Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

A Heterogeneous Multiscale Method For Poroelasticity, Paul M. Delgado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In this Thesis, we develop and analyze a heterogeneous multiscale model for coupled fluid flow and solid deformation in porous media based on operator splitting and finite volume method. The splitting method results in two elliptic multiscale PDE's in the form of a reaction diffusion equation and a linear elasticity equation. We extend our previous multiscale method from 1D to higher dimensions and develop new approaches for the inclusion of mixed boundary conditions and source terms. We derive an error estimate for our multiscale method and analyze the stability of our splitting method. We also test the effectiveness of our …

A Neuronal Classification System For Plant Leaves Using Genetic Image Segmentation, Oluleye Babatunde, Leisa Armstrong, Dean Diepeveen, Jinsong Leng

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

This paper demonstrates the use of radial basis networks (RBF), cellular neural networks (CNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) for automatic classication of plant leaves. A genetic neuronal system herein attempted to solve some of the inherent challenges facing current software being employed for plant leaf classication. The image segmentation module in this work was genetically optimized to bring salient features in the images of plants leaves used in this work. The combination of GA-based CNN with RBF in this work proved more ecient than the existing systems that use conventional edge operators such as Canny, LoG, Prewitt, and Sobel operators. …

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities In Medical Devices: A Complex Environment And Multifaceted Problem, Patricia A.H. Williams, Andrew J. Woodward

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The increased connectivity to existing computer networks has exposed medical devices to cybersecurity vulnerabilities from which they were previously shielded. For the prevention of cybersecurity incidents, it is important to recognize the complexity of the operational environment as well as to catalog the technical vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity protection is not just a technical issue; it is a richer and more intricate problem to solve. A review of the factors that contribute to such a potentially insecure environment, together with the identification of the vulnerabilities, is important for understanding why these vulnerabilities persist and what the solution space should look like. This …

Volume Reduction Of Municipal Solid Wastes Contaminated With Radioactive Cesium By Ferrocyanide Coprecipitation Technique, Y. Fujikawa, H. Ozaki, H. Tsuno, P. Wei, A. Fujinaga, R. Takanami, S. Taniguchi, S. Kimura, R.R. Giri, P. Lewtas

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) with elevated concentrations of radioactive cesium (rad-Cs hereafter) have been generated in some areas of Japan in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1 hereafter) accident. Both recycling and final disposal of the contaminated MSW have become a difficult problem in the affected areas, resulting in accumulation of treated residues in the treatment facilities. The rad-Cs in MSW, especially fly ash, often showed a high leaching rate. Extraction of contaminated MSW with water or hot oxalic acid followed by selective removal of rad-Cs from the extract using ferrocyanide (Fer hereafter) coprecipitation technique could …

Increasing Sediment Accumulation Rates In La Fonera (Palamós) Submarine Canyon Axis And Their Relationship With Bottom Trawling Activities, P. Puig, J. Martin, P. Masque, A. Palanques

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Previous studies conducted in La Fonera (Palamós) submarine canyon (NW Mediterranean) found that trawling activities along the canyon flanks cause resuspension and transport of sediments toward the canyon axis. 210Pb chronology supported by 137Cs dating applied to a sediment core collected at 1750m in 2002 suggested a doubling of the sediment accumulation rate since the 1970s, coincident with the rapid industrialization of the local trawling fleet. The same canyon area has been revisited a decade later, and new data are consistent with a sedimentary regime shift during the 1970s and also suggest that the accumulation rate during the last decade …

Effects Of Ambient Coarse, Fine, And Ultrafine Particles And Their Biological Constituents On Systemic Biomarkers: A Controlled Human Exposure Study, Ling Liu, Bruce Urch, Raymond Poon, Mieczyslaw Szyszkowicz, Mary Speck, Diane R. Gold, Amanda J. Wheeler, James A. Scott, Jeffrey R. Brook, Peter S. Thorne, Frances S. Silverman

