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Articles 31801 - 31830 of 302645
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Killer Whale Microbiomes For Health Assessment, Linda Rhodes
Killer Whale Microbiomes For Health Assessment, Linda Rhodes
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
All organisms are hosts for a universe of microbes ("microbiome"), and the relationship is overwhelmingly neutral or mutually beneficial. When we evaluate the health status of a free-ranging animal such as killer whales or salmon, it typically includes searching for pathogens. But this approach tends to generate many negative results unless there are signs to suggest a particular pathogen. An alternative approach is examining the associated microbiomes, which are coupled to the host's physiology and varies depending on location on the host. Although the opportunity to collect samples from Southern Resident killer whales (SRKWs) has always been limited, non-invasive samples …
Analysis Of Tidal Stage Impact On Harbor Seal Haul-Out Behavior In The Snohomish River Estuary Of The Salish Sea, Maddy Baird
Analysis Of Tidal Stage Impact On Harbor Seal Haul-Out Behavior In The Snohomish River Estuary Of The Salish Sea, Maddy Baird
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Harbor seals fill a critical role in the balance of the Salish Sea. They occupy the middle of the food chain where Bigg’s Killer Whales use them as a source of food, and they also compete with Resident Killer Whales for salmon. Prey availability is known to be a strong indicator of seal presence, however, there are many more subtle environmental influences on harbor seal presence as well. This study hones in on the harbor seals of the Snohomish River Estuary and how their haul-out habits might be influenced by the unique water circulation of the area. This study analyzed …
Unusual Open Water Grouping Behavior In Salish Sea Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardii), Trevor Derie
Unusual Open Water Grouping Behavior In Salish Sea Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardii), Trevor Derie
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Most pinniped species are relatively solitary when in water, but some species, most notably the otariids, will form large groupings (referred to as rafts) in open water for thermoregulation or rest, as well as participating in group foraging behaviors. Alternatively, individuals of many species may concentrate in one area, forming foraging aggregations when prey are in high abundance. Open water grouping behavior that is distanced from haulout sites is less common in phocid species, and in particular has not been documented in the literature for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii). In the Salish Sea, the inland waters of Washington, United …
Impacts Of Egregia Menziesii, A Foundational Alga, On Intertidal Communities In The San Juan Islands, Angelina Zuelow
Impacts Of Egregia Menziesii, A Foundational Alga, On Intertidal Communities In The San Juan Islands, Angelina Zuelow
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Canopy-forming seaweeds provide shade for smaller algae and invertebrates in intertidal communities, ameliorating low tide abiotic stressors such as ultraviolet radiation, desiccation, and high temperatures. Conversely, canopies can negatively affect understory organisms by limiting settlement, causing physical disruption, and trapping sand. We examined the effect of Egregia menziesii, a canopy-forming foundation species, on intertidal communities, using manipulative experiments at Cattle Point, San Juan Island, WA. We hypothesized that plots with Egregia would have a higher abundance and richness of other invertebrates and algae than plots without Egregia. In the field, we set up 20 low intertidal plots, each 0.25m2 in …
Abnormal Salinity And Temperature Profiles: Conditions Of Plankton, Ayesha Toor
Abnormal Salinity And Temperature Profiles: Conditions Of Plankton, Ayesha Toor
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Plankton species tend to have a set of conditions that make certain environments ideal for that species to thrive to its highest capability. By focusing on factors such as salinity and temperature, the health of an environment can be tracked based on the consistency of those numbers and its overall impact on marine species’. Plankton being an important part of underwater food chains, as they are commonly eaten amongst other marine species, makes the understanding of their ability to survive in certain circumstances crucial to sustaining a healthy underwater ecosystem. Presented is an accumulation of data taken from various sites …
Taking Stock Of Chinook Salmon Energy Densities Has Implications For Resident Killer Whales Meeting Their Energy Needs, Jacob E. Lerner, Brian P. V. Hunt
Taking Stock Of Chinook Salmon Energy Densities Has Implications For Resident Killer Whales Meeting Their Energy Needs, Jacob E. Lerner, Brian P. V. Hunt
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) rely on large reserves of energy accumulated at sea to complete their journey upstream, mature reproductively, and spawn. In part due to these energy reserves, Chinook are the primary prey species for resident killer whales. However, energy density has been shown to vary significantly among Chinook populations, indicating that data on stock specific energy density are necessary to assess whether available prey can meet resident killer whale energy requirements. In this study, we sought to derive stock specific estimates of Southern British Columbia Chinook energy density. To begin, we evaluated a microwave energy meter as a …
