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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Strategies To Improve Nonprofit Governance To Increase Donations, Charmaine Nicola Williams Tate Jan 2023

Strategies To Improve Nonprofit Governance To Increase Donations, Charmaine Nicola Williams Tate

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractThe leaders of nonprofit organizations rely on donors to achieve the organization’s mission, and governance practices are a key contributor to donor confidence and positive donor behavior. Some nonprofit leaders lack effective strategies to improve governance processes and encourage donor confidence to increase donations. Grounded in resource dependence theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies that nonprofit leaders use to improve governance processes and encourage donor confidence to increase levels of donations. The participants comprised four senior executive members of a donor-amalgamation nonprofit organization in the Midwestern United States. Data were collected from semistructured …

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Relationship Between Strategic Dexterity, Absorptive Capacity, And Competitive Advantage, Ifechide Monyei Jan 2023

Relationship Between Strategic Dexterity, Absorptive Capacity, And Competitive Advantage, Ifechide Monyei

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) manufacturing executives and managers are concerned with the rapid technological changes involving artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and big data. To compete in the global landscape, effectively managing digital and artificial intelligence changes among SME manufacturing executives and managers is critical for leaders to compete in 2023 and beyond. Grounded in the dynamic capabilities view theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlation study was to examine the relationship between strategic dexterity, absorptive capacity, and competitive advantage. The participants were 66 executives and managers of SME manufacturing organizations who use big data and analytics daily and …

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Strategies Information Technology Managers Use To Retain Qualified Information Technology Employees, Wayne Arnold Reu Jan 2023

Strategies Information Technology Managers Use To Retain Qualified Information Technology Employees, Wayne Arnold Reu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Retaining qualified information technology (IT) personnel can take time and effort, given the high demand for skilled positions. Business leaders are concerned with the high turnover of IT employees because of the cost of recruiting and training personnel and the disruption to organizational processes and performance. Grounded in job characteristics theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore IT managers' strategies to retain qualified IT employees in organizations across the southwestern United States. Eight IT leaders participated because of their years of experience implementing strategies to retain qualified IT professionals. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and …

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The Employees’ Perspective: Situational Leadership Style Flexibility And Effectiveness And Employee Performance In A Technological Organization, Merari Cortes Jan 2023

The Employees’ Perspective: Situational Leadership Style Flexibility And Effectiveness And Employee Performance In A Technological Organization, Merari Cortes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Poor employee performance can have adverse effects on business outcomes. Business leaders are concerned with poor performance, which can minimize profitability and negatively impact business sustainability. Grounded in the Situational Leadership II® model, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between situational leadership style flexibility, effectiveness, and employee performance as perceived by employees, controlling for employee gender, job location, and tenure. A random sample of 99 technology company employees completed the Leader Behavior Analysis II®– Other and the Employee Job Performance measurement tools. Using hierarchical multilinear regression, employee gender, job location, and tenure were entered …

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Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell Jan 2023

Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nonprofit organizations are cornerstones in the community that contribute to improving environments, communities, persons, and life overall. However, some nonprofit organization senior leaders lack the succession planning strategies, resources, and funding to continue serving as positive social change agents in the community. Grounded in the general systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore business strategies nonprofit leaders use for succession planning. The participants included three senior leaders in a nonprofit located in the northeastern region of the United States who have indirectly or directly implemented succession planning strategies. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, …

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Effective Strategies For Using Telecommuting By Owners Of Small Businesses, Thomas Law Jan 2023

Effective Strategies For Using Telecommuting By Owners Of Small Businesses, Thomas Law

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small business owners who lack effective strategies to incorporate telecommuting may be unable to retain teleworking employees, create a flexible working environment, or improve workforce morale, negatively impacting company productivity and profitability. Grounded in transformational leadership theory and sociotechnical systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies small business owners use to incorporate telecommuting to retain teleworking employees. Data were collected from five small business owners in Texas with at least 1 year of management experience and created and maintained remote working strategies. Data collection included semistructured interviews and company documents. Three themes emerged …