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background: Ambient coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles have been associated with mortality and morbidity. Few studies have compared how various particle size fractions affect systemic biomarkers. Objectives: We examined changes of blood and urinary biomarkers following exposures to three particle sizes. Methods: Fifty healthy nonsmoking volunteers, mean age of 28 years, were exposed to coarse (2.5–10 μm; mean, 213 μg/m3) and fine (0.15–2.5 μm; mean, 238 μg/m3) concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), and filtered ambient and/or medical air. Twenty-five participants were exposed to ultrafine CAP (< 0.3 μm; mean, 136 μg/m3) and filtered medical air. Exposures lasted 130 min, separated by ≥ 2 weeks. Blood/urine samples were collected preexposure and 1 hr and 21 hr postexposure to determine blood interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (inflammation), endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; vascular mediators), and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation); as well as urinary VEGF, 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine (DNA oxidation), and malondialdehyde. Mixed-model regressions assessed pre- and postexposure differences. results: One hour postexposure, for every 100-μg/m3 increase, coarse CAP was associated with increased blood VEGF (2.41 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.41, 4.40) in models adjusted for O3, fine CAP with increased urinary malondialdehyde in single- (0.31 nmol/mg creatinine; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.60) and two-pollutant models, and ultrafine CAP with increased urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in single- (0.69 ng/mg creatinine; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.29) and two-pollutant models, lasting < 21 hr. Endotoxin was significantly associated with biomarker changes similar to those found with CAPs. conclusions: Ambient particles with various sizes/constituents may influence systemic biomarkers differently. Endotoxin in ambient particles may contribute to vascular mediator changes and oxidative stress.

Do Water Buffalo Facilitate Dispersal Of Invasive Alien Tree Species Acacia Nilotica In Bekol Savanna Baluran National Park?, Sutomo

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Invasion of Acacia nilotica in Baluran National Park, East Java Province, Indonesia, has caused significant loss to savanna cover which is the main natural feature of the park. This study aimed to describe whether water buffalo may play a role in the dispersal of Acacia nilotica seed in Bekol Savanna usinganalysis of buffalo stools/scats, observations and seed experiments. In total there were 30 plots set up around the Bekol Savanna to collect buffalo stools. In addition,A. nilotica pods matured from its trees were collected, as controls. Germination tests were conducted on seeds that were extracted from the collected stools …

Survival Analysis Approach For Early Prediction Of Student Dropout, Sattar Ameri

Wayne State University Theses

Retention of students at colleges and universities has long been a concern for educators for many decades. The consequences of student attrition are significant for both students, academic staffs and the overall institution. Thus, increasing student retention is a long term goal of any academic institution. The most vulnerable students at all institutions of higher education are the freshman students, who are at the highest risk of dropping out at the beginning of their study. Consequently, the early identification of at-risk students is a crucial task that needs to be addressed precisely. In this thesis, we develop a framework for …

Impacts Of Anthropogenic Watershed Activity On The Sedimentary Record Of Dams From The Midwestern United States: A Case Study From Michigan And Indiana, Jenna Hage-Hassan

Wayne State University Theses

Large-scale watershed land use changes, including urbanization, have resulted in accelerated soil erosion and sediment accumulation rates, which in turn have posed a threat to the longevity and productivity of a majority of the aging dams in the mid-western United States. In this study, we collected and analyzed 3 sediment cores each from two dams from the Mid-western United States: Webber Dam in Michigan and Goshen Pond Dam in Indiana. Cores were analyzed for 137Cs and 210Pb to establish chronology, as well as concentrations and isotopic composition of organic carbon and nitrogen to investigate the land use changes as preserved …

Performance Comparison Of Two Data Mining Algorithms On Big Data Platforms, Md Rajiur Rahman Raju

Wayne State University Theses

In this Big data era, the need for performing large-scale computations is evident. A better understanding of the most suitable platforms which can efficiently run these computations is needed. In this thesis, we attempt to compare four such big data platforms, namely Hadoop, Spark, GPU, and Multicore CPU. We compare these platforms using two prominent data mining algorithms, namely, K-means clustering and K-nearest neighbour classification and discuss specific implementation-level details. We provide several insights into the best possible implementations of these algorithms and systematically compare the benefits and drawbacks of each of these platforms. We conduct experiments by varying data …

