Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Salinity Responses In Some Forage Legume Species, M E. Rogers

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The salt tolerances of more than 70 lines and species of forage legumes were evaluated in a series of greenhouse experiments, with the aim of identifying plant material that is more salt tolerant than some of the more traditionally-grown, temperate, forage legume species. Several species or lines showed potential as salt tolerant germplasm including sweet clover (Melilotus albus), berseem clover (T. alexandrinum) cvv. Mescani and Wardan, woolly clover (T. tomentosum), birdsfoot treefoil (L. Corniculatus), slender birdsfoot treefoil (Lotus tenuis) and Trifolium squamosum. However, further selection and field evaluation is required in order to …

Black Locust Effects On Forage Yield And Nutritive Quality Produced On Reclaimed Mined Land, D C. Ditsch, M Collins, J H. Grove

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a rapidly growing, leguminous tree species often used to stabilize disturbed sites. The objectives of this study were to measure the effect of black locust populations on understory forage production and livestock nutritive quality on reclaimed surface mined land. In two out of three years, forage dry matter yields harvested under a population of 1368 trees ha-1 were not different than the clear cut treatment (all trees removed). Forage dry matter production was significantly reduced at populations of 2736 and 4145 trees ha-1 due to slow and limited regrowth following harvest. Forage nutritive …

New Approaches For Rehabilitating And Developing Fodder Production From Acid Mountain Soils In Nepal To Alleviate Poverty And Restore The Environment, D Pariyar, P Van Der Grinten

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The approach for the re-integration of degraded areas in the farming system demands methods that are simple, affordable and sustainable. Under the Hills Leasehold Forestry and Forage Development Project (HLFFDP) technologies were trialed for the establishment of pasture legume and nitrogen fixing trees on degraded leased sites. Agrisilvipastoralism (ASP) applied using minimum or zero tillage has considerable untapped potential for simultaneously alleviating poverty and restoring the environment in Nepal. Preliminary results presented here indicate that with the introduction of suitable improved forage species under the application of simple establishment techniques, degraded lands have the potential to produce considerable amounts of …

Cultivar And Seed Stratification Effects On Switchgrass Establishment On Coal Mine Spoil, M Collins, T P. Demond, D C. Ditsch, T D. Phillips

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Warm season perennial grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) provide useful wildlife habitat on reclaimed surface mined land but stand establishment is often slow. Two switchgrass cultivars: (1) ‘Alamo’ and (2) ‘Cave-in-rock’, two seed stratification treatments: (1) wet chilled and (2) untreated, and three establishment treatments: (1) no mulch or companion crop, (2) seeded with oat (Avena sativa L.), or (3) mulched with wheat straw were compared in a factorial experiment. In Sept. after spring seeding, stand density ranged from 2.5 seedlings m-1 of drill row for Alamo control plots to 6.8 for CIR with oat. Stand densities …

Coquia: An Operation For Forage Production, Manual Anaya-Garduno

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this study was to show the potential of Coquia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad var. esmeralda) as a good ooption for forage production in arid and semiarid zones of Mexico. This plant is drought resistant and it grows well in eroded soils. It can be a good complement in the ration of different animal species (bovines, ovines, caprines, rabbits and equines).

Spring Grazing To Manipulate The Composition Of A Re-Created Species Rich Grassland Habitat, R Chapman, A Younger

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Botanical diversity in species rich grasslands re-created on restored opencast coal sites may be threatened by aggressive growth from the legume component. A previous study indicated that this aggressive legume growth may be suppressed by spring grazing with sheep. A detailed study was conducted to determine the effect of spring grazing on the two most abundant legumes within the community; white clover (Trifolium repens) and lesser trefoil (Trifolium dubium). The results obtained suggested that the control of legumes was apparently mediated principally through the suppression of white clover, with lesser trefoil growth actually being increased by …

Role Of Pasturage Grass Roots For Soil Conservation- Soil Particle Holding Function With Pasturage Grass Roots, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Toshihiro Sugiura

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

With the latest advance of large-scale grassland establishment, grassland agriculture requires not only a high productivity of good quality forages for livestock but also effective of soil conservation. We must obviously study the physical effects of pasture cropping on the grassland soils. In this paper, we deal with the soil holding function of pasturage grass-roots as a part of studies on roots and grassland soil.

The results obtained are as follows : 1) Soil compact strength of perennial roots shows a high value. For example, in perennial roots of Tall fescue (F.arundenacea), its value is 70kg or more per one …

Rehabilitating Sandy Acid Soils In The Sahelo-Sudanese Region With Andropogon Gayanus Kunth Var. Bisquamulatus, A Drought Resistant Savannah Grass, A Buldgen, A Dieng

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Root growth of Guinea grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. Bisquamulatus) and the effects of the crop on soil fertility were studied in Senegal (field conditions). The physiological behaviour of the graminae was also monitored during a drying cycle in a controlled environment (Belgium). The growth of the root system was remarkable during the rainy season. Root turn-over greatly improves soil organic matter content after two years of cultivation. During the drying cycle, the plant performed an osmotic adjustment through K+ ions and sugar accumulation in the cell sap.

