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Articles 285691 - 285720 of 303801

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Rodent Problems Relative To Mechanical Harvesting, A. Charles Crabb, Ronald L. Riddle Feb 1982

Rodent Problems Relative To Mechanical Harvesting, A. Charles Crabb, Ronald L. Riddle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

As the number of crops that are mechanically harvested increases, the reports of rodent problems associated with those crops increase also. This report examines the rodent problems in mechanically harvested tomatoes and reports on work done in studying the effects of various border crops on rodent populations. It also looks at possible rodent management options available to growers of mechanically harvested crops.

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Pulsed Baiting —A New Technique For High Potency, Slow Acting Rodenticides, Adrian C. Dubock Feb 1982

Pulsed Baiting —A New Technique For High Potency, Slow Acting Rodenticides, Adrian C. Dubock

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The disadvantages of the acute, fast-acting, rodenticides are well understood by the specialist. However, despite poison-shyness and consequent short-lived, low efficacy rodent control, many users prefer "acutes" such as zinc phosphide to "first-generation" anticoagulants of the warfarin type. The techniques necessary for efficient use of the first-generation anticoagulants are often inappropriate, particularly in agriculture. High labour and bait inputs required are unacceptable and are, together with the need for area coordinated control programs, significantly responsible for lack of widespread use of anticoagulants, even in those countries with a long history both of disastrous rodent damage to crops and rodent damage …

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Urban Blackbird Roost Survey—1981, Sally S. Erdman Feb 1982

Urban Blackbird Roost Survey—1981, Sally S. Erdman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

A brief description is given of 29 areas in the United States and Canada experiencing problems with blackbirds and/or starlings. The answers to an Urban Blackbird Roost Survey of these areas are tabulated and discussed. Suggestions for future urban roost management are presented.

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Alpha-Chlorohydrin (Epibloc®): A Toxicant-Sterilant As An Alternative In Rodent Control, Ronald J. Ericsson Feb 1982

Alpha-Chlorohydrin (Epibloc®): A Toxicant-Sterilant As An Alternative In Rodent Control, Ronald J. Ericsson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Alpha-chlorohydrin (EPIBLOC) introduces a new form of rodenticide - the toxicant-sterilant. EPIBLOC, as a pest control product registered and used in some countries, changes the concept of chemosterilants from theoretical to practical. The active ingredient also acts as an acute toxicant in the control of rodents. It is effective on both sexes and all age groups. Alpha-chlorohydrin is rapidly absorbed and metabolized; therefore, it is neither a secondary toxicant nor a cumulative toxicant. Another unique biological characteristic of this compound is its species specificity with regards to male sterility. First, only sexually mature males are rendered sterile through the development …

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Development And Evaluation Of Methods To Reduce Rat Damage To Coconut In The Philippines, L.A. Fiedler, M.W. Fall, R.F. Reidinger Jr. Feb 1982

Development And Evaluation Of Methods To Reduce Rat Damage To Coconut In The Philippines, L.A. Fiedler, M.W. Fall, R.F. Reidinger Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Based on findings from studies conducted in the Philippines over a span of almost a decade, primarily by scientists at the Philippine National Crop Protection Center, crown-baiting (wherein bait containing anticoagulant is placed monthly in the crowns of some palms in a coconut plantation), holds the potential of providing highly economical protection from rat damage. The success of the method in various field trials appeared related, in part, to selective removal of rodents that feed in the palms and to the use of baits that were preferred over growing nuts. Studies have also indicated that only 10% or less of …

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Bird Limes And Rat Glues—Sticky Situations, William D. Fitzwater Feb 1982

Bird Limes And Rat Glues—Sticky Situations, William D. Fitzwater

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

In antiquity, sticky materials were widely used for catching small birds for food and sport, but this practice is now illegal in most industrial nations. The most widespread use of sticky materials is in "glueboards" to catch rats and particularly mice. Their popularity has increased with the negative public attitude towards use of pesticide chemicals. Early materials were made from latex and gums of many trees, but current ones also use industrial chemicals like Polyethylenes and polybutenes. They have most of the advantages of traps but have some disadvantages. Their use may be limited by temperature, moisture, dust, vapors, etc. …

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Commensal Rats: A Threat To Poultry Production In Nigeria, Oluwadare Funmilayo Feb 1982

Commensal Rats: A Threat To Poultry Production In Nigeria, Oluwadare Funmilayo

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Rats are now found in the majority of poultry houses in Nigeria. They usually inhabit roofs, interior of cupboards, electrical and gas appliances, holes in the soil and in walls and rubbish dumps. Extensive rat trapping yielded only two species, the cosmopolitan roof/ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis). The most outstanding types of damage, resulting in much economic loss, were the killing of chicks by decapitation and the infliction of deep wounds on adult birds. Breaking of eggs became a serious problem in a few cases. Damage to containers, bags and feed consumption was usually of …