European Green Crab (Carcinus Maenas) Predation In Puget Sound Estuaries, Mary Fisher
European Green Crab (Carcinus Maenas) Predation In Puget Sound Estuaries, Mary Fisher
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
First detected in the Puget Sound, WA, in 2016, European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is a damaging invasive species outside of its native range in the northeastern Atlantic. There are substantial concerns around the species’ potential ecological impacts to the Salish Sea should it become established, including degradation of eelgrass and estuarine habitats and significant alteration of food webs. However, it can be difficult to assess the trophic impacts of introduced species in newly invaded areas, where populations are small or not yet fully established; in situ observations of crab predation are also complicated by the crab mastication process, which …
Covid-19 And The Srkws: A New Suite Of Problems Facing The Critically Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales In The Salish Sea, Erin Casellas, Alanna Frayne
Covid-19 And The Srkws: A New Suite Of Problems Facing The Critically Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales In The Salish Sea, Erin Casellas, Alanna Frayne
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW, Orcinus orca) may be found year-round in the Salish Sea. These killer whales comprise three matrilineal pods (J, K, and L) and were listed as Endangered under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2003 and under the United States Endangered Species Act in 2005 due to prey scarcity, vessel noise and disturbance, small population size, and exposure to toxins. Through federal, state and local regulations vessel disturbance has been mitigated by increased approach distances, reduced speeds, increased on-the-water enforcement, limitations of the number of commercial whale watching boats allowed to be with a group …
Effects Of Vessel Presence On Northern Resident Killer Whale Rubbing Behaviour, Varsha Rani
Effects Of Vessel Presence On Northern Resident Killer Whale Rubbing Behaviour, Varsha Rani
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The presence of vessels in the ocean has a significant impact on marine mammals, including highly cultural species such as northern resident killer whales (NRKWs). NRKW engage in beach rubbing, a unique social behaviour where individuals approach shallow pebble beaches to rub against the stones. During rubbing bouts, the whales are exposed and vulnerable to disturbance. To investigate the effects of vessel disturbance on this important cultural behaviour, the initiation of rubbing and rubbing bout length were examined in relation to vessel presence and proximity. In July and August, for years 2020 and 2021, data were collected from an elevated …
Characterization Of Northern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) Call Types And Source Levels During Beach Rubbing, Madeleine Bouvier
Characterization Of Northern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) Call Types And Source Levels During Beach Rubbing, Madeleine Bouvier
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Robson Bight Michael Bigg Ecological Reserve (RBMBER) is located within the Northern Resident killer whale (NRKW) population’s critical habitat. A recognized social behaviour of the NRKW population is “beach rubbing”, where individuals will come into the shallows of particular beaches to rub their bodies on smooth pebbles. During beach rubbing, the whales are considered to be more sensitive to disturbance. The physical presence of vessels, as well as the noise from vessel engines has the potential to disturb NRKW and interfere with this sensitive behaviour. To reduce the likelihood of disturbance and protect this important cultural behaviour, recreational vessel …
Eyes On The Water: Citizen Science In The Salish Sea, Susie Washington-Smyth
Eyes On The Water: Citizen Science In The Salish Sea, Susie Washington-Smyth
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The knowledge and expertise of local communities is often ignored or underused in planning for protected species. This is a success story of citizen science collaboration, although the catalyst for this project was driven by the lack of reliable year-round data on Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW) and how they use their designated critical habitat. This data, particularly in the high traffic areas of Boundary Pass, Active Pass and Strait of Georgia, is critical to make informed management decisions for this endangered species. Frustrated, community groups capitalized on their considerable local knowledge about the marine ecosystem, and the SRKW, to …
Mapping Whale-Watching Effort Using Ais Data In The Salish Sea, Norma Serra-Sogas
Mapping Whale-Watching Effort Using Ais Data In The Salish Sea, Norma Serra-Sogas
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Commercial boat-based whale-watching is a very important touristic sector in the Salish Sea, taking thousands of people to view and experience up close the natural beauty and wildlife of the area. This sector provides economic benefits to local communities and opportunities for education and increase awareness for nature protection. The recent growth of whale-watching activities also can bring potential negative effects such as disturbances to wildlife. To achieve a sustainable commercial whale-watching sector, it is important to gain a good understanding of the footprint this activity has on the marine environment. For this, we assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of whale …
