Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Skeletal Extension, Density And Calcification Of The Reef Coral, Montastrea Annularis: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Richard E. Dodge, Garrett W. Brass

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Parameters of the annual and subannual skeletal growth of 61 Montastrea annularis corals, collected at a variety of shallow depth sites on reefs of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, are determined by X-radiography and scanning densitometry for each year in the 10-year period, 1970–1979. Extension (linear growth) of the coral skeleton is correlated negatively with bulk density (mass per unit volume) and positively with calcification (mass addition). Density and mass are slightly positively correlated. No one parameter, however, is a perfect predictor of another. At least two parameters, from which the third can be calculated, are required for complete description …

Dietary Maintenance Of Bioluminescence In A Deep-Sea Mysid, Tamara M. Frank, Edith A. Widder, Michael I. Latz, James F. Case

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Ichnology Of Pleistocene Carbonates On San Salvador, Bahamas, H. Allen Curran

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

ABSTRACT-Trace fossils, well preserved and in full relief, are present in Pleistocene calcarenites of subtidal, beach, and dune facies on San Salvador, Bahamas. Most prominent are irregular boxworks of Ophiomorpha sp. that occur in current-bedded, medium to coarse skeletal calcarenites in association with fossil coral reefs in the subtidal facies. Ophiomorpha sp. also occurs in beds deposited in a tidal delta environment. Found with Ophiomorpha sp., often in abundance, are vertical burrow tubes assigned to Skolithos linearis. Trace fossils are absent from beds of the lower beach facies, but upper beach facies beds (backshore zone) contain distinctive Y-shaped crab …

Tracemaking Activities Of Crabs And Their Environmental Significance: The Ichnogenus Psilonichnus, Robert W. Frey, H. Allen Curran, S. George Pemberton

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

Modem crabs are common inhabitants of shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments, and many crabs are capable of producing traces that can be preserved in the rock record. The first crabs, Early Jurassic in age, probably were not fossorial. By Cretaceous time, however, diverse endobenthic lineages were established. Many representatives of these lineages undoubtedly produced domiciles that are preserved in shallow marine to quasimarine sediments and that should be useful in characterizing the depositional environment of the sediments. Nonetheless, most such dwelling structures have been studied little and remain essentially unnamed.

The ichnogenus Psilonichnus Fiirsich is amenable to the taxonomic …

Computer Revolution: Another Human Extension, Russell W. Maatman

Pro Rege

No abstract provided.

The Prairie Naturalist Volume 16, No. 1. March 1984

The Prairie Naturalist

Paul B. Kannowski, Editor

Nikki R. Seabloom, Assistant Editor

Douglas H. Johnson, Book Review Editor

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MORTALITY OF RACCOONS IN NORTH DAKOTA ▪ E. K. Fritzell and R. J. Greenwood

THE EFFECTS OF MOWING ON THE RODENT COMMUNITY OF A NATIVE TALL GRASS PRAIRIE IN EASTERN NEBRASKA ▪ C. A. Lemen and M. K. Clausen

PARASITES OF FISH FROM THE JAMES AND SHEYENNE RIVERS, JAMESTOWN RESERVOIR COMPLEX, AND LAKE ASHTABULA IN NORTH DAKOTA ▪ M. D. Forstie and H. L. Holloway

LEAD POISONING OF SANDHILL CRANES (Grus canadensis) ▪ R. M. Windingstad, S. M. Kerr, and …

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Vol. I Hydraulic Model Documentation, B. E. Ross, M. A. Ross, P. D. Jerkins

Reports

This first volume documents the theoretical development and present state of the University of South Florida's two-dimensional, hydraulic, estuary model. It represents the accumulation of 15 years of research and development at the Civil Engineering Mathematical Modeling Center. It has been designed to be completely compatible with a host of other specialty models including a two-dimensional ecologic model, one-dimensional tributary model, salinity model, thermal model, kinetic energy model, and others. Figure 1.2 is a graphical depiction of the compatibility and functionality of various models used with the 2-D hydraulic model.