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The Cliff Swallow—Biology And Control, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon Feb 1982

The Cliff Swallow—Biology And Control, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) nesting in colonies on man-made structures can cause aesthetic problems and health hazards. Cliff swallows are migratory, wintering in South America and breeding throughout most of North America. Cliff swallows have a homing tendency to old colonies and are attracted to the gourd-shaped mud nests. Egg laying begins before nest construction is finished; clutch size averages 3 or 4 eggs. Re-nesting is common if a nest fails and some pairs may raise 2 broods in 1 nesting season. Cliff swallows may be present at a colony for up to 132 days. Cliff swallows are protected by …

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Compensation For Vertebrate Pest Damage, Joseph B. Gurba Feb 1982

Compensation For Vertebrate Pest Damage, Joseph B. Gurba

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Compensation for wildlife damage to private property is recognized by the Alberta government as a short-term reimbursement to the property owner and a long-term investment in wildlife conservation. In 1978 the Alberta Problem Wildlife Committee recommended that problem wildlife management policies and programs should contain three basic factors: PREVENTION, COMPENSATION and CONTROL or ANIMAL REMOVAL. These should be incorporated whenever possible in dealing with a particular species of problem wildlife or vertebrate pest. The Alberta government approved this philosophy as a reflection of traditional rights and fair treatment of landowners and as the basis for future programs. Compensation is paid …

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Raptor-Mimicking Kites For Reducing Bird Damage To Wine Grapes, Roger L. Hothem, Richard W. Dehaven Feb 1982

Raptor-Mimicking Kites For Reducing Bird Damage To Wine Grapes, Roger L. Hothem, Richard W. Dehaven

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Preliminary tests in California vineyards during 1979 and 1980 indicated that a raptor-mimicking kite suspended from a helium-filled balloon (kite-balloon or KB) could reduce bird damage to ripening wine grapes. Based on the results of both damage assessments and bird censuses, one KB per hectare, deployed for alternate 1-wk periods, reduced losses caused by birds by about 33% in 1979 and by an average of 48% in 1980 when compared with 1-wk control periods. Habituation by the birds to the KB appeared to reduce its effectiveness over time in 1979, but this problem was reduced in 1980 by regularly changing …

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A Tiger Problem In India, Walter E. Howard Feb 1982

A Tiger Problem In India, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

During the past decade, India has done wonders in re-establishing populations of rare and threatened wildlife. Project Tiger, initiated in 1973, has stimulated a successful conservation movement in India. But tigers, like all animals, do not recognize man's property lines and, as populations increase in the forest reserves, more and more tigers forage outside of the parks, killing livestock and people. The current methods and regulations of dealing with troublesome tigers (and elephants) that stray from the sanctuaries due to overpopulation social pressures, lack of food, old age, or other reasons may soon become inadequate as the value of human …

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Twentieth Anniversary Of Vertebrate Pest Conferences In California, Walter E. Howard Feb 1982

Twentieth Anniversary Of Vertebrate Pest Conferences In California, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

It is difficult for some of us to realize that the Vertebrate Pest Conferences in California were started 20 years ago. We have come a long way since the first one in Sacramento in 1962 to the very successful 3-day Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (VPC) opened by Chairperson Rex E. Marsh on 23 February 1982, in Monterey, California. When closing the Tenth Conference, incoming Chairperson for the 1984 VPC, Dell 0. Clark, pointed out that there were easily 550 people in attendance from 31 states, District of Columbia, and 15 foreign countries.

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The Urban Coyote Problem In Los Angeles County, Robert G. Howell Feb 1982

The Urban Coyote Problem In Los Angeles County, Robert G. Howell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Extensive, urban development of hillside areas in Los Angeles County has created an undesirable human interface with coyotes (Canis latrans). Plentiful, readily available household garbage, pet foods, and water have spawned abnormal numbers of bold coyotes that have adopted residential properties and the human environment as ideal habitat. Consequently, at least six persons have been attacked, including the death of a three-year old child, during the past three years. Selective use of padded steel traps, shooting, and public education are presently being used in problem areas by the Agricultural Commissioner in an attempt to reindoctrinate these predators into returning to …

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Proceedings Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Feb 1982

Proceedings Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference,

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

VERTEBRATE PEST COUNCIL 1982
EXECUTIVE BOARD
CONFERENCE COMMITTEES
SESSION CHAIRPERSONS
CONFERENCE ASSISTANTS
CHAIRPERSONS OF PREVIOUS CONFERENCES
CONTENTS

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Bromethalin—A Promising New Rodenticide, William B. Jackson, S.R. Spaulding, R.B.L. Van Lier, B.A. Dreikorn Feb 1982

Bromethalin—A Promising New Rodenticide, William B. Jackson, S.R. Spaulding, R.B.L. Van Lier, B.A. Dreikorn