Foraging Strategy, Prey Preferences And Limited Competition Among Forage Fishes In The San Juan Islands; Implications For Chinook Recovery, Russel Barsh
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Previous research has shown that juvenile Chinook outmigrants prey preferentially on young-of-year Pacific herring and Pacific sand lance as they transit the San Juan Islands. The relative abundance of these two forage fishes and their proportional representation in the neritic diet of juvenile Chinook have varied since 2009 in ways that suggest that they respond to changing marine conditions in different ways, including relying seasonally on different zooplankton prey. In 2020 and 2021, co-occurring forage fishes (herring, sand lance, Pacific surf smelt, Northern Anchovy) and zooplankton were collected from a Lopez Island bay where juvenile Puget Sound Chinook annually congregate. …
Marine Habitat Use Patterns Of The Endangered Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus Marmoratus) In The Central-Southern Puget Sound, Bryce Poplawsky
Marine Habitat Use Patterns Of The Endangered Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus Marmoratus) In The Central-Southern Puget Sound, Bryce Poplawsky
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Marine habitat use patterns of the Endangered Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in the central-southern Puget Sound Seabirds face a number of threats including human disturbances, pollution, and climate change. Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are particularly vulnerable to these impacts, as both terrestrial and marine environments are crucial for their survival. Listed as Endangered in Washington state and Threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service south of the US-Canada border, Marbled Murrelets are well-studied; however, relatively little is known about their distribution and marine habitat use patterns in the central and southern Puget Sound. We conducted shore and boat-based observations …
Holistic Approaches For Invasive Species Management: Exploring Biotic Resistance Of European Green Crab (Carcinus Maenas) Via River Otter (Lontra Canadensis) Diet, Bobbie Buzzell
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Establishment of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) on the west coast United States has led to concerns regarding loss of eelgrass beds and influence on marine communities. To begin examining whether predators can potentially buffer green crab expansion, I studied river otter (Lontra canadensis) diet from scat remains and green crab abundance was estimated from removal trapping efforts. River otter scats on the Wa’atch and Tsoo-Yess rivers, Washington, USA, were collected during August-September 2018 and April-September 2019. Hard remains of prey were reported as percent frequency of occurrence, and green crab prey were compared to monthly catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE). Scats …
Seasonal Changes In Trophic Interactions In The Plankton Community In The Strait Of Georgia, Nicole Mcewan
Seasonal Changes In Trophic Interactions In The Plankton Community In The Strait Of Georgia, Nicole Mcewan
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
As the base of the food web, plankton are key in energy transfer and influence the biomass and composition of organisms higher up in the food web. However, the diversity of plankton species, as well as their trophic processes and interactions are often over-simplified in food web models. Throughout a year, the plankton community varies greatly, further increasing the complexity of trophic flows. Here, we have used Ecopath to model the plankton food web in the Strait of Georgia in three seasons. The plankton community is represented in the models by ten mesozooplankton groups, two mixotrophic microzooplankton groups, one phytoplankton …
Vessel Drift And Rescue Tug Response Analysis For The Strait Of Juan De Fuca To The Southern Strait Of Georgia, Marta Green
Vessel Drift And Rescue Tug Response Analysis For The Strait Of Juan De Fuca To The Southern Strait Of Georgia, Marta Green
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Protection against a catastrophic oil spill is among the highest environmental priorities for San Juan County. Positioning an emergency response towing vessel (ERTV), or rescue tug, to reduce the spill risk in Haro Strait and Boundary Pass has been identified by the Dept. of Ecology as a priority risk mitigation measure (Oct 2016) and is a recommendation of the Governor’s Southern Resident Orca Task Force (Nov 2019). The capability of an ERTV to respond quickly enough to prevent a disabled, drifting vessel from grounding has been questioned. San Juan County partnered with Nuka Research & Planning Group, LLC and UW’s …
Species Abundance And Conditions Of Plankton Blooms In Possession Sound, Maci Larsen
Species Abundance And Conditions Of Plankton Blooms In Possession Sound, Maci Larsen
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can threaten the health and stability of an ecosystem. They occur when there is a significant increase in the abundance of toxin-producing phytoplankton. Paralytic shellfish toxins are just one example of how these massive blooms can be lethal to marine life and even humans if the poisoned shellfish are consumed. HABs are seen as a considerable threat to the ecosystem, but what about the non-HAB-forming plankton that make the waters of the Salish Sea their home? Plankton of many kinds do not require complex conditions for blooming to occur; it can be as simple as temperature …
Southern Resident Killer Whale Task Force Recommendations: Moving Forward With Recovery, Tara Galuska
