures is an alternative to minimize declines in quality and quantity of forage biomass and thus increase livestock production. From 1987-90, forage researchers in CIAT collaborated with several institutions in the Piedmont region of the Amazon basin in Caqueta, Colombia on selection of forage germplasm adapted to acid soils and with potential to reclaim large areas of degraded pastures in cattle farms of the region. The most successful pasture was the legume/ …

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Centrosema Pascuorum In Australia’S Northern Territory: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, A. G. Cameron Jun 2023

Centrosema Pascuorum In Australia’S Northern Territory: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, A. G. Cameron

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Centurion (Centrosema pascuorum), an annual legume, was first sown for evaluation in the Northern Territory in the late 1970s (Cameron & McCosker, 1986; Clements et al.,1984). The bred cultivar Cavalcade (Line 2/2, Cameron, 2003b) was released in 1984, and Bundey (CPI 75115, Cameron, 2003a) in 1986. Seed availability limited the use of the legume for 10 years. In the Northern Territory, it is now used mainly as a hay crop, but is used also as a component of grazed mixed pastures. Most of the hay is made into feed cubes and pellets to feed cattle in the …

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Leucaena: Sustainable Crop And Livestock Production Systems In Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia, C. Piggin, Jacob Nulik Jun 2023

Leucaena: Sustainable Crop And Livestock Production Systems In Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia, C. Piggin, Jacob Nulik

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In the late 1800s/early 1900s, population increases, slash and burn cropping, wildfires, livestock, and weeds led to extensive losses of natural vegetation and land degradation in the semi-arid islands of Nusa Tenggara Timur province, E Indonesia. In the 1930s-60s, villagers, government institutions and NGOs recognized the need to reduce degradation and increase production. They developed and promoted more sustainable fallow systems, based on the use of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), introduced several centuries earlier from central America.

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Sesbania Grandiflora: A Successful Tree Legume In Lombok, Indonesia, D. Hasniati, M. Shelton Jun 2023

Sesbania Grandiflora: A Successful Tree Legume In Lombok, Indonesia, D. Hasniati, M. Shelton

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora) is a multi-function tree. Its main use is as a livestock feed in southern Lombok, Indonesia, the major region for goat and cattle production. It is the main (and sometimes the only) component of ruminant diets (Dahlanuddin, 2001). A national program, aimed initially at improving soil fertility and replanting barren areas, formally introduced it to Lombok in the 1970s (Suseno, 1990).

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Stylo Adoption In Thailand: Three Decades Of Progress, Chaisang Phaikaew, Michael D. Hare Jun 2023

Stylo Adoption In Thailand: Three Decades Of Progress, Chaisang Phaikaew, Michael D. Hare

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Stylosanthes forage legume was very popular in Thailand for >30 years. S. humilis (Townsville) was the first popular species (late 1960s). It tolerated heavy grazing and grew very well along roads on free-draining upland soils, but anthracnose destroyed it in 1976. S. hamata (Verano; more resistant) replaced it and stimulated of large-scale pasture development. From 1976-84, the Dept of Livestock Development (DLD) launched a project to improve 32Kha of communal grazing land by oversowing Verano (circa 250t seed/year). This project has been sustained until the present time. Stylo now is used mainly for private grazing and cut-and-carry feeding for cattle. …

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An In Vitro Investigation Of Forage Factors Which Affect The Production Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid And Trans Vaccenic Acid In The Rumen. I. Grass Species, Michael R. F. Lee, C. Hodgkins, J. K. S. Tweed, Nigel D. Scollan, R. J. Dewhurst Jun 2023

An In Vitro Investigation Of Forage Factors Which Affect The Production Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid And Trans Vaccenic Acid In The Rumen. I. Grass Species, Michael R. F. Lee, C. Hodgkins, J. K. S. Tweed, Nigel D. Scollan, R. J. Dewhurst

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Extensive, pasture-based systems appear to offer the most cost-effective and natural means of cis 9 trans 11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels of milk fat. However, since most regions in Europe rely increasingly on conserved forages for winter feeding of lactating animals, it is necessary to develop feeding systems for both fresh and conserved forage diets. An understanding of the mechanisms that cause the differences in CLA response to conservation is an essential pre-requisite to this task. This study investigated whether grass species affected CLA and trans vaccenic acid (TVA) production in an in vitro system.