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Bromethalin is a unique highly potent rodenticide exhibiting a mode of action different from anticoagulant rodenticides. Bromethalin provides a lethal dose to rodents in a single feeding with death generally delayed two to three days. Rodents do not discriminate against bromethalin bait; therefore, excellent bait acceptance is achieved with no prebaiting. Field studies have shown bromethalin bait to be highly efficacious against Norway rats and house mice under a variety of field conditions. Laboratory and field trial data indicate bromethalin is effective against known anticoagulant–resistant rodent populations. Toxicological data indicate bromethalin bait is relatively safe to nontarget species as well …

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Problem Vertebrate Management In Zimbabwe, Mike J. F. Jarvis, Mike La Grange Feb 1982

Problem Vertebrate Management In Zimbabwe, Mike J. F. Jarvis, Mike La Grange

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Zimbabwe is the second largest agricultural producer in Africa and is responsible for the regional food security plan of the Southern Africa Coordination Conference member countries (SADCC). Problem vertebrate management and research is an important function of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, which is also responsible for conservation of natural resources in national parks. The country still contains large populations of wildlife species that at times conflict with man and his agricultural interests. Problem vertebrates and methods of control are briefly outlined.

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Rodent Repellents For Planted Grain, Ron J. Johnson, Ann E. Koehler, Orvin C. Burnside Feb 1982

Rodent Repellents For Planted Grain, Ron J. Johnson, Ann E. Koehler, Orvin C. Burnside

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) and other small rodents damage corn (Zea mays) stands by digging and consuming planted seeds and young seedlings, particularly in reduced-tillage fields. The use of reduced-tillage systems such as ecofarming provides greater dryland crop yields, conserves moisture, reduces soil erosion and provides suitable habitat for ground-nesting birds. The habitat available in these fields also allows various species of rodents to thrive. Reduced-tillage farming is expected to increase markedly in the years ahead; thus, rodent problems will increase as well. Seed repellents offer a promising and cost-effective method of controlling rodent damage to planted corn in …

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A Review Of The Secondary Poisoning Hazard Potential To Wildlife From The Use Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, Dale Kaukeinen Feb 1982

A Review Of The Secondary Poisoning Hazard Potential To Wildlife From The Use Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, Dale Kaukeinen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The utility and characteristics of the family of anticoagulant rodenticides are reviewed, including the new members difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. General considerations are given in investigating the likelihood of nontarget poisoning with rodenticides. The literature dealing with secondary poisoning studies and concerns with the use of anticoagulant rodenticides is reviewed. The utility of laboratory toxicity data versus field-generated exposure data is compared. Considerations of secondary poisoning by anticoagulants are reviewed as regards parameters such as specific predator-prey systems, biotopes, rodenticide use patterns, and risk-benefit assessments. Finally, examples of appropriate field studies proposed to assess specific secondary poisoning risk situations associated …

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Monofluoroacetic Acid (Compound 1080), Its Pharmacology And Toxicology, Ernest Kun Feb 1982

Monofluoroacetic Acid (Compound 1080), Its Pharmacology And Toxicology, Ernest Kun

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The molecular mechanism of toxic action of fluoroacetate is analyzed in the perspective of scientific developments of the past 30 years. Stereospecific enzymatic conversion of fluoroacetate via fluoroacetyl –CoA + Oxalacetate to (-)-erythrofluorocitrate in mitochondria is the metabolic pathway that converts the nontoxic fluoroacetate to the toxic intra-cellular effector molecule. The mode of toxic effect of (-)-erythrofluorocitrate cannot be equated with its reversible inhibitory effect on a mitochondrial enzyme (aconitase) as had been originally thought by Peters (1963) and is still propagated in textbooks. Instead, the chemical modifications of inner mitochondrial membrane proteins by (-)-erythrofluorocitrate, comprising a novel, as yet …

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Solving Tree Squirrel Debarking Problems In Taiwan—A Review, Pao-Chang Kuo Feb 1982

Solving Tree Squirrel Debarking Problems In Taiwan—A Review, Pao-Chang Kuo

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Extensive forest conversion of the low-valued natural hardwood forest into coniferous plantations is the possible cause of the critical problem of squirrel debarking. The tree squirrel that causes the major damage is the red-bellied tree squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus). Conifers are more susceptible to the damage than are hardwood species, especially the exotics. Intermediate-aged plantations appear to have the highest debarking. More damage occurs in the spring than the other seasons. The lower part of the trunk is more heavily debarked than the upper. Debarking is progressively upward to the crown as the tree grows older. Home range, food habit and …

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A New System For Delivery Of Predacides Or Other Active Ingredients For Coyote Management, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Sheila M. Mckenna, Barbara Butler, Douglas A. Barnum, Roy Teranishi Feb 1982

