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Articles 144031 - 144060 of 302505
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Global Well-Posedness And Asymptotic Behavior Of A Class Of Initial-Boundary-Value Problems Of The Kdv Equation On A Finite Domain, Ivonne Rivas, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Global Well-Posedness And Asymptotic Behavior Of A Class Of Initial-Boundary-Value Problems Of The Kdv Equation On A Finite Domain, Ivonne Rivas, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Muhammad Usman
In this paper, we study a class of initial boundary value problem (IBVP) of the Korteweg- de Vries equation posed on a ?nite interval with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. The IBVP is known to be locally well-posed, but its global L2 a priori estimate is not available and therefore it is not clear whether its solutions exist globally or blow up in finite time. It is shown in this paper that the solutions exist globally as long as their initial value and the associated boundary data are small, and moreover, those solutions decay exponentially if their boundary data decay exponentially.
A Study Of The Gam Approach To Solve Laminar Boundary Layer Equations In The Presence Of A Wedge, Rahmat Khan, Muhammad Usman
A Study Of The Gam Approach To Solve Laminar Boundary Layer Equations In The Presence Of A Wedge, Rahmat Khan, Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
We apply an easy and simple technique, the generalized ap- proximation method (GAM) to investigate the temperature field associated with the Falkner-Skan boundary-layer problem. The nonlinear partial differ- ential equations are transformed to nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the similarity transformations. An iterative scheme for the non-linear ordinary differential equations associated with the velocity and temperature profiles are developed via GAM. Numerical results for the dimensionless ve- locity and temperature profiles of the wedge flow are presented graphically for different values of the wedge angle and Prandtl number.
A Meshless Numerical Solution Of The Family Of Generalized Fifth-Order Korteweg-De Vries Equations, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din, Elham Negahdary, Muhammad Usman
A Meshless Numerical Solution Of The Family Of Generalized Fifth-Order Korteweg-De Vries Equations, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din, Elham Negahdary, Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
In this paper we present a numerical solution of a family of generalized fifth-order Korteweg-de Vries equations using a meshless method of lines. This method uses radial basis functions for spatial derivatives and Runge-Kutta method as a time integrator. This method exhibits high accuracy as seen from the comparison with the exact solutions.
Forced Oscillations Of A Class Of Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Equations And Their Stability, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Forced Oscillations Of A Class Of Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Equations And Their Stability, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Muhammad Usman
It has been observed in laboratory experiments that when nonlinear dispersive waves are forced periodically from one end of undisturbed stretch of the medium of propagation, the signal eventually becomes temporally periodic at each spatial point. The observation has been confirmed mathematically in the context of the damped Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and the damped Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation. In this paper we intend to show the same results hold for the pure KdV equation (without the damping terms) posed on a finite domain. Consideration is given to the initial-boundary-value problem * {ut+ux=uux+u(0,t)=h(t),uxxx=0,u(x,0)=ϕ(x),u(1,t)=0,ux(1,t)=0,00,t>0. It is shown that if the boundary …
Modified Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method: A Paradigm For Nonlinear Boundary Layer Problems, Yasir Khan, Muhammad Usman
Modified Homotopy Perturbation Transform Method: A Paradigm For Nonlinear Boundary Layer Problems, Yasir Khan, Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
This paper suggests a novel modified homotopy perturbation transform method (MHPTM) for a nonlinear boundary layer problem by suitable choice of an initial solution. The steady Navier–Stokes equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity variables. The governing nonlinear differential equations are solved by means of MHPTM. The equations are Laplace transformed and the nonlinear terms represented by He's polynomials. The series solution of the nonlinear boundary layer problem is obtained. For such a boundary layer problem, the second derivative at zero is an important point of function, so we have computed f″(0) and compared it …
Bifurcations In Steady State Solutions Of A Class Of Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Equation, Paul Eloe, Muhammad Usman
Bifurcations In Steady State Solutions Of A Class Of Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Equation, Paul Eloe, Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
We consider the damped externally excited KdV and BBM equations and use an asymptotic perturbation method to analyze the stability of solutions. We consider the primary resonance by defining the detuning parameter. External-excitation and frequency-response curves are shown to exhibit jump and hysteresis phenomena (dis-continuous transitions between two stable solutions) for both KdV and BBM equations.