Bird Damage Chronology And Feeding Behavior In Two Sunflower Fields, Sacramento, California, 1982, Michael L. Avery, Richard Dehaven

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Bird damage was assessed weekly from soon after anthesis until harvest in two sunflower fields in the Sacramento Valley, California, during 1982. Damage chronology was similar at both sites, with damage concentrated in the second to fourth weeks after anthesis when the seeds were in the doughy stage of development. Less than 10% of the total losses caused by birds occurred during the final month before harvest. Overall bird damage was quite low (0.20 and 0.26%) in each field and in one, damage by wind was 2.4 times greater than that caused by birds. Brewer's blackbirds (Euphagus cyanocephalus) …

Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Contents

Current Status Of Research On The Blackbird-Sunflower Problem In North Dakota, Joseph L. Guarino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Since 1979, the Denver Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, has conducted an accelerated research program on the blackbird-sunflower problem which occurs annually in the Dakotas and Minnesota. The objective is to develop effective, cost beneficial and environmentally safe methods for reducing blackbird damage to ripening sunflower. A multidisciplinary approach involving interrelated studies of problem definition, ecology, and control methods development is being used. Preliminary results are presented from several studies involving: state- and county-wide estimates of damage; frequency distribution and timing of damage; compensatory growth in early damaged sunflower heads; breeding male blackbird censuses; mass-marking migratory red-winged …

Biological Rationale For 1080 As A Predacide, Walter E. Howard, Robert H. Schmidt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) is a uniquely selective predacide for controlling coyotes, compared to other predacides. In addition to discussing the biological aspects of 1080, the reasons for the current emotional-political status of 1080 are also reviewed because the biological rationale concerning 1080 has been largely determined by a conspiracy orchestrated in 1972 by an individual of the Council on Environmental Quality but assisted by others from the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency. Many of the distortions about 1080 can also be traced to environmental organizations which still use 1080 as an issue which they …

Gull Exclusion, George W.J. Laidlaw, Hans Blokpoel, Victor E.F. Solman, Margaret Mclaren

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

This paper reports on work carried out in a variety of sites and installations that have required active gull control. The methods used are a result of observations by a variety of researchers and attest to the effectiveness of a behavioral control technique with the use of thin steel spring wire or monofilament fishing line.

Strobe Light And Siren Devices For Protecting Fenced-Pasture And Range Sheep From Coyote Predation, Samuel B. Linhart

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The effectiveness of frightening devices for reducing coyote predation on domestic sheep has not been adequately studied. Portable, battery-operated strobe light/siren devices protected pastured sheep from coyotes for a mean of 53 nights (10 trials) and 91 nights (5 trials). Results of ongoing tests of the devices for reducing predation on herded sheep on summer range in western Colorado have so far been encouraging. Future research needs are outlined.

Resistance To The Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides, Mogens Lund

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The second-generation anticoagulants, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum, have taken over a considerable part of the rodenticidal market during the last six to eight years. This is partly due to the higher efficiency against a larger spectrum of rodent pest species and partly to the increasing problem of physiological resistance to the older anticoagulants. Resistance of practical importance has, however, now been encountered to difenacoum and bromadiolone in Europe, i.e., UK and Scandinavia. Brodifacoum, in spite of the evidence of a somewhat increased tolerance in some commensal rodent populations, still must be considered a highly effective rodenticide against almost all important …

Cholecalciferol: A Unique Toxicant For Rodent Control, Edward F. Marshall

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Cholecalciferol is an acute (single-feeding) and/or chronic (multiple-feeding) rodenticide toxicant with unique activity for controlling commensal rodents including anticoagulant-resistant rats. Cholecalciferol differs from conventional acute rodenticides in that no bait shyness is associated with consumption and time to death is delayed, with first dead rodents appearing 3-4 days after treatment.