Total Variation Regularization Of Geodetically And Geologically Constrained Block Models For The Western United States, Eileen L. Evans, John P. Loveless, Brendan J. Meade

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

Geodetic observations of interseismic deformation in the Western United States provide con- straints on microplate rotations, earthquake cycle processes, and slip partitioning across the Pacific–North America Plate boundary. These measurements may be interpreted using block models, in which the upper crust is divided into microplates bounded by faults that accumulate strain in a first-order approximation of earthquake cycle processes. The number and geometry of microplates are typically defined with boundaries representing a limited subset of the large number of potentially seismogenic faults. An alternative approach is to include a large number of potentially active faults bounding a dense array of …

Finite-Difference Approximations And Optimal Control Of Differential Inclusions, Yuan Tian

Wayne State University Dissertations

This dissertation concerns the study of the generalized Bolza type problem for dynamic systems governed by constrained differential inclusions. We develop finite-discrete approximations of differential inclusions by using the implicit Euler scheme and the Runge-Kutta scheme for approximating time derivatives, while an appropriate well-posedness of such approximations is justified. Our principal result establishes the uniform approximation of strong local minimizers for the continuous-time Bolza problem by optimal solutions to the corresponding discretized finite-difference systems by the strengthen $W^{1,2}$-norm approximation of this type in the case ``intermediate" (between strong and weak minimizers) local minimizers under additional assumptions. Especially the implicitly discrete …

Development Of New Algorithms For Exploring The Potential Energy Landscape Of Chemical Reactions, Adam Benjamin Birkholz

Wayne State University Dissertations

The research presented in this dissertation is divided into 5 chapters. In Chapter 2, a method for reducing the number of coordinates required to accurately reproduce a known chemical reaction pathway by applying principal component analysis to a number of geometries along the pathway (expressed in either Cartesian coordinates or redundant internal coordinates) is described and applied to 9 example reactions. Chapter 3 introduces new methods for estimating the structure of and optimizing transition states by utilizing information about the atomic bonding in the reactants and products. These methods are then benchmarked against a standard transition state optimization approach utilizing …

Interaction Forces And Reaction Kinetics Of Ligand-Cell Receptor Systems Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Anwesha Sarkar

Wayne State University Dissertations

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) provides superior imaging resolution and the ability to measure forces at the nanoscale. It is an important tool for studying a wide range of bio-molecular samples from proteins, DNA to living cells. We developed AFM measurement procedures to measure protein interactions on live cells at the single molecular level. These measurements can be interpreted by using proper statistical approaches and can yield important parameters about ligand-receptor interactions on live cells. However, the standard theory for analyzing rupture force data does not fit the experimental rupture force histograms. Most of the experimental measurements of rupture force data …

Synthesis And Biological Evaluation Of Nitrile-Based Inhibitors Of Cysteine Proteases Caged With Ruthenium Complexes, Rajgopal Sharma

Wayne State University Dissertations

Light activated compounds can be used as tools for understanding and solving numerous biological problems. This dissertation focuses on developing ruthenium-based photocages for caging nitrile-based cysteine protease inhibitors. Four research areas pertaining to this dissertation, i) metals in medicine, ii) photocages in biological applications, iii) photodynamic therapy and iv) cysteine cathepsin proteases were briefly surveyed in the introductory chapter. Next, RuII(bpy)2 group was utilized for synthesizing nitrile-based caged CTSK and CTSB inhibitors. Light activated release of inhibitors, followed by toxicity and stability data were studied. Cathepsin enzyme activity inhibition in 2D and 3D assays were established. This work showcased the …

Isomer Detection Of Radicals Produced By The Flash Pyrolysis Of Heptane And Its Structural Isomers, Steven Lingenfelter

Wayne State University Theses

Radicals can play an important role in combustion chemistry as key intermediates. As such studying them is vital in the study of combustion chemistry. Our study focused on the production of the 1 and 2-propyl radical from heptane isomers. Radicals were produced by flash pyrolysis which was achieved by restively heating a silicon carbide tube through which a molecular beam passed. Strong field ionization was utilized to discriminate between the two propyl isomers. Results indicated the expected trend however the signal intensity was quite low with significant noise. Further improvements are needed to improve the quality as well as the …