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Illegal Unreported And Unregulated Fishing And Overfishing Policymaking In A Caribbean Island Country, Anya J. Moses Jan 2023

Illegal Unreported And Unregulated Fishing And Overfishing Policymaking In A Caribbean Island Country, Anya J. Moses

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small island developing states, especially those within the Caribbean community, are faced with the challenges of overfishing and illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing activities. Despite global legal reforms, enforcement continues to be ineffective. In the policymaking process, the perspectives of those critically impacted are rarely taken into consideration The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the issues leading to the lack of inclusion of fisherfolk knowledge in the policymaking process and policies that promote SDG 14. The goal was to explore the importance of fisherfolk involvement in the policymaking process. The research question focused on identifying the …

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Perceptions And Knowledge Of Information Security Policy Compliance In Organizational Personnel, Jesus M. Mosqueda Jan 2023

Perceptions And Knowledge Of Information Security Policy Compliance In Organizational Personnel, Jesus M. Mosqueda

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

All internet connected organizations are becoming increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks due to information security policy noncompliance of personnel. The problem is important to information technology (IT) firms, organizations with IT integration, and any consumer who has shared personal information online, because noncompliance is the single greatest threat to cybersecurity, which leads to expensive breaches that put private information in danger. Grounded in the protection motivation theory, the purpose of this quantitative study was to use multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between perceived importance, organizational compliance, management involvement, seeking guidance, and rate of cybersecurity attack. The research question for …

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A Sociotechnical Systems View Of Computer Self-Efficacy And Usability Determinants Of Technical Readiness, Stefani L. Tucker Jan 2023

A Sociotechnical Systems View Of Computer Self-Efficacy And Usability Determinants Of Technical Readiness, Stefani L. Tucker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The specific research problem was that it is unknown whether computer self-efficacy and usability determine technical readiness in hourly and exempt information technology support employees in the United States. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between computer self-efficacy and technical readiness, usability and technical readiness, and computer self-efficacy, usability, and technical readiness in hourly and exempt information technology support employees in the United States. Sociotechnical system theory suggests that every transaction has a human and technical aspect; thus, the theoretical framework. The convenience sample included 136 information technology support employees aged 18-70. The regression results …

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Strategies To Improve Nonprofit Governance To Increase Donations, Charmaine Nicola Williams Tate Jan 2023

Strategies To Improve Nonprofit Governance To Increase Donations, Charmaine Nicola Williams Tate

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractThe leaders of nonprofit organizations rely on donors to achieve the organization’s mission, and governance practices are a key contributor to donor confidence and positive donor behavior. Some nonprofit leaders lack effective strategies to improve governance processes and encourage donor confidence to increase donations. Grounded in resource dependence theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies that nonprofit leaders use to improve governance processes and encourage donor confidence to increase levels of donations. The participants comprised four senior executive members of a donor-amalgamation nonprofit organization in the Midwestern United States. Data were collected from semistructured …

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Analyzing Small Business Strategies To Prevent External Cybersecurity Threats, Dr. Kevin E. Moore Jan 2023

Analyzing Small Business Strategies To Prevent External Cybersecurity Threats, Dr. Kevin E. Moore

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some small businesses’ cybersecurity analysts lack strategies to prevent their organizations from compromising personally identifiable information (PII) via external cybersecurity threats. Small business leaders are concerned, as they are the most targeted critical infrastructures in the United States and are a vital part of the economic system as data breaches threaten the viability of these organizations. Grounded in routine activity theory, the purpose of this pragmatic qualitative inquiry was to explore strategies small business organizations utilize to prevent external cybersecurity threats. The participants were nine cybersecurity analysts who utilized strategies to defend small businesses from external threats. Data were collected …