A Generalization Of Poincaré-Cartan Integral Invariants Of A Nonlinear Nonholonomic Dynamical System, Muhammad Usman, M. Imran
A Generalization Of Poincaré-Cartan Integral Invariants Of A Nonlinear Nonholonomic Dynamical System, Muhammad Usman, M. Imran
Muhammad Usman
Based on the d'Alembert-Lagrange-Poincar\'{e} variational principle, we formulate general equations of motion for mechanical systems subject to nonlinear nonholonomic constraints, that do not involve Lagrangian undetermined multipliers. We write these equations in a canonical form called the Poincar\'{e}-Hamilton equations, and study a version of corresponding Poincar\'{e}-Cartan integral invariant which are derived by means of a type of asynchronous variation of the Poincar\'{e} variables of the problem that involve the variation of the time. As a consequence, it is shown that the invariance of a certain line integral under the motion of a mechanical system of the type considered characterizes the …
Forced Oscillations Of The Korteweg-De Vries Equation On A Bounded Domain And Their Stability, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Forced Oscillations Of The Korteweg-De Vries Equation On A Bounded Domain And Their Stability, Muhammad Usman, Bingyu Zhang
Muhammad Usman
It has been observed in laboratory experiments that when nonlinear dispersive waves are forced periodically from one end of undisturbed stretch of the medium of propagation, the signal eventually becomes temporally periodic at each spatial point. The observation has been confirmed mathematically in the context of the damped Kortewg-de Vries (KdV) equation and the damped Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation. In this paper we intend to show the same results hold for the pure KdV equation (without the damping terms) posed on a bounded domain. Consideration is given to the initial-boundary-value problem uuxuxxx 0 < x < 1, t > 0, (*) It is shown that if the …
Fully Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems With Impulse, Paul Eloe, Muhammad Usman
Fully Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems With Impulse, Paul Eloe, Muhammad Usman
Muhammad Usman
An impulsive boundary value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions for a second order ordinary differential equation is studied. In particular, sufficient conditions are provided so that a compression- expansion cone theoretic fixed point theorem can be applied to imply the existence of positive solutions. The nonlinear forcing term is assumed to satisfy usual sublinear or superlinear growth as t → ∞ or t → 0 +. The nonlinear impulse terms and the nonlinear boundary terms are assumed to satisfy the analogous asymptotic behavior.
Addressing Distress And Pain In Animal Research: The Veterinary, Research, Societal, Regulatory And Ethical Contexts For Moving Forward, Kathleen Conlee, Martin Stephens, Andrew N. Rowan
Addressing Distress And Pain In Animal Research: The Veterinary, Research, Societal, Regulatory And Ethical Contexts For Moving Forward, Kathleen Conlee, Martin Stephens, Andrew N. Rowan
Andrew N. Rowan, DPhil
While most people recognize that biomedical scientists are searching for knowledge that will improve the health of humans and animals, the image of someone deliberately causing harm to an animal in order to produce data that may lead to some future benefit has always prompted an uncomfortable reaction outside the laboratory. However, proponents of animal research have usually justified the practice by reference to greater benefits (new knowledge and medical treatments) over lesser costs (in animal suffering and death). Given that one of the costs of animal research is the suffering experienced by the animals, the goal of eliminating distress …
The Minimization Of Research Animal Distress And Pain: Conclusions And Recommendations, Kathleen Conlee, Martin Stephens, Andrew N. Rowan
The Minimization Of Research Animal Distress And Pain: Conclusions And Recommendations, Kathleen Conlee, Martin Stephens, Andrew N. Rowan
Andrew N. Rowan, DPhil
While the attention given to preventing, assessing, and alleviating pain in research animals has increased noticeably in recent decades, much remains to be done both in terms of implementing best practices and conducting studies to answer outstanding questions. In contrast, the attention to distress (particularly non-pain induced distress) has shown no comparable increase. There are many reasons for this discrepancy, including the conceptual untidiness of the distress concept, the paucity of pharmacological treatments for distress, and perceived lack of regulatory emphasis on distress. These are challenges that need to be addressed and overcome. This book is intended to help meet …