Mcnair Research Journal - Summer 2015, Kelly Abuali, Starr Bailey, Krystal Courtney D. Belmonte, Brittaney Benson-Townsend, Jennifer Bolick, Mihaela A. Ciulei, Ashley Crisp, Daniel N. Erosa, Richard V. Foster, Gisele Braga Goertz, Michael A. Langhardt, Kara Osborne, Julienne Jochel Paraiso, Shawn M. Rosen, Bella V. Smith, Jeevake Attapattu, Ernesto H. Bedoy, Michael G. Curtis, Wanda Inthavong, Marielle Leo, Primrose Martin, Tamieka Meadows, Rosa Perez, Jessica Recarey, Shea Silver, Linda Tompkins

McNair Journal

Journal articles based on research conducted by undergraduate students in the McNair Scholars Program

Table of Contents

Biography of Dr. Ronald E. McNair

Statements:

Dr. Neal J. Smatresk, UNLV President

Dr. Juanita P. Fain, Vice President of Student Affairs

Dr. William W. Sullivan, Associate Vice President for Retention and Outreach

Mr. Keith Rogers, Deputy Executive Director of the Center for Academic Enrichment and Outreach

McNair Scholars Institute Staff

Propagation Of Lightning Through Thick Thunderclouds, Isaiah Henry, Dieudonné D. Phanord

McNair Poster Presentations

The phenomenon that is lightning, have sparked the interest of physicists and scientists for centuries. The journey to understanding this phenomenon of high-current electric discharge, can unlock the secret to other lightning related phenomenons. Lightning is a major source of interference in many types of radio communications. The effects of lightning on space crafts, nuclear power plants, and sophisticated military equipment, are problems of increasing concern. The purpose of this research is to study the propagation of lightning through optically thick thunderclouds by applying knowledge of cloud micro-physics, the physics of lightning, diffusion approximations, and an understanding of the scattering …

Study Of Cuinte2 Quantum Dots Under Extreme Conditions, Howard Yanxon, Ravhi Kumar

McNair Poster Presentations

In recent years, Quantum Dot (QD) materials have attracted considerable interest due to their versatile properties and potential applications in electronics, biology, and optoelectronics, i.e. photovoltaic solar cell materials [1-2].

In 2000, RincÓn et al. reported an extensive study of the bulk material of CuInTe₂ along with its comparison to its ordered defect compounds [3]. The chalcopyrite structure consists of eight atoms per unit cell. This means there are 24 vibrational modes expected for the tetragonal structure. Out of the 24 modes, 21 vibrational modes belong to optical modes, and the other 3 modes are acoustical modes. The irreducible …

Recovery Potential Of The Mussel Communities In The Lower Section Of Big Walnut Creek, Jared B. Ellenbogen

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Projects

Since the enactment of the 1977 Clean Water Act, biologists have created numerous multimetric assessment tools to evaluate the biological integrity of water resources, using biological criteria. The integrity of Big Walnut Creek, Ohio, has been in flux since the 1955 construction of Hoover Dam, and while current water quality is high, mussel communities in the creek have yet to recover to historical levels. This study sought to determine the cause of the decline in the mussels in the lower section of the creek below the dam. Historical creek data, including a fish-based index of biotic integrity (f-IBI), invertebrate community …

The Adsorption Of Polyatomic Molecules On Carbon Surfaces, Jared T. Burde

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Carbon nanotubes exhibit the structure and chemical properties that make them apt substrates for many adsorption applications. Of particular interest are carbon nanotube bundles, whose unique geometry is conducive to the formation of pseudo-one-dimensional phases of matter, and graphite, whose simple planar structure allows ordered phases to form in the absence of surface effects. Although both of these structures have been the focus of many research studies, knowledge gaps still remain. Much of the work with carbon nanotubes has used simple adsorbates^1-43, and there is little kinetic data available. On the other hand, there are many studies of …