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Occupational Risk Perceptions Among Foreign-Born Construction Workers In Central Florida, Matthew Edison Law Jan 2023

Occupational Risk Perceptions Among Foreign-Born Construction Workers In Central Florida, Matthew Edison Law

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hispanic and Latino foreign-born construction workers in the United States experience higher rates of serious injuries and fatalities in the workplace than their native-born peers. Previous research has pointed to specific vulnerabilities among this population, including birthplace, age of the worker, language barriers, and education level, but little to no research has examined addressable risk factors, such as occupational risk perceptions, among this population. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine the relationship between birthplace, number of years working in the United States, and occupational risk perceptions while controlling for age of the worker, language barriers, and education …

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Analyzing Small Business Strategies To Prevent External Cybersecurity Threats, Dr. Kevin E. Moore Jan 2023

Analyzing Small Business Strategies To Prevent External Cybersecurity Threats, Dr. Kevin E. Moore

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some small businesses’ cybersecurity analysts lack strategies to prevent their organizations from compromising personally identifiable information (PII) via external cybersecurity threats. Small business leaders are concerned, as they are the most targeted critical infrastructures in the United States and are a vital part of the economic system as data breaches threaten the viability of these organizations. Grounded in routine activity theory, the purpose of this pragmatic qualitative inquiry was to explore strategies small business organizations utilize to prevent external cybersecurity threats. The participants were nine cybersecurity analysts who utilized strategies to defend small businesses from external threats. Data were collected …

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Perceptions And Knowledge Of Information Security Policy Compliance In Organizational Personnel, Jesus M. Mosqueda Jan 2023

Perceptions And Knowledge Of Information Security Policy Compliance In Organizational Personnel, Jesus M. Mosqueda

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

All internet connected organizations are becoming increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks due to information security policy noncompliance of personnel. The problem is important to information technology (IT) firms, organizations with IT integration, and any consumer who has shared personal information online, because noncompliance is the single greatest threat to cybersecurity, which leads to expensive breaches that put private information in danger. Grounded in the protection motivation theory, the purpose of this quantitative study was to use multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between perceived importance, organizational compliance, management involvement, seeking guidance, and rate of cybersecurity attack. The research question for …

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Histidine Enhances The Anticancer Effect Of Gemcitabine Against Pancreatic Cancer Via Disruption Of Amino Acid Homeostasis And Oxidant—Antioxidant Balance, Narendra Kumar, Satyanarayana Rachagani, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Alexandra Crook, Thiyagarajan Gopal, Vinothkumar Rajamanickam, Jyoti B. Kaushal, Sirpu N. Nagabhishek, Robert Powers, Surinder K. Batra, Viswanathan Saraswathi Jan 2023

Histidine Enhances The Anticancer Effect Of Gemcitabine Against Pancreatic Cancer Via Disruption Of Amino Acid Homeostasis And Oxidant—Antioxidant Balance, Narendra Kumar, Satyanarayana Rachagani, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Alexandra Crook, Thiyagarajan Gopal, Vinothkumar Rajamanickam, Jyoti B. Kaushal, Sirpu N. Nagabhishek, Robert Powers, Surinder K. Batra, Viswanathan Saraswathi

Robert Powers Publications

Simple Summary: Amino acid metabolism is aberrantly altered in pancreatic cancer (PC). Evidence suggests that circulating histidine (His) levels are low in PC. However, the role of His in modulating the progression of PC remains unknown. We determined the role of His in altering the therapeutic effectiveness of gemcitabine (Gem) against PC. We provide evidence that the expression of histidine ammonia lyase (HAL), an enzyme involved in His catabolism, is greatly increased in mouse and human pancreatic tumors. We show that combining His with Gem led to enhanced cytotoxic effects against aggressive PC cell lines. Our metabolomics analysis revealed that …

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Public Participation In Georgia’S Environmental Permitting Process, Joyce A. Stanley Jan 2023