Room Temperature Optical Anisotropy Of A Lamno3 Thin-Film Induced By Ultra-Short Pulse Laser, Purevdorj Munkhbaatar, Zsolt Marton, Baatarchuluun Tsermaa, Woo Seok Choi, Sung S. Ambrose Seo, Jin Seung Kim, Naoyuki Nakagawa, Harold Y. Hwang, Ho Nyung Lee, Kim Myung-Whun
Room Temperature Optical Anisotropy Of A Lamno3 Thin-Film Induced By Ultra-Short Pulse Laser, Purevdorj Munkhbaatar, Zsolt Marton, Baatarchuluun Tsermaa, Woo Seok Choi, Sung S. Ambrose Seo, Jin Seung Kim, Naoyuki Nakagawa, Harold Y. Hwang, Ho Nyung Lee, Kim Myung-Whun
Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications
We observed ultra-short laser pulse-induced transient optical anisotropy in a LaMnO3 thin film. The anisotropy was induced by laser pulse irradiation with a fluence of less than 0.1 mJ/cm2 at room temperature. The transmittance and reflectance showed strong dependence on the polarization states of the pulses. For parallel and perpendicular polarization states, there exists a difference of approximately 0.2% for transmittance and 0.05% for reflectance at 0.3 ps after the irradiation with a pump pulse, respectively. The theoretical values for optical transmittance and reflectance with an assumption of an orbital ordering of 3d eg electrons in …
Psycholinguistic Study: Deaf Children Vs. Codas And Language Comprehension, Amber Smith, Michael Jones
Psycholinguistic Study: Deaf Children Vs. Codas And Language Comprehension, Amber Smith, Michael Jones
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project will use an EEG to differentiate brain response to given stimuli between deaf and CODA (children of deaf adults) participants. This project is simple in nature, we will administer two tests: one in ASL and one in English, while the participant is wearing the EEG. We will then analyze and compare the data between the two groups.
Revisiting Ulysses Observations Of Interstellar Helium, Brian E. Wood, Hans-Reinhard Müller, Manfred Witte
Revisiting Ulysses Observations Of Interstellar Helium, Brian E. Wood, Hans-Reinhard Müller, Manfred Witte
Dartmouth Scholarship
We report the results of a comprehensive reanalysis of Ulysses observations of interstellar He atoms flowing through the solar system, the goal being to reassess the interstellar He flow vector and to search for evidence of variability in this vector. We find no evidence that the He beam seen by Ulysses changes at all from 1994-2007. The direction of flow changes by no more than ~03 and the speed by no more than ~0.3 km s–1. A global fit to all acceptable He beam maps from 1994-2007 yields the following He flow parameters: V ISM = 26.08 ± …
To Apply Or Not To Apply: A Survey Analysis Of Grant Writing Costs And Benefits, Ted Von Hippel, Courtney Von Hippel
To Apply Or Not To Apply: A Survey Analysis Of Grant Writing Costs And Benefits, Ted Von Hippel, Courtney Von Hippel
Publications
We surveyed 113 astronomers and 82 psychologists active in applying for federally funded research on their grant-‐writing history between January, 2009 and November, 2012. We collected demographic data, effort levels, success rates, and perceived non-‐financial benefits from writing grant proposals. We find that the average proposal takes 116 PI hours and 55 CI hours to write; although time spent writing was not related to whether the grant was funded. Effort did translate into success, however, as academics who wrote more grants received more funding. Participants indicated modest non-‐monetary benefits from grant writing, with psychologists reporting a somewhat greater benefit overall …
Modifications To A Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer To Improve Data Acquisition Rates, Gregory Alan Bostrom
Modifications To A Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer To Improve Data Acquisition Rates, Gregory Alan Bostrom
Dissertations and Theses
Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) makes use of light retention in an optical cavity to enhance the sensitivity to absorption or extinction of light from a sample inside the cavity. When light entering the cavity is stopped, the output is an exponential decay with a decay constant that can be used to determine the quantity of the analyte if the extinction or absorption coefficient is known. The precision of the CRDS is dependent on the rate at which the system it acquires and processes ringdowns, assuming randomly distributed errors. We have demonstrated a CRDS system with a ringdown acquisition rate of …
Inspirational Space As A Mechanism To Transform Departmental Culture, John Paxton
Inspirational Space As A Mechanism To Transform Departmental Culture, John Paxton
Academic Chairpersons Conference Proceedings
Montana State University’s Computer Science Department created a collaborative, informal, Japanese-themed Student Success Center. The goal of the space was to broaden participation and induce cultural change in computer science. The design philosophy behind the room now serves as a model for collaborative space at MSU.