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Water Soluble Carbohydrate Content Of Two Cultivars Of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) At Eight European Sites, Magnus A. Halling, A. C. Longland, S. D. Martens, L. Nesheim, P. O'Kiely Jun 2023

Water Soluble Carbohydrate Content Of Two Cultivars Of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) At Eight European Sites, Magnus A. Halling, A. C. Longland, S. D. Martens, L. Nesheim, P. O'Kiely

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grasses with high levels of WSC have been shown to enhance livestock production (Miller et al., 1999). This has led to the development of perennial ryegrass (PRG) cultivars that can accumulate high levels of WSC. The aim of this experiment was to determine if the genetic potential to accumulate high levels of WSC was expressed under varying conditions.

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Selection For Tillering In Lolium Multiflorum L. In Texas Usa, L. R. Nelson, G. W. Evers, M. J. Parsons Jun 2023

Selection For Tillering In Lolium Multiflorum L. In Texas Usa, L. R. Nelson, G. W. Evers, M. J. Parsons

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Annual ryegrass is an important cool season forage in Texas and across the southern USA with approximately 2 million ha planted annually. Early tillering will enhance the leaf area index and the amount of photosynthesis which will improve seedling vigor and early forage production. The objective of this study was to determine if it was possible to select for early tiller (shoot) production in a diploid and tetraploid annual ryegrass breeding population. We expect early tiller production would be correlated with improved early season forage production with annual ryegrass.

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Effects Of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars On Traits For Improved Animal Performance, Harm J. Smit, B. M. Tas, Hassan Z. Taweel, J. Dijkstra, Anjo Elgersma, S. Tamminga Jun 2023

Effects Of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars On Traits For Improved Animal Performance, Harm J. Smit, B. M. Tas, Hassan Z. Taweel, J. Dijkstra, Anjo Elgersma, S. Tamminga

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The use of quality parameters in grass breeding is limited. There may be options to improve grass cultivars (cvs) for improved animal performance.

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Rumen Degradation Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From Central Mexico In Three Growing Periods, A. A. Rayas, A. M. J. Espinoza‐Ortega, J. G. Estrada‐Flores, C. Arriagal, F. Mould, O. A. Castelán-Ortega Jun 2023

Rumen Degradation Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From Central Mexico In Three Growing Periods, A. A. Rayas, A. M. J. Espinoza‐Ortega, J. G. Estrada‐Flores, C. Arriagal, F. Mould, O. A. Castelán-Ortega

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The smallholder cattle systems of the Toluca valley in central Mexico are based on the use of maize and native grasses. Research has been devoted to nutritional characterisation of improved pastures, but native species of grasses have not been studied, despite their importance. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro rumen degradation kinetics of four species of native pastures.

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The Impact Of Continuous Grazing By Free Ranging Sheep On The Structure And Botanical Composition Of Grassland As Determined By Multivariate Analysis, G. A. Heshmati Jun 2023

The Impact Of Continuous Grazing By Free Ranging Sheep On The Structure And Botanical Composition Of Grassland As Determined By Multivariate Analysis, G. A. Heshmati

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grazing shapes the botanical composition of vegetation at the landscape level (Oksanen et al., 1995). Sheep seek spatially scattered plants of nearly constant and high nutritional value. There is strong interaction between the grazing behaviour of the sheep and the structure of the plant community that it grazes (Squires, 1981). This paper examines the situation in a grassland vegetation grazed by free-ranging sheep in a semi arid region of North Eastern Iran.