Public Participation In Georgia’S Environmental Permitting Process, Joyce A. Stanley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is no meaningful way for Georgia residents to participate in the environmental decision-making process before environmental permits are approved. As a result, hazardous waste facilities are disproportionately placed in African American communities, exposing them to poor air quality and a higher prevalence of heart and respiratory diseases than Whites. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and better understand how African American residents living in Stonecrest, Georgia felt about the hazardous waste site being placed in their community without an opportunity to provide input into the Georgia Environmental Protection Division’s (GEPD) decision-making process before a decision …

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Leadership Strategies Supply Chain Managers Use In Adopting Innovative Technology, Bukola Loveth Olowo Jan 2023

Leadership Strategies Supply Chain Managers Use In Adopting Innovative Technology, Bukola Loveth Olowo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Supply chain managers face challenges when adopting new technologies to remain competitive and satisfy consumer demands involving expedited delivery of food and services. Supply chain managers who fail to adopt new technology have a decreased propensity to stay competitive. Grounded in the transformation leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore leadership strategies supply chain managers use in adopting innovative technology. Participants were six supply chain managers who successfully used leadership strategies to adopt new innovative technology. Sources for data collection were semistructured interviews, company archival documents, and field notes. Research data were analyzed via thematic …

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Device Technologies Implementation Strategies In The Nigerian Health Care Industry, Oliver Chikaodinaka Iheme Jan 2023

Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Device Technologies Implementation Strategies In The Nigerian Health Care Industry, Oliver Chikaodinaka Iheme

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based medical device technologies can aid medical professionals in delivering faster and more accurate treatment, but health care leaders are concerned with eliminating challenges that impede implementation. Grounded in the technology-organization-environment and technology acceptance models, the purpose of this qualitative multi-case study was to explore strategies health care leaders in Nigeria use to obtain, adopt, and implement AI-based medical device technologies. The participants were 11 health care leaders in Nigeria who successfully implemented AI-based medical device technologies in their hospitals. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and the review of organizational documents. Through thematic analysis, five themes were …

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Device Technologies Implementation Strategies In The Nigerian Health Care Industry, Oliver Chikaodinaka Iheme Jan 2023

Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Device Technologies Implementation Strategies In The Nigerian Health Care Industry, Oliver Chikaodinaka Iheme

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based medical device technologies can aid medical professionals in delivering faster and more accurate treatment, but health care leaders are concerned with eliminating challenges that impede implementation. Grounded in the technology-organization-environment and technology acceptance models, the purpose of this qualitative multi-case study was to explore strategies health care leaders in Nigeria use to obtain, adopt, and implement AI-based medical device technologies. The participants were 11 health care leaders in Nigeria who successfully implemented AI-based medical device technologies in their hospitals. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and the review of organizational documents. Through thematic analysis, five themes were …

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Sun Exposure And Protective Behaviors Among U.S. Hispanic Farmworkers, Claudia Marie Delgado Cebollero Jan 2023

Sun Exposure And Protective Behaviors Among U.S. Hispanic Farmworkers, Claudia Marie Delgado Cebollero

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sun exposure increases the risk of sun-related illnesses and skin cancer among U.S. Hispanic farmworkers. Reinforced by the health belief model, the purpose of this study was to determine the association between socio-demographic factors (i.e., age, educational attainment, gender, income, and marital status) and skin cancer with the level of sun exposure (sun’s effect on skin, sunburn reported) and protective behaviors (use of cap/visor, use of sunscreen) among adult Hispanic farmworkers in the United States. The study included Hispanic farmworkers aged 21 or older (N = 112) who responded to the 2015 National Health Interview Survey. Ordinal logistic regression showed …

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Occupational Risk Perceptions Among Foreign-Born Construction Workers In Central Florida, Matthew Edison Law Jan 2023

Occupational Risk Perceptions Among Foreign-Born Construction Workers In Central Florida, Matthew Edison Law