U.S. Drought Monitor, March 3, 2015, David Simeral
U.S. Drought Monitor, March 3, 2015, David Simeral
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for March 3, 2015 (3/3/15) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
Learning Object-Oriented Programming In Python: Towards An Inventory Of Difficulties And Testing Pitfalls, Craig Miller, Amber Settle, John Lalor
Learning Object-Oriented Programming In Python: Towards An Inventory Of Difficulties And Testing Pitfalls, Craig Miller, Amber Settle, John Lalor
Technical Reports
We report a small yet detailed study where we recorded students completing an object-oriented programming exercise in the context of a CS2 course using Python. All students struggled while completing the assignment, most notably experiencing difficulties with parameters and referencing elements with object-dot notation. While previous research has identified these areas as troublesome for novice programmers, our analysis suggests that parameters and reference specifications are particularly critical prerequisites for learning advanced object-oriented concepts with the Python programming language. Given our findings, we recommend extensive practice with parameter passing and object-dot notation before addressing advanced object-oriented concepts in a Python course.
Development Modeling Of Lucilia Sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Amanda Roe, Leon G. Higley
Development Modeling Of Lucilia Sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Amanda Roe, Leon G. Higley
School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications
The relationship between insect development and temperature has been well established and has a wide range of uses, including the use of blow flies for postmortem (PMI) interval estimations in death investigations. To use insects in estimating PMI, we must be able to determine the insect age at the time of discovery and backtrack to time of oviposition. Unfortunately, existing development models of forensically important insects are only linear approximations and do not take into account the curvilinear properties experienced at extreme temperatures. A series of experiments were conducted with Lucilia sericata, a forensically important blow fly species, that met …
Joint Control Of Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity By Plant Phenology And Physiology, Jianyang Xia, Shuli Niu, Philippe Ciais, Ivan A. Janssens, Jiquan Chen, Christof Ammann, Altaf Arain, Peter D. Blanken, Alessandro Cescatti, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Peter S. Curtis, Shiping Chen, Jinwei Dong, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Christian Frankenberg, Teodoro Georgiadis, Christopher M. Gough, Dafeng Hui, Gerard Kiely, Jianwei Li, Magnus Lund, Vincenzo Magliulo, Barbara Marcolla, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Eddy J. Moors, Jorgen E. Olesen, Shilong Piao, Antonio Raschi, Oliver Roupsard, Andrew E. Suyker, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco P. Vaccari, Andrej Varlagin, Timo Vesala, Matthew Wilkinson, Ensheng Weng, Georg Wohlfahrt, Liming Yan, Yiqi Luo
Joint Control Of Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity By Plant Phenology And Physiology, Jianyang Xia, Shuli Niu, Philippe Ciais, Ivan A. Janssens, Jiquan Chen, Christof Ammann, Altaf Arain, Peter D. Blanken, Alessandro Cescatti, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Peter S. Curtis, Shiping Chen, Jinwei Dong, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Christian Frankenberg, Teodoro Georgiadis, Christopher M. Gough, Dafeng Hui, Gerard Kiely, Jianwei Li, Magnus Lund, Vincenzo Magliulo, Barbara Marcolla, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Eddy J. Moors, Jorgen E. Olesen, Shilong Piao, Antonio Raschi, Oliver Roupsard, Andrew E. Suyker, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco P. Vaccari, Andrej Varlagin, Timo Vesala, Matthew Wilkinson, Ensheng Weng, Georg Wohlfahrt, Liming Yan, Yiqi Luo
School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications
Terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) varies greatly over time and space. A better understanding of this variability is necessary for more accurate predictions of the future climate–carbon cycle feedback. Recent studies have suggested that variability in GPP is driven by a broad range of biotic and abiotic factors operating mainly through changes in vegetation phenology and physiological processes. However, it is still unclear how plant phenology and physiology can be integrated to explain the spatiotemporal variability of terrestrial GPP. Based on analyses of eddy–covariance and satellite-derived data, we decomposed annual terrestrial GPP into the length of the CO2 uptake period …
A Makeover For The Captured Lecture: Applying Multimedia Learning Principles To Lecture Video, Richard Alan Lamb
A Makeover For The Captured Lecture: Applying Multimedia Learning Principles To Lecture Video, Richard Alan Lamb
CCE Theses and Dissertations
Making video recordings of large classroom lectures and putting them online is increasingly common in distance and blended learning courses. However, the best way to use lecture video is not well understood. Using long streams of one-way communication is not consistent with best practices in online learning. During lectures, students assume a largely passive role. They think faster than instructors speak, so boredom and daydreaming are common. Yet, when complex or novel ideas are presented, students may have inadequate time to encode, organize, and integrate the input with prior experience. Especially for students with low prior knowledge of the subject …
Purine-Based Triazoles, Prakash Reddy, Nanditha G. Nair, Mark A. Smith, Wataru Kudo
Purine-Based Triazoles, Prakash Reddy, Nanditha G. Nair, Mark A. Smith, Wataru Kudo
Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works
A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting at least protein kinase in a cell of a subject includes a purine based triazole.
Impact Of Homogeneous Strain On Uranium Vacancy Diffusion In Uranium Dioxide, Anuj Goyal, Simon R. Phillpot, Gopinath Subramanian, David A. Andersson, Chris R. Stanek, Blas P. Uberuaga
Impact Of Homogeneous Strain On Uranium Vacancy Diffusion In Uranium Dioxide, Anuj Goyal, Simon R. Phillpot, Gopinath Subramanian, David A. Andersson, Chris R. Stanek, Blas P. Uberuaga
Faculty Publications
We present a detailed mechanism of, and the effect of homogeneous strains on, the migration of uranium vacancies in UO2. Vacancy migration pathways and barriers are identified using density functional theory and the effect of uniform strain fields are accounted for using the dipole tensor approach. We report complex migration pathways and noncubic symmetry associated with the uranium vacancy in UO2 and show that these complexities need to be carefully accounted for to predict the correct diffusion behavior of uranium vacancies. We show that under homogeneous strain fields, only the dipole tensor of the saddle with respect …
Leveraging Contextual Relationships Between Objects For Localization, Clinton Leif Olson
Leveraging Contextual Relationships Between Objects For Localization, Clinton Leif Olson
Dissertations and Theses
Object localization is currently an active area of research in computer vision. The object localization task is to identify all locations of an object class within an image by drawing a bounding box around objects that are instances of that class. Object locations are typically found by computing a classification score over a small window at multiple locations in the image, based on some chosen criteria, and choosing the highest scoring windows as the object bounding-boxes. Localization methods vary widely, but there is a growing trend towards methods that are able to make localization more accurate and efficient through the …
Spectral Gene Set Enrichment (Sgse), H Robert Frost, Zhigang Li, Jason H. Moore
Spectral Gene Set Enrichment (Sgse), H Robert Frost, Zhigang Li, Jason H. Moore
Dartmouth Scholarship