Indolinyl-Thiazole Based Inhibitors Of Scavenger Receptor-Bi (Sr-Bi)-Mediated Lipid Transport, Chris Dockendorff, Patrick W. Faloon, Miao Yu, Willmen Youngsaye, Marsha Penman, Thomas J.F. Nieland, Partha P. Nag, Timothy A. Lewis, Jun Pu, Melissa Bennion, Joseph Negri, Conor Paterson, Garrett Lam, Sivaraman Dandapani, José R. Perez, Benito Munoz, Michelle A. Palmer, Stuart L. Schreiber, Monty Krieger

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

A potent class of indolinyl-thiazole based inhibitors of cellular lipid uptake mediated by scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) was identified via a high-throughput screen of the National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (NIH MLSMR) in an assay measuring the uptake of the fluorescent lipid DiI from HDL particles. This class of compounds is represented by ML278 (17–11), a potent (average IC₅₀ = 6 nM) and reversible inhibitor of lipid uptake via SR-BI. ML278 is a plasma-stable, noncytotoxic probe that exhibits moderate metabolic stability, thus displaying improved properties for in vitro …

Population Ecology Of Rocky Mountain Elk In The Black Hills, South Dakota And Wyoming, Benjamin D. Simpson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

We conducted a 2-year (2012–2013) study of survival and cause–specific mortality using individually marked adult cow and neonate elk (Cervus elaphus) occupying the southwestern region of the Black Hills. We used known-fate analysis in Program MARK for survival analysis of adult cows and calves. We estimated survival and cause-specific mortality of 49 adult female elk over the 2 years of the study. Annual adult cow survival was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72–0.87). We documented 12 mortalities with harvest (58.3%) and predation (16.6%) accounting for the majority of known mortalities. We captured and fit 71 neonates < 10 days of age with expandable Very High Frequency (VHF) radiocollars during summer 2012 (n = 37) and 2013 (n = 34). Annual (12 month) survival of elk calves was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.61–0.84) while summer (20 weeks; 15 May–25 September) survival was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.68–0.88). Predation accounted for 87.5% of mortalities; remaining mortalities were from starvation (6.3%) and unknown (6. 3%) causes. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to collect 167,707 locations to determine home range, movement ecology, and macroscale resource selection of 48 adult cow elk. We documented elk using a variety of migration strategies (obligate migrator, resident, conditional migrator, disperser); the majority of the population (58%) was migratory. Spring migration distance travelled ranged from 2.45 km – 74.44 km (n = 42); fall migration distances ranged from 6.41km – 153.95 km (n = 46). We used 99% Brownian Bridge Movement Models to create seasonal and overall home ranges of adult cow elk. Mean overall home range size for conditional migrators was 249.28 km2 (SE = 28.60, n = 7, range = 233.75), for obligate migrant elk it was 227.18 km2 (SE = 13.94, n = 29, range = 346.83), and for resident elk it was 175.65 km2 (SE = 22.75, n = 11, range = 216.04). We used discrete choice models to determine resource selection at the macro-habitat scale of collared adult elk using ArcMap 10.1 data. Adult cow elk selected for open grassland/herbaceous areas and early successional forest areas close to forested edges at higher elevations. Our study showed that elk populations have the ability to thrive within an ecosystem with healthy predator populations.

Partial Orders On Partial Isometries, William T. Ross, Stephan Ramon Garcia, Robert T. W. Martin

Department of Math & Statistics Faculty Publications

This paper studies three natural pre-orders of increasing generality on the set of all completely non-unitary partial isometries with equal defect indices. We show that the problem of determining when one partial isometry is less than another with respect to these pre-orders is equivalent to the existence of a bounded (or isometric) multiplier between two natural reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. For large classes of partial isometries these spaces can be realized as the well-known model subspaces and deBranges-Rovnyak spaces. This characterization is applied to investigate properties of these pre-orders and the equivalence classes they generate.