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hispanic and Latino foreign-born construction workers in the United States experience higher rates of serious injuries and fatalities in the workplace than their native-born peers. Previous research has pointed to specific vulnerabilities among this population, including birthplace, age of the worker, language barriers, and education level, but little to no research has examined addressable risk factors, such as occupational risk perceptions, among this population. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine the relationship between birthplace, number of years working in the United States, and occupational risk perceptions while controlling for age of the worker, language barriers, and education …

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Investigations Of Low-Frequency Vibrations In Crystalline Organic Semiconductors And Their Impact On Material Properties, Peter Alexander Banks Jan 2023

Investigations Of Low-Frequency Vibrations In Crystalline Organic Semiconductors And Their Impact On Material Properties, Peter Alexander Banks

Graduate College Dissertations and Theses

An increasing amount of attention has been dedicated to small-molecule based crystalline organic semiconducting materials, with regular reports of newly-designed molecules that are specifically engineered to produce high-performance organic devices. Commonly, these molecules contain distinct chemical characteristics that are specifically incorporated to inhibit the large-amplitude, low-frequency vibrational motions that occur about intermolecular van der Waals contacts. These molecular motions have been historically considered a primary factor that uniquely limits the semiconducting performance of these materials, as the large displacements induced by these vibrations strongly diminish the electronic coupling between molecules in the lattice. This phenomenon is denoted as electron-phonon coupling, …

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Examining The Role Of Place Attachment In Climate Justice Engagement And Jewish Relationships To The Environment, Madeline Medina Jan 2023

Examining The Role Of Place Attachment In Climate Justice Engagement And Jewish Relationships To The Environment, Madeline Medina

Environmental Studies Honors Projects

It is critical that environmental justice and marginalized identities are the focus of climate-related discussions and research. Solutions must support the long-term wellbeing of people, especially and importantly those who are most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. Psychological research suggests that place attachment–the meaningful bonds that occur between people and their environment (Scannell & Gifford, 2010)–is a key factor in motivating environmental behavior, but little research has examined its connection to environmental justice oriented behavior. This two-part exploration first evaluated the role of place attachment on engagement with both a typical climate change centered message and a climate …

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A Reevaluation Of Why Crypto-Detectors Fail: A Systematic Revaluation Of Cryptographic Misuse Detection Techniques, Scott Marsden Jan 2023

A Reevaluation Of Why Crypto-Detectors Fail: A Systematic Revaluation Of Cryptographic Misuse Detection Techniques, Scott Marsden

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

The correct use of cryptography is central to ensuring data security in modern software systems. Hence, several academic and commercial static analysis tools have been developed for detecting and mitigating crypto-API misuse. While developers are optimistically adopting these crypto-API misuse detectors (or crypto-detectors) in their software development cycles, this momentum must be accompanied by a rigorous understanding of their effectiveness at finding crypto-API misuse in practice. The original paper presents the MASC framework, which enables a systematic and data-driven evaluation of crypto-detectors using mutation testing. MASC was grounded in a comprehensive view of the problem space by developing a data-driven …

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Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced By Legal Practitioners, Nathan James Wintersgill Jan 2023

Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced By Legal Practitioners, Nathan James Wintersgill

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

Most modern software products incorporate open source components, which requires compliance with each component’s licenses. As noncompliance can lead to significant repercussions, organizations often seek advice from legal practitioners to maintain license compliance, address licensing issues, and manage the risks of noncompliance. While legal practitioners play a critical role in the process, little is known in the software engineering community about their experiences within the open source license compliance ecosystem. To fill this knowledge gap, a joint team of software engineering and legal researchers designed and conducted a survey with 30 legal practitioners and related occupations and then held 16 …

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The Multiset Partition Algebra: Diagram-Like Bases And Representations, Alexander N. Wilson Jan 2023

The Multiset Partition Algebra: Diagram-Like Bases And Representations, Alexander N. Wilson