Gene set testing is typically performed in a supervised context to quantify the association between groups of genes and a clinical phenotype. In many cases, however, a gene set-based interpretation of genomic data is desired in the absence of a phenotype variable. Although methods exist for unsupervised gene set testing, they predominantly compute enrichment relative to clusters of the genomic variables with performance strongly dependent on the clustering algorithm and number of clusters. We propose a novel method, spectral gene set enrichment (SGSE), for unsupervised competitive testing of the association between gene sets and empirical data sources. SGSE first computes …
Signed Peer Reviews As A Means To Improve Scholarly Publishing, Linwood H. Pendleton
Signed Peer Reviews As A Means To Improve Scholarly Publishing, Linwood H. Pendleton
Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics
Peer review is a necessary process with a long history of complaints, including over-solicitation of a small number of reviewers, delays, inadequate numbers of reviewers, and a lack of incentives to provide strong reviews or avoid reviews with little helpful information for the author. In the era of Web-based distribution of research, through working paper or project reports, anonymous peer reviews are much less likely. The Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics will use signed peer reviews and an open communication process among authors, reviewers, and editors. This approach, to be developed over time, should lead to stronger communication of …
Graviton-Photon Scattering, N.E.J. Bjerrum-Bohr, Barry R. Holstein, Ludovic Planté, Pierre Vanhove
Graviton-Photon Scattering, N.E.J. Bjerrum-Bohr, Barry R. Holstein, Ludovic Planté, Pierre Vanhove
Barry R Holstein
We use the feature that the gravitational Compton scattering amplitude factorizes in terms of Abelian QED amplitudes to evaluate various gravitational Compton processes. We examine both the QED and gravitational Compton scattering from a massive spin-1 system by the use of helicity amplitude methods. In the case of gravitational Compton scattering we show how the massless limit can be used to evaluate the cross section for graviton-photon scattering and discuss the difference between photon interactions and the zero mass spin-1 limit. We show that the forward scattering cross section for graviton photoproduction has a very peculiar behavior, differing from the …
The Journal Of Ocean And Coastal Economics: An Introduction And Invitation, Charles S. Colgan
The Journal Of Ocean And Coastal Economics: An Introduction And Invitation, Charles S. Colgan
Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics
The Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics publishes research, literature reviews, and application reports that use the theories and methods of economics to shape the understanding of oceans and their resources, and coastal regions. The Journal is intended for a broad audience of scholars and practitioners in economics and ocean and coastal management. "Oceans" includes the major oceans, bays, and estuaries, but other definitions may be proposed. Articles addressing both economic values and the measurement of economic activity in "ocean industries" are included, along with articles addressing the economy of coastal regions. The Journal uses an open peer review system …
Hydrographic Surveys At Seven Chutes And Three Backwaters On The Missouri River In Nebraska, Iowa, And Missouri, 2011-13, Justin R. Krahulik, Brenda K. Densmore, Kayla J. Anderson, Cory L. Kavan
Hydrographic Surveys At Seven Chutes And Three Backwaters On The Missouri River In Nebraska, Iowa, And Missouri, 2011-13, Justin R. Krahulik, Brenda K. Densmore, Kayla J. Anderson, Cory L. Kavan
United States Geological Survey: Water Reports and Publications
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) cooperated with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Omaha District, to complete hydrographic surveys of seven chutes and three backwaters on the Missouri River yearly during 2011–13. These chutes and backwaters were constructed by the USACE to increase the amount of available shallow water habitat (SWH) to support threatened and endangered species, as required by the amended “2000 Biological Opinion” on the operation of the Missouri River main-stem reservoir system. Chutes surveyed included Council chute, Plattsmouth chute, Tobacco chute, Upper Hamburg chute, Lower Hamburg chute, Kansas chute, and Deroin chute. Backwaters surveyed …