Management Of Acidifying Legume Based Pastures For Sustainable Production In Southern Australia, A M. Ridley, R E. White, R J. Simpson

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

A field experiment was used to determine nitrate leaching losses under perennial (Phalaris aquatica and Dactylis glomerata) and annual (Lolium rigidum) grass pastures under control and high N treatments. Previously published results and assumptions were made to extrapolate results to typical grazed pastures, and best bet practices to manage soil acidification were suggested. Nitrate leaching losses of approximately 14 and 28 kg N/ha/year were estimated for grazed perennial and annual pastures (equating to soil acid addition of 1 and 2 kmol H+/ha/year). Other sources of acid addition known to occur in this environment accounted for a …

Forage Production In Alternative Agriculture: Dairy Farms In Eastern Canada, G Allard, M Mauries, D Pellerin

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alternative agriculture has been adopted by dairy farmers in response to concerns over conventional agriculture. The purpose of this study is to compare forage production characteristics on 12 alternative or conventional dairy farms. Yields and quality components were determined for the first and the second cuts of forage harvested in 1994 and 1995. Similar yields as well as similar crude protein and ADF concentrations were obtained for forages produced on alternative and conventional farms. Although potassium concentrations were lower under alternative farming, forage production is not a limiting factor in alternative dairy farming.

Effects Of Color Of Facilities On Evaluation Of Farm Landscape, Y Hosokawa, K Toda

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this study was to make clear the color of farm facilities, being harmonious with the landscape. For the color design of farm facility, the questionnaire was given to 429 subjects by the 8-ordered choices from each figure painted 8 colors, i.e., red, yellow­ red, yellow, green, blue, purple, white, and black, in each landscape element of the roof of barn, the board of fence, the steel tower and the plastic-pack of silos by using the image processor. The harmonious color chosen were red in the roof of barn and mostly white in both fence, steel tower silo, …

Rhizobial And Nutritional Responses Of Desmanthus Clay Soils Of Queensland, N J. Brandon, R A. Date, R M. Jones, R L. Clem, G A. Bahnisch, P R. Spies, A Becerra, B A. Robertson, T.W G. Graham

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of these studies was to determine the reasons for chlorosis of desmanthus observed at some sites in southeast Queensland. Inoculation with Rhizobium increased growth of desmanthus in 2 of 4 soils in the field and 4 of 8 soils in pots. Greatest responses occurred in soils with few or no effective native Rhizobium. Most soils however, contained native strains that were effective. Omission of sulphur significantly reduced dry weight of desmanthus grown in pots in 5 of 7 soils by 30-51% relative to plants supplied with all nutrients. Omission of P and Mo resulted in similar yield reductions …

Biological Nitrogen Fixation In A Grass-Clover Pasture Grazed By Dairy Cows, F P. Vinther, K Søegaard, O Aaes

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this study was to estimate the annual input of nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to a grass-clover pasture (Lolium perenne L. - Trifolium repens L.) grazed by dairy cows. The input was estimated by combining measurements of BNF in non-grazed plots, BNF in urine affected plots and estimates of the proportion of the pasture affected by urine. Total BNF in non-grazed plot was 75 and 256 kg N ha-1 in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Urine affected BNF both by decreasing the proportion of clover and by decreasing the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere. The …

Phosphorus Requirements In Legumes: Calibration Of A Rapid And Simple Tissue Test, A Moron

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this research was to adjust and calibrate a phosphorus (P) tissue test to diagnose in a simple and rapid manner the nutritional status of commonly used legumes in Uruguay. Field experiments conducted during 1993-94 with four legumes, showed a significant yield response to increasing P fertilizer rates. A colorimetric sap analysis was used to determine P status in legumes. A strong relationship was found between P sap analysis and relative yields. A critical level of 90-100 μg P/ml in sap to attain 90% of the maximum yield was obtained.

Evaluation Of Different Nitrogen Sources On The Production And Chemical Properties Of C4-Sub-Tropic Pastures, J F. Reckling, G.H J. Kruger

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Digitaria eriantha fertilised with limestone ammonium nitrate (LAN 28 % N), although not statistically significant, resulted in higher dry matter production in comparison to those plants fertilised with urea (U 46% N). Significant lower (P<0.05) soil calcium levels were found in plots fertilised with LAN. Plants fertilised with urea had double the amount of Aspartic and Glutamic acid, indicating that urea did not convert to NO3 -, but was taken up as ammonium.