Southern Resident Killer Whale Task Force Recommendations: Moving Forward With Recovery, Tara Galuska
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Southern Resident Killer Whale Task Force Recommendations: Moving forward with recovery The grace, beauty and iconic nature of Southern Resident killer whales resonate with all of us around the Salish Sea, yet their declines are alarming. These orcas face multiple complex threats: lack of food, primarily salmon, disturbance and noise from vessel traffic and toxic contaminants, in addition to climate change and a growing population. Washington State Governor, Jay Inslee, signed Executive Order 18-02: Southern Resident Killer Whale Recovery and Task Force in 2018. Through the executive order, state agencies were directed to implement immediate actions to benefit the whales. …
Spatial And Temporal Variation In The Biofilm Communities On Two Cultivated Kelp Species, Katherine Davis, Logan Zeinert, Allison Byrne, Joth Davis, Cosmo Roemer, Michael Wright, Laura Wegener Parfrey
Spatial And Temporal Variation In The Biofilm Communities On Two Cultivated Kelp Species, Katherine Davis, Logan Zeinert, Allison Byrne, Joth Davis, Cosmo Roemer, Michael Wright, Laura Wegener Parfrey
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Kelp cultivation is gaining interest in the Salish Sea region for both commercial mariculture and habitat restoration applications. The selection of appropriate cultivation sites in coastal waters is essential for the establishment of restored kelp populations or successful mariculture harvests. Microbial communities which form biofilms on kelp surfaces are increasingly recognized as important links to metrics of kelp health. Yet there is little knowledge about the microbial communities associated with kelps produced in hatchery systems and how these communities change when the host is outplanted and grows at aquculture or restoration sites in coastal waters. Here, we characterized the microbial …
Before And After Sea Star Wasting Disease: Subtidal Sunflower Star (Pycnopodia Helianthoides) Observations In The Central Us Strait Of Juan De Fuca, Melissa Sanchez
Before And After Sea Star Wasting Disease: Subtidal Sunflower Star (Pycnopodia Helianthoides) Observations In The Central Us Strait Of Juan De Fuca, Melissa Sanchez
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Between 2013 and 2015, a sea star wasting disease (SSWD) epidemic led to a large die-off affecting over 20 species of sea stars from Alaska to Baja California. The impacts of SSWD to intertidal populations have been well documented but we know much less about its impact on subtidal species, including the critically endangered sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides). We assessed sunflower star abundance using towed underwater imagery along 50 km of the central southern Strait of Juan de Fuca. Annual surveys were completed between 2010 and 2017 and again in 2020, allowing us to compare populations before and after the …
Determining The Prey Consumption, Preferences, And Potential For Dietary Overlap Between Invasive European Green Crab And Native Graceful Crab In The Salish Sea, Brett Howard
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The global success of the invasive European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is due, in part, to its broad diet, with over 140 different genera consumed worldwide. However, very little of this information comes directly from populations in the Salish Sea and it is unclear the degree to which green crab select prey vs consuming what is readily available. Additionally, almost nothing is known about the diet of graceful crab (Metacarcinus gracilis), a common, co-occurring native species which may compete with green crabs. Although studies have hypothesized that graceful crabs may specialize on soft-bodied prey, this study is the first to …
Adult Chinook Salmon Diets Delineate Regions With Distinct Forage Assemblages In The Salish Sea, Wesley Greentree
Adult Chinook Salmon Diets Delineate Regions With Distinct Forage Assemblages In The Salish Sea, Wesley Greentree
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Forage fish are an important link between zooplankton and higher trophic levels, including marine mammals and economically valuable predatory fish. However, forage fish are often difficult to assess using traditional fishery-independent surveys, resulting in major data gaps for both commercially important and non-exploited species. In the Salish Sea, there are many data gaps about the distribution and regional importance of forage fish and other forage species (e.g., juvenile Gadiformes, euphausiids, crustacean larvae). We used the diet composition of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a generalist predator, to examine the spatial structure of forage assemblages in the Canadian Salish Sea from …
Levels Of Dissolved Oxygen And Chlorophyll In Possession Sound In 2021, Daniela Torres
Levels Of Dissolved Oxygen And Chlorophyll In Possession Sound In 2021, Daniela Torres
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the marine ecosystem is a factor that impacts not only the quality of the water but also the health of marine life. Low oxygen in the water can lead to hypoxic conditions, which is harmful and can result in fatality of marine organisms. The levels of DO can influence primary productivity and respiration. We use chlorophyll to help us reach an estimated amount of primary productivity that is in that specific area. This study took place in Possession Sound, WA, which has a rich biodiversity and a main freshwater source from the mouth of the Snohomish …