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

There is a classical connection between the representation theory of the symmetric group and the general linear group called Schur--Weyl Duality. Variations on this principle yield analogous connections between the symmetric group and other objects such as the partition algebra and more recently the multiset partition algebra. The partition algebra has a well-known basis indexed by graph-theoretic diagrams which allows the multiplication in the algebra to be understood visually as combinations of these diagrams. My thesis begins with a construction of an analogous basis for the multiset partition algebra. It continues with applications of this basis to constructing the irreducible …

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Review-Electrode Kinetics And Electrolyte Stability In Vanadium Flow Batteries, Andrea Bourke, Daniela Oboroceanu, Nathan Quill, Catherine Lenihan, Maria Alhajji Safi Maria Alhajji Safi, Mallory A. Miller, Robert F. Savinell, Jesse S. Wainright, Varsha Sasikumarsp, Maria Rybalchenko, Pupak Amini, Niall Dalton, Robert P. Lynch, D. Noel Buckley Jan 2023

Review-Electrode Kinetics And Electrolyte Stability In Vanadium Flow Batteries, Andrea Bourke, Daniela Oboroceanu, Nathan Quill, Catherine Lenihan, Maria Alhajji Safi Maria Alhajji Safi, Mallory A. Miller, Robert F. Savinell, Jesse S. Wainright, Varsha Sasikumarsp, Maria Rybalchenko, Pupak Amini, Niall Dalton, Robert P. Lynch, D. Noel Buckley

Articles

Two aspects of vanadium flow batteries are reviewed: electrochemical kinetics on carbon electrodes and positive electrolyte stability. There is poor agreement between reported values of kinetic parameters; however, most authors report that kinetic rates are faster for VIV/VV than for VII/VIII. Cycling the electrode potential increases the rates of both reactions initially due to roughening but when no further roughening is observed, the VII/VIII and VIV/VV reactions are affected oppositely by the pretreatment potential. Anodic pretreatment activates the electrode for the VII/VIII reaction, and deactivates it for VIV/VV. Three states of the carbon surface are suggested: reduced and oxidized states …

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The Affect Of Dha Concentration On Lipid Membrane Fluidity, Elise Rezabeck Jan 2023

The Affect Of Dha Concentration On Lipid Membrane Fluidity, Elise Rezabeck

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

My proposed project will be creating large unilaminar vesicles with varying concentrations of DHA in the vesicles. The diffusion in and out of these vesicles will be tracked by using singular lipid molecules. These singular lipid molecules will be tagged with fluorescence and viewed using an internal reflection fluorescence microscope. The data collected over the course of this project will then be analyzed using Matlab. The result of the project will be to find the specific lipid diffusion constant of these unilaminar vesicles. The relationship between the concentration of DHA and lipid diffusion and membrane fluidity will be found as …

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How Akron Affects The Water Quality Of The Cuyahoga River, Allyson Darst Jan 2023

How Akron Affects The Water Quality Of The Cuyahoga River, Allyson Darst

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the city of Akron had negative effects on the Cuyahoga river, and determine if the Cuyahoga River was naturally able to remediate these effects downstream. The pollutants measured in this study include hardness, bromine, residual chlorine, iron, copper, lead, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium chloride, total chlorine, fluoride, carbonate, pH, total alkalinity and cyanuric acid. This study was done using water testing strips (JNW Direct) to test the water at four different locations along the Cuyahoga River downstream (North) of Akron. This study found that the city of Akron does have a negative …

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Discord Api Wrapper, Joshua Brown Jan 2023

Discord Api Wrapper, Joshua Brown

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

Discordwrap is a Python library that abstracts the Discord API so that developers can easily integrate their existing projects with Discord. This paper outlines Discordwrap's creation, from start to finish, including implementation as well as key design decisions, such as the decision to provide a functional library interface rather than an object-oriented one.

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