Efficacy Of A Two-Ingredient Fumigant On Richardson's Ground Squirrels, George H. Matschke, Kathleen A. Fagerstone

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

In July 1981, efficacy data were obtained on a new two-ingredient gas cartridge by field testing against Richardson’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) in a sagebrush-rangeland pasture. The gas cartridge contained 97 g of a sodium nitrate (65%) and charcoal (35%) mixture and upon ignition generated mainly carbon monoxide with a small quantity of carbon dioxide. We live-trapped 53 (24 male and 29 female) ground squirrels, equipped each with a 164 MHz radio transmitter, and then released each at the point of capture. Later we located each ground squirrel and treated its main burrow and all burros within 3 …

Feral Equine Management At The Naval Weapons Center, Thomas J. Mcgill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Feral equines present a unique management problem for federal land managers. Although feral burros are an invader species introduced onto the North American Continent by 16th Century Spanish explorers, they have both State and Federal protection. Under the umbrella of this protection, feral burro populations exploded in the 1970s. By 1979 the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California, was being overrun by burros. Burros were destroying the desert environment and creating very real hazards to aircraft, vehicles and personnel. The Naval Weapons Center in an unprecedented move implemented an interim emergency removal program. A total of 1513 burros was removed …

The Treatment Of Accidental Anticoagulant Toxicity In The Canine, James G. Miller

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Anticoagulant poisoning is only one of several causes of hemorrhage in dogs. Hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, liver diseases, and infections are cited as additional causes of hemorrhage. The duration of anticoagulant activity determines the treatment protocol. The half-life of warfarin is 19 hours; diphacinone, 30 days; brodifacoum, 180 days. The treatment of anticoagulant poisoning re-quires doses of vitamin K1, at the rate of 5 mg/kg, initially intramuscularly, then orally. Warfarin intoxication is treated for 4 days; diphacinone and brodifacoum for 30 days. Where hemorrhage is present, the prognosis is guarded, and fresh whole blood transfusions are indicated.

Research On Winter Roosting Blackbirds And Starlings In The Southeastern United States, Donald F. Mott

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Each winter, more than 300 million blackbirds and starlings congregate in hundreds of roosting sites in the southeastern United States. In addition to nuisance problems involving odor and property damage from fecal material, and potential airport hazards, research studies to date suggest that the major problems with these birds and their roosts involve grain losses in feedlots, latent disease transmission to livestock, and public health concerns with histoplasmosis. Control methods development studies have shown the utility of Starlicide and nonchemical control methods in reducing starling feedlot problems. A sprinkler-irrigation delivery system for the surfactant, PA-14, has been developed that enhances …

Efficacy Of A Number Of Toxic Baits And Batting Against The Voles, Microtus Agrestis And Arvicola Terrestris , Marvo Myllymaki

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The results from two series of control experiments against the voles, Microtus agrestis and Arvicola terrestris, are reported. In a series of field experiments in the 1970s, three acute toxicants (zinc phosphide, crimidine and difluorpropanol) were tested against Microtus. Difluorpropanol (Gliftor) was found to be the most effective, but no ready-made bait containing it was available. The performance of the crimidine bait (Kastrix) was good enough to fulfill the registration requirements, while the zinc phosphide bait (Myrax) failed to give acceptable results. In the second series (early 1980s) a brodi-facoum bait (Klerat) was found to be as efficacious …

An Innovative Approach To Pocket Gopher Fumigation, Lloyd F. Plesse

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The Botta's or Valley pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae), except possibly for the California ground squirrel, is the most damaging rodent to agricultural crops, ornamental plantings, turf, alfalfa, etc., in California. It is a solitary, antisocial animal that occupies its underground burrow system alone t during mating periods and before the juveniles leave the maternal nest at about 5 to 6 weeks of They disperse nocturnally to establish new tunnel systems or take over abandoned ones. In planted and irrigated areas where there is an abundant supply of desirable vegetation, there are two litters per year. Research indicates that …

Closing Remarks—Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, I would like to thank all of you for your attendance and participation in this Conference. I think you will all agree it has been one of the best. The Eleventh Conference was successful because of the efforts of many people. I would especially like to thank Dell O. Clark, Chairman, Eleventh Conference, for his tremendous skill and effort in directing the Conference. The Program Chairmen, Roger Hothem and Rich DeHayen, were responsible for the well-balanced program. Jerry Clark, Arrangements, Aurelio Posadas, Registration, and Mike Keffer, Publicity, handled the many details that helped …

An Introductory Overview To California Ground Squirrel Control, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Techniques for controlling California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) include trapping, shooting, acute toxicants, anticoagulants, and fumigants. These techniques are described and compared and the available information on their efficacy and economics is discussed. This kind of analysis is essential if growers are to make logical decisions regarding the various control options.