Ecosystem Impacts Of Moon Jelly (Aurelia Labiata) Aggregations In Puget Sound, Washington, Haila Schultz, Julie Keister, Correigh Greene, Kathryn Sobocinski, Rus Higley
Ecosystem Impacts Of Moon Jelly (Aurelia Labiata) Aggregations In Puget Sound, Washington, Haila Schultz, Julie Keister, Correigh Greene, Kathryn Sobocinski, Rus Higley
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Over the past several decades, increased abundances of jellyfish have been reported globally. However, the role of jellyfish in marine food webs is not well understood. In Puget Sound, large aggregations of the moon jelly Aurelia labiata are seasonally abundant in protected embayments. These aggregations contain millions of individuals and can cover broad areas. Aurelia may compete with culturally, economically, and ecologically important fish for zooplankton prey and alter water column chemistry by releasing nitrogenous waste, but the extent of these interactions are still unknown. To address the question of how Aurelia aggregations affect zooplankton communities and water chemistry, we …
Projected Changes To The Hydroclimate In The Pacific Northwest And Implications For Coastal Hazards And Compound Flooding, Nathan Vanarendonk
Projected Changes To The Hydroclimate In The Pacific Northwest And Implications For Coastal Hazards And Compound Flooding, Nathan Vanarendonk
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Future changes in the Pacific Northwest climate have implications for regional habitat restoration, flood hazard mitigation and community resilience. Modeling regional exposure to flooding requires capturing the interactions of extreme stream discharge, sea levels, and flood mitigation controls (e.g., dams, flood gates). Here, extreme statistics of stream flow are derived from ensemble hydroclimate forecasts throughout Puget Sound, provided by the Columbia River Climate Change study (CRCC, Chegwidden et al., 2017). Flow projections are examined from four hydrologic models (three Variable Infiltration Capacity models and one Precipitation Runoff Modeling System model) used in the CRCC, each forced by 10 different global …
The Salish Sea Was Saturated With Respect To Aragonite In Pre-Industrial Times, Susan Allen
The Salish Sea Was Saturated With Respect To Aragonite In Pre-Industrial Times, Susan Allen
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
As the ocean takes up anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the pH decreases as does the saturation state of CaCO3 minerals, including aragonite. This process is commonly described as ocean acidification. Aragonite is used as a building material by many marine organisms, including pteropods, fish (otoliths), some corals, and larval oysters. The increase in inorganic carbon in the Salish Sea is moderate compared to other regions in the world because the incoming water is old. However, the naturally high carbon content of Pacific waters and the nonlinearities of the carbon system amplify the resultant effects. Here we investigate biogeochemical changes between the …
A High-Resolution Tidal Hydrodynamic Model For Sequim Bay, Wa To Support Marine Renewable Energy Research, Taiping Wang
A High-Resolution Tidal Hydrodynamic Model For Sequim Bay, Wa To Support Marine Renewable Energy Research, Taiping Wang
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Marine renewable energy (e.g., tidal current and wave energy) comprises resources that do not generate carbon emissions. Because of high energy potential, the Salish Sea and adjacent coastal waters have been identified among the top candidate sites in the U.S. for marine energy development. To better support a variety of marine energy related research and development activities, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory in Sequim, WA has been preparing Sequim Bay as a testbed for researchers to utilize its unique tidal and geographic setting for pilot-scale tidal energy, ocean technology, and environmental monitoring research. In this study, …
Improving Access To Ocean And Coastal Data: How The Northwest Association Of Networked Ocean Observing Systems Serves The Pacific Northwest, Rachel Wold
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems (NANOOS), the regional association of U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) for the United States Pacific Northwest, developed its NANOOS Visualization System (NVS - http://nvs.nanoos.org/) to provide users with a rich interface to access observations, forecasts, and satellite overlays from a wide range of ocean and coastal assets in a user-friendly format. NVS also offers tailored apps for specific user groups. Working with distributed partners, NANOOS has brought together data streams from academic, agencies (federal, state, local), tribes, industry, and NGOs and developed the data displays to suit a variety of …
Introducing A Different Kind Of “Blob” In The Pnw – The Snark!, Skip Albertson
Introducing A Different Kind Of “Blob” In The Pnw – The Snark!, Skip Albertson
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Puget Sound experienced progressively saltier conditions from 2017 to 2019 compared to time-averaged seasonal norms from 1999-2018. Reduced freshwater inflow from rivers drove much of these salinity increases; however, we report on another process raising salinity on the landward end of Case Inlet. Like “Meddies” in the Mediterranean Sea, evaporation leads to the formation of hypersaline blobs of surface water, known as “snarks”. Extreme low tides in the summer expose mudflats to elevated temperatures, providing a pathway to evaporating more water. When denser, hypersaline water sinks on the landward side of an estuary, it can cause inverse-estuarine conditions and increase …