Effect Of Nitrogen And Potash Fertilization On Dry Matter Yield And Mineral Composition Of Pangolagrass, J B. Andrade, C L. Justo, J.L. V. Coutinho, R M. Peres, E Ferrari Junior, V T. Paulino, W Henrique, J C. Werner, H B. Mattos

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The effect of nitrogen and potash fertilizations on dry matter and protein yields and chemical composition of pangolagrass (D. decumbens Stent.) was studied in a randomized block design with four replications using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Nitrogen and potash were applied after each cut as an equivalent to 3 and 2% of dry matter (65°C) yield, respectively. There were great increases in dry matter and protein yields when nitrogen alone or combined with potash was used. Potash fertilization alone had no effect on the variables described above. Nitrogen fertilization improved forage pangolagrass composition, being particularly effective on crude …

Nitrogen In Stubble As A Limiting Factor Of Regrowth And Yield Of Orchardgrass After Cutting, T Matsunaka, T Ishii, M Jin

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Two field trials were carried out to reexamine the role of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and nitrogen (N) of the stubble in regrowth of orchardgrass (Dactylis Glomerata L.) during 10 days after cutting and the yield of next cutting. The regrowth and the yield were independent of TNC content in the stubble. They increased with N content in the stubble derived from the different rate of previous N application. When the TNC content in the stubble at the time of cutting was more than about 18% (dry matter basis), the regrowth even in a darkroom was not affected by …

Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilization Upon Spring Growth In Thinopyrum Poticum In Alkaline Soils. Argentina, R Fernandez Grecco, A Sciotti, A Mazzanti, H Echeverria

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Wheatgrass is a perennial forage grass adapted to low fertility alkaline soils in the Flooding pampa. It has an annual forage growth cycle characterised by a high spring-summer concentration and low values in winter. The objective of this study was to assess that it is possible to anticipate and increase forage growth and DM production of wheatgrass pastures applying nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was carried out at the Balcarce Experimental Station from 28/08/95 to 04/12/95. Using a completely randomized block design the effects of 6 levels of N: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg Nha-1, added as NO3 …

Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilization Upon Winter Growth In Natural Pastures Of The South East Of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, R C. Fernandez Grecco, A E. Mazzanti, H A. Echeverria

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The effect of winter nitrogen fertilization upon herbage accumulation during the winter-spring period on a natural pasture of the Flooding Pampa dominated by cool season annual (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial (Stipa neesiana) grasses was evaluated. The experiment was carried out from August to November in 1994 and 1995. Fertilization treatments were: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kgN ha- 1 (N0, N50, N100, N150, N200 and N250, respectively). The experimental plots were set out in three randomized blocks. In 1994, maximum forage accumulation was reached at N150, and no significant differences were found among N150, …

Effectivity Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas In Sustainable Grassland Agriculture Following Conversion From Intensive Management, W R. Eason, J Scullion, E P. Scott

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

With increased interest in sustainable agriculture, attention has focused on the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the productivity of agricultural systems. AM spores were taken from grassland and grass-arable systems with either a history of high-input, conventional, or low-input, organic management, and used as a source of inoculum in host plants (Allium amelioprasum, Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne). Spores from organic management systems produced a greater yield response than those from conventional systems. Where various spore inoculum produced differences in host growth responses, it was observed that the infected root of these host plants also produced similar …

Buffelgrass Forage And Seed Production Responses To N And Fertilization, W R. Ocumpaugh, M A. Hussey, B L. Burson

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Forage and seed production responses to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer of Common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) were evaluated for three years (1991-93). An incomplete factorial set of five rates of N and P were applied each year. Seed data were collected by hand stripping mature seed followed by a forage harvest. Seed quality characteristics were determined on each seed sample. No response to N fertilizer was observed in 1991 nor to P in any year. In 1992, there was a linear forage yield response to N fertilizer. In 1993, both the linear and quadratic effects of N …

Grassland Management In Central Area Of The Masurian Landscape Park, K Mlynarczyk, E Marks, E Korona

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Permanent grassland occupy some 12% of the area of the Masurian Landscape Park. The Cirsio-Polygonetum plant association was distinguished on the semi-natural meadows situated on the peat-marsh soil. Changes in botanical composition of the meadow sward and the productivity of DM, against a background of different mineral fertilization, were examined in a medium-scale plot experiment. It was concluded that both aspects ofutilization must be accorded high priority in the case of extensively managed meadows: medium level of forage production and the landscape conservation.