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Sheep Grazing During Drought Collapses The Perennial Grass Resource In Australian Semiarid Wooded Grasslands, K. C. Hodgkinson, S. G. Marsden, W. J. Muller Jun 2023

Sheep Grazing During Drought Collapses The Perennial Grass Resource In Australian Semiarid Wooded Grasslands, K. C. Hodgkinson, S. G. Marsden, W. J. Muller

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grazing of sheep in arid grasslands is risky; sudden shifts to lower functional states may occur when the ecosystem is stressed (Scheffer et al., 2001). To avoid the stresses that shift states, easy-to-recognise critical thresholds need to be identified (Westoby et al., 1989). Preliminary analysis of perennial grass survival in a drought indicated a critical threshold based on co-occurrence of drought and grazing. Crossing this threshold collapses grass populations (Hodgkinson, 1994). Here we examine the relationships between basal area change and rainfall and grazing levels based on a 10-year period and propose a management guideline.

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Impacts Of Strategic Grazing On Density And Ground Cover Of Naturalised Hill Pasture, Zhongnan Nie, P. E. Quigley, R. P. Zollinger Jun 2023

Impacts Of Strategic Grazing On Density And Ground Cover Of Naturalised Hill Pasture, Zhongnan Nie, P. E. Quigley, R. P. Zollinger

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Low ground cover by perennial species is a major problem in naturalised pasture on steep hill country in southern Australia. This leads to water and nutrient runoff, recharge to groundwater, and soil erosion, all of which impact on the environmental sustainability and profitability of grazing enterprises. Restoration of perennial components, particularly the native grasses for these marginal land classes, is of great importance for improving water balance, halting land degradation (Ridley et al. 1997), extending growing season, and increasing pasture production. The objective of this study was to use strategic grazing management to increase the ground cover and plant …

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Effects Of Vegetation Structure And Plant Height When Grazed On Persistency Of Meadow Fescue Pasture, K. Sudo, Y. Ogawa, K. Umemura Jun 2023

Effects Of Vegetation Structure And Plant Height When Grazed On Persistency Of Meadow Fescue Pasture, K. Sudo, Y. Ogawa, K. Umemura

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

An intensive grazing technique using meadow fescue (Mf) pasture has been developed in northern Japan, where soil freezes in winter. It has been shown that the appropriate plant height of Mf pasture when grazed for persistency is about 27 cm. When Mf and perennial ryegrass (Pr) pastures were grazed at the same plant height of 20 cm, vegetation of Mf pasture declined and plant length of Mf pasture was longer than that of Pr pasture (Sudo et al., 2002). These phenomena might be due to the effects of differences in grass species and plant height when grazed on vegetation …

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Stylo In China: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Guodao Liu, S. Chakraborty Jun 2023

Stylo In China: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Guodao Liu, S. Chakraborty

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Although Stylosanthes gracilis was the first stylo to be introduced as a green manure cover crop for young rubber plantations in 1961, the S. guianensis cultivars Cook and Graham introduced in the 1970s and 1980s were largely responsible for the stylo revolution in China. Before serious anthracnose outbreaks, these cultivars covered over 13,000 ha in southern China. Anthracnose had shifted emphasis to S. guianensis CIAT184 and successful cultivars originate from this introduction (Guodao et al., 2004). Well-adapted varieties are now available for much of southern China and in 2003, the total area of stylo exceeded 200,000 ha. Stylo development …

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Intake, Digestibility And Rate Of Passage Of Grass In Grazing By Light Breed Horses On Different Pastures, Masahito Kawai, N. Yabu, T. Asa, K. Deguchi, S. Matsuoka Jun 2023

Intake, Digestibility And Rate Of Passage Of Grass In Grazing By Light Breed Horses On Different Pastures, Masahito Kawai, N. Yabu, T. Asa, K. Deguchi, S. Matsuoka

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In a previous study, grazing light breed horses could ingest CP and DE requirements for maintenance without supplements. However, their grazing behaviour, such as biting and chewing efficiency, which related to the passage rate of forage in the digestive tract and fibre digestibility, was affected by the pasture conditions (Kawai et al., 2004). In this study, the DM intake, digestibility and mean retention time (MRT) of grass in light breed horses were determined and compared in spring, summer and autumn on an improved pasture.