Weak Parallelogram Laws On Banach Spaces And Applications To Prediction, William T. Ross, R. Cheng

Department of Math & Statistics Faculty Publications

This paper concerns a family of weak parallelogram laws for Banach spaces. It is shown that the familiar Lebesgue spaces satisfy a range of these inequalities. Connections are made to basic geometric ideas, such as smoothness, convexity, and Pythagorean-type theorems. The results are applied to the linear prediction of random processes spanning a Banach space. In particular, the weak parallelogram laws furnish coefficient growth estimates, Baxter-type inequalities, and criteria for regularity.

Narrow-Band Search Of Continuous Gravitational-Wave Signals From Crab And Vela Pulsars In Virgo Vsr4 Data, J. Aasi, Marco Cavaglia, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website.

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper we present the results of a coherent narrow-band search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from the Crab and Vela pulsars conducted on Virgo VSR4 data. In order to take into account a possible small mismatch between the gravitational-wave frequency and two times the star rotation frequency, inferred from measurement of the electromagnetic pulse rate, a range of 0.02 Hz around two times the star rotational frequency has been searched for both the pulsars. No evidence for a signal has been found and 95% confidence level upper limits have been computed assuming both that polarization parameters are completely unknown …

Individual-Based Modeling: Mountain Pine Beetle Seasonal Biology In Response To Climate, Jacques Regniere, Barbara J. Bentz, James A. Powell, Remi St-Amant

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications

Over the past decades, as significant advances were made in the availability and accessibility of computing power, individual-based models (IBM) have become increasingly appealing to ecologists (Grimm 1999). The individual-based modeling approachprovides a convenient framework to incorporate detailed knowledge of individuals and of their interactions within populations (Lomnicki 1999). Variability among individuals is essential to the success of populations that are exposed to changing environments, and because natural selection acts on this variability, it is an essential component of population performance. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.

Electrical Properties Of Annealed And Coated Boron Nitride Under Electron Beam Irradiation, Kevin Guerch, Theirry Paulmier, Jr Dennison, Justin Dekany, Pascal Lenormand, Sophie Guillemet-Fritsch

Journal Articles

The charging and relaxation kinetics of pyrolytic boron nitride (BN) substrates, BN with an aluminium oxide (BN/Al₂O₃) coating, and thermally-annealed alumina-coated boron nitride (an-BN/Al₂O₃) were investigated under low power electron irradiation (5 < E₀ < 20 keV, J_i = 10 nA.cm^-2 at room temperature) in the CEDRE facility at ONERA (Toulouse, France). Surface potentials of each ceramics configuration were measured over time using the Kelvin probe method. The influence of coating and annealing treatments to limit charging is discussed in this paper. A thorough study of a an–BN/Al₂O₃ sample was carried out …

Defects Density Of States Model Of Cathodoluminescent Intensity And Spectra Of Disordered Sio2, Amberly Evans Jensen, Jr Dennison

Journal Articles

Electron beam measurements show that disordered SiO₂ exhibits electron-induced luminescence, and that it varies with incident beam energy and current density, sample temperature, and wavelength. A simple model based on the electronic band structure and defect density of states—initially used to explain electron transport in highly disordered insulating materials—has been extended to predict the relative cathodoluminescent intensity and spectral radiance for disordered SiO₂ as a function of these variables. Due to the large band gap of insulating SiO₂, thermal excitation from the valence to conduction band is highly improbable; excitation is through collisions of the incident …

Variations In Cathodoluminescent Intensity Of Spacecraft Materials Exposed To Energetic Electron Bombardment, Justin Dekany, Justin Christensen, Jr Dennison, Amberly Evans Jensen, Gregory Wilson, Todd Schneider, Charles W. Bowers, Robert Meloy

Journal Articles

Many contemporary spacecraft materials exhibit cathodoluminescence when exposed to electron flux from the space plasma environment. A quantitative, physics-based model has been developed to predict the intensity of the total glow as a function of incident electron current density and energy, temperature, and intrinsic material properties. We present a comparative study of the absolute spectral radiance for more than 20 types of dielectric and composite materials based on this model which spans more than three orders of magnitude. Variations in intensity are contrasted for different electron environments, different sizes of samples and sample sets, different testing and analysis methods, and …