Reserving Pastures In Communal Grasslands By Agropastoralists Of Tanzania, M L. Kusekwa, A J. Mwilawa, J.K K. Msechu

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Studies were conducted in “Maasai” and “Gogo” tribal communities to gain understanding of traditional management of reserved pastures. Survey techniques were used and forage production and chemical composition were estimated. Household heads were invariably old men who had no formal education. Household size averaged 14 and 11, in Maasai and Gogo tribes respectively. Most reserved pastures were privately owned. Over 90% of pastoralists preferred individual ownership of reserved grazing. Herbage production was 2510 kg DM/ha in Maasai and 3680 kg DM/ha in Gogo locations. Pastures and low protein content (5.1-6.5% CP). Constraints to reserve grazing strategies were land and water …

Impact Of Extensive Management On Demography Of One Invasive Species Of Permanent Grasslands, D Magda

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The objective of this study is to show the effect of extensive practices on the population dynamics of a grassland species (Chaerophyllum aureum) in order to control invasion process. Fertilisation intensity (none or 45g/m2), number (none, one or two) and date of cutting (before or after seed maturity) have been experienced on permanent plots in fields to follow consequences on demography of adults and seedlings. Adult density is regulated through cutting effect and intraspecific competition process. Reduction of competition by cutting leads to a paradoxal highest adult survival rate in on cut treatment compared with abandoned invaded fields. …

Influence Of Drying Method And Temperature On Ruminal Degradable Protein Of Switchgrass, D E. Farnham, K J. Moore, J R. George

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The nutritional value of herbage protein fed to ruminant livestock can be influenced greatly by the extent to which it is degraded in the rumen. This study was conducted to determine if drying method and temperature alters measurements of in situ ruminal escape protein (EP) of switchgrass herbage. Switchgrass harvested at the pre-heading stage was either air dried, freeze dried, or oven dried at 38, 49, 60, or 710 C. Samples from each of the six drying treatments were digested in situ in Dacron bags for 4, 8, 12, or 16 h. Drying treatment had a significant impact on EP …

Development Of Natural Horse Pastures In Finland In The 1900s, H Jansson, K H. Jansson, A Olin, T Talikka, J Pykala

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The purpose of the study was to assess the importance of natural pastures as a growing environment for horses and, at the same time, to evaluate the landscape value of such pastures. Another aim was to look at possible ways of conserving areas which have been in use as horse pastures for a long period of time as traditional biotopes belonging to the Finnish horse grazing culture, and to examine how their management and care could be improved.

Relationship Of Soil To Native Pasture In A Flooding Pampa Area (Argentine), S P. Debelis, A A. Bozzo, A Bujan, M B. Barrios

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The influence of the topography in soils found in the area surrounding the Chascomús lagoon is examined. The study of the profiles within the representative transect in each microenvironment reveals changes related to its traits. Its relationship with the vegetation present in each toposequence position was observed. The worsening of the natural drainage conditions, are related to reduction of organic matter, increase in the values of pH and PSI, greater intensity of hydromorphic traces and appearance of groups of characteristic species.

Extensification Of Sheep Grazing Systems: Effects On Soil Nutrients, Species Composition And Animal Production, C A. Marriott, I J. Gordon

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The effects of ceasing fertiliser inputs to perennial ryegrass/white clover swards, combined with patterns of seasonal grazing, on soil nutrient status, floristic composition and animal production (ewes and single lambs) were studied in a long-term experiment at three upland sites in Scotland. Four unfertilised treatments had a factorial combination of seasonal grazing in summer and autumn at two sward heights (4 and 8 cm). There was also an ungrazed, unfertilised control and a fertilised treatment (140 kg N/ha plus maintenance P and K), grazed at 4 cm sward height in both seasons. All treatments were imposed annually from 1990/91. By …

Grassland Management For Geese: Sustainable Use For Conservation And Agriculture, S M. Percival, R Lilley

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Increasing numbers of overwintering wild geese have caused considerable problems to agriculture but are often also of conservation concern as their populations are relatively small. Islay, Scotland, is one site where this problem is particularly acute. We studied the two goose species which use this site, the barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis, and the white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons flavirostris, and found that they preferred younger pastures located closer to their roost sites. These preferred areas could be important in developing a sustainable strategy for future goose management. Further non-sustainable population increases might be avoided by increasing disturbance in these areas.

Supplementary Files For "Using Digitized Building And Weather Records To Improve The Accuracy Of Ground To Roof Snow Load Ratio Estimations", Gideon Parry, Brennan Bean

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Reliability targeted snow loads (RTLs) measure the weight in accumulated snow (i.e. snow load) that a roof is required to support to ensure the probability of failure is suf- ficiently low. This calculation has historically relied upon a probability distribution that characterizes the ratio between the annual maximum ground snow load to the annual max- imum roof snow load, a quantity referred to as Gr. The best available data for estimating Gr comes from Canadian case studies from the 1950s and 1960s. However, much of the data was never digitized, with only approximations of data being made available in scanned …