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Sustainable Semi-Arid Grazing Management Based On Indigenous Shona Practices Prior To Introduction Of Western Ideas In Zimbabwe, O. Mugweni, R. Mugweni Jun 2023

Sustainable Semi-Arid Grazing Management Based On Indigenous Shona Practices Prior To Introduction Of Western Ideas In Zimbabwe, O. Mugweni, R. Mugweni

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In the Shona culture the land, i.e. the plants, animals, soil, water, air and others, evolved with herding animals. Hence, the absence of one results in the destruction of the other. It is argued that the conventional grazing management belief that too many animals cause overgrazing is a misconception of the semi-arid savanna environments of Southern Africa where these environments evolved with thousands of herding grazers and mega-faunas such as elephants, wildebeests and buffalo. The objective of the research is to establish that grazing with an adequate recovery period for grazed plants, as a result of domesticated animals being managed …

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How Are Distances Between Grazing Cows Determined?, Masae Shiyomi Jun 2023

How Are Distances Between Grazing Cows Determined?, Masae Shiyomi

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Although domestic cows are protected from their natural enemies, they form herds when grazing like their wild forbears did. The herding instinct is used to manage cattle because it is easier to control a herd than separate individuals. This study examined how distances between individual grazing cows are determined.

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Evaluating The Likelihood Of Bug Inducing Commits Using Metrics Trend Analysis, Parul Parul Jun 2023

Evaluating The Likelihood Of Bug Inducing Commits Using Metrics Trend Analysis, Parul Parul

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Continuous software engineering principles advocate a release-small, release-often process model, where new functionality is added to a system, in small increments and very frequently. In such a process model, every time a change is introduced it is important to identify as early as possible, whether the system has entered a state where faults are more likely to occur. In this paper, we present a method that is based on process, quality, and source code metrics to evaluate the likelihood that an imminent bug-inducing commit is highly probable. More specifically, the method analyzes the correlations and the rate of change of …

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Economic Value Of User Interface Design, Anna Kruse Jun 2023

Economic Value Of User Interface Design, Anna Kruse

Honors Theses

The economic value of well-designed user interfaces (UI) and user experiences (UX) is challenging to quantify, a topic that the current literature does not sufficiently explore. Those responsible for deciding whether to invest resources in UI/UX typically base these decisions on monetary considerations. The link between effective UI/UX design and profit may not be immediately clear to most, yet it is universally acknowledged that satisfied customers lead to successful business. To underscore the importance of investing in UI/UX, it is crucial to define the relationship between effective design and economic success in a way that can be understood by designers, …

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Catch-Up In Response To Elevated Co2 - A Study Of Genotypes Of 12 Grassland Species, E. Wright, John Connolly, Andreas Lüscher Jun 2023

Catch-Up In Response To Elevated Co2 - A Study Of Genotypes Of 12 Grassland Species, E. Wright, John Connolly, Andreas Lüscher

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Differential growth enhancements for species or genotypes under elevated CO2 can lead to changes in the composition of plant communities. Under a Rich-get-richer hypothesis, species that constitute a large proportion of a community (the dominants) will increase their dominance at elevated CO2 (Bazzaz and Garbutt, 1988). Under the alternative Catch-up hypothesis the smaller components of communities will benefit proportionately more than dominants from elevated CO2 conditions (tested at the level of individual plants in a monoculture in Wayne and Bazzaz, 1997). A recent review (Poorter & Navas, 2003) provided no evidence for differential growth enhancements by dominant …

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