Predator Management For Ducks On Waterfowl Production Areas In The Northern Plains, Alan B. Sargeant, Phillip M. Arnold

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

In 1961, Congress initiated the Accelerated Wetland Acquisition Program, which has resulted in purchase of about 2,450 scattered small Waterfowl Production Area (WPA) management units in the Prairie Pothole Region of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The WPAs are administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS); increased duck production is a major management objective. Duck recruitment rates in much of the four-state area are very low because of high predation, especially on nests. Principal predators responsible for the predation are six mammalian carnivores and one rodent. The actions of predators on WPAs, especially in central and …

Impact Of The Belding’S Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Beldingi, On Alfalfa Production In Northeastern California, Warren C. Sauer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Throughout the history of agriculture, man has competed with various animal species for the fruits of his labors. During the past 60 years, many research papers have dealt with the impact of field rodents and lagomorphs on agriculture. Damage has been estimated in various ways, from dollar values to cattle unit losses. In an early study, Shaw (1921) attempted to measure the amount of winter wheat loss due to Columbia ground squirrel. Grinnel and Dixon (1918) related ground squirrel damage to forage loss and cattle production.

Several rodent enclosure and exclosure studies have been conducted in an attempt to measure …

Toxic Characteristics Of Fluorocitrate, The Toxic Metabolite Of Compound 1080 , Peter J. Savarie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

This paper reviews toxicological research involving fluorocitrate, the toxic metabolite of sodium monofluoroacetate (fluoroacetate), which is the active ingredient in the pesticide Compound 1080. Many toxicological studies have been done with fluoroacetate and the results obtained are actually due to the fluorocitrate because it has been definitely proved that, from a biochemical perspective, fluoroacetate is not toxic but fluorocitrate is. The classical explanation of the toxic action of fluorocitrate is that it inhibits the enzyme aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Deactivation of aconitase results in decreased energy production by cells and ultimately death of the organism. However, the more …

Efficacy Of Brodifacoum (Talon) Bait Against Three Rodent Species , Y. Saxena, R.K. Sharma

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Brodifacoum was fed to three rodent species, viz., M. hurrianae, R. rattus and F. pennanti, using a no-choice feeding trial for 7 days at various concentrations--0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125%. The compound was found effective, palatable, developed no sign of poison bait-shyness but indicated a slight aversion of poison. The death of the animals was due to pulmonary distress and hemorrhage.

Potential Primary And Secondary Hazards Of Avicides, E.W. Schafer Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

There are six chemicals or groups of chemicals that are currently registered as avicides that can be used in some or all of the U.S. Most of these chemicals, because of their diverse chemical composition and innate toxicological effects, present somewhat different primary and secondary hazards to avian and mammalian predators and scavengers. Of the chemicals reviewed, all appear to present some degree of primary hazard to non-target birds and mammals; however, PA-14, the Starlicide family of chemicals and fenthion appear to be the least hazardous when used according to use directions. 4-Aminopyridine, endrin and strychnine, because of their high …

A Weather-Resistant Tracking Board, D.S. Shepherd, J.H. Greaves

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The main practical limitation of tracking boards for the study of small mammals is that the sensitive surface is very vulnerable to damage by rain or dew. A tracking board is described that is easily prepared for use in the field, is resistant to rain and running water, and is sensitive enough to record the footprints of mice. The literature on tracking board techniques is reviewed briefly.

Efficacy Test Protocols For Evaluation Of Ultrasonic Rodent Repellent Devices, Stephen A. Schumake, G. Keith Lavoie, Kenneth Crane

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Controlled laboratory and field test protocols were developed to assess the repellent efficacies of six commercially manufactured ultrasonic rodent repellent devices. The laboratory test structure (68.7 sq m) was divided into two rooms (32.5 sq m each) with a central harborage area (3.5 sq m) containing a colony of 12 wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). For each test, a single ultrasonic device was attached to the far end of one room and rat activity measures (oat consumption, packet damage, photocell counts) were taken during 1-week baseline and 2-1/2-week test periods. Field test structures varied in floor area (6.5 …