A New System For Delivery Of Predacides Or Other Active Ingredients For Coyote Management, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Sheila M. Mckenna, Barbara Butler, Douglas A. Barnum, Roy Teranishi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Preliminary trials suggest that the delivery system or unit described may prove to be a highly selective and effective system for delivering drugs or chemicals to coyotes. The goose egg-size unit's selectivity and effectiveness relies heavily on a newly developed synthetic olfactory coyote lure based on trimethylammonium decanoate (TMAD). The coyote is attracted to the unit, which is placed at ground level, by this highly selective scent lure which elicits a biting and chewing behavior. When a coyote bites or chews the exposed part of the unit, it punctures a plastic reservoir packet containing 10 to 15 ml of viscous …

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Opening Remarks—The Conference’S Educational Mission In Vertebrate Pest Control, Rex E. Marsh Feb 1982

Opening Remarks—The Conference’S Educational Mission In Vertebrate Pest Control, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Welcome to the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference. It has been 20 years since the First Vertebrate Pest Control Conference was held (Sacramento, California, 1962). The conference objectives which prevailed at the first conference have not changed. Our goal today continues to be the advancement of technology by an exchange and discussion of information on vertebrate pests and their control. The overall objective is education. The conference has grown from a local or state meeting into a national and international conference, from a 2-day to a 3-day event. In attendance it has grown from 268 at the first to what we …

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Pigeon Control: An Integrated Approach, Colleen M. Martin, Lee R. Martin Feb 1982

Pigeon Control: An Integrated Approach, Colleen M. Martin, Lee R. Martin

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Reducing a pigeon population to a tolerable or minimal impact level is a subject about which one can find much antiquated and impractical information. Most technical literature reports on the biology of pigeons and associated disease factors. The intention of this paper is to describe the practical application of large-scale pigeon population reduction programs that have been at least 90% effective in 45 out of 46 cases over the past four years. Human relations, exclusion, trapping, toxic perches and Avitrol are discussed.

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The Role Of Usda In Animal Damage Control, James E. Miller Feb 1982

The Role Of Usda In Animal Damage Control, James E. Miller

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The impact of vertebrate animal damage on agricultural production of row crops, forests, horticulture, poultry and livestock production, other wildlife, health of humans and domestic animals, and the protection of human interests is a vital concern of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Department recognizes that it is an old and complex problem that does not lend itself to easy answers. Animal damage problems will continue to be a significant concern of USDA and will probably always be controversial, requiring intensive research, educational, regulatory, and assistance programs. The objectives of the Department are to develop and maintain viable programs in …

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Responses Of Caged Red-Winged Blackbirds To Methiocarb On Wild Rice, Daniel W. Moulton Feb 1982

Responses Of Caged Red-Winged Blackbirds To Methiocarb On Wild Rice, Daniel W. Moulton

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were offered a choice between cultivated wild rice (Zizania aquatica) treated with methiocarb and untreated wild rice. Unhulled wild rice soaked in methiocarb solution was highly effective in repelling blackbirds at residue levels <132 ppm. The responses of blackbirds to methiocarb residues <132 ppm on soaked rice were variable. Most of the blackbirds conditioned to avoid treated rice at 132 ppm of methiocarb were subsequently repelled by treated rice with residues as low as 30 ppm.

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Changes In Bait Acceptance By Rabbits In Australia And New Zealand, A.J. Oliver, S.H. Wheeler, C.D. Gooding, J. Bell Feb 1982

Changes In Bait Acceptance By Rabbits In Australia And New Zealand, A.J. Oliver, S.H. Wheeler, C.D. Gooding, J. Bell

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Control of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, by poisoned bait has been widely practiced in Australia and New Zealand for many years. Since the 1950s, Compound 1080 has been the active ingredient and yielded good results (ca 90% kills) when first used. Recent trails (1973-74) in New Zealand showed that the main reason for poor results obtained nowadays is the failure of many rabbits to eat bait. Recent trials in Western Australia showed that there has been a significant decline in effectiveness of rabbit control by baiting during the period 1958-1975. Shortcomings in operational technique and increased resistance to the poison 1080 …

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Guard Dogs And Gas Exploders As Coyote Depredation Control Tools In North Dakota, William K. Pfeifer, Michael W. Goos Feb 1982

Guard Dogs And Gas Exploders As Coyote Depredation Control Tools In North Dakota, William K. Pfeifer, Michael W. Goos

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Guard dogs and gas exploders have been successfully used in North Dakota to protect sheep from coyote (Canis latrans) depredation since the mid-1970s. They have been used in addition to other lethal and nonlethal control tools. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gathered information from field testing and landowner interviews to measure their effectiveness. Guard dogs reduced the rate of depredation by 93 percent on the 36 ranches surveyed. Gas exploders deterred coyotes from depredating on 30 ranches an average of 31 days during the 1980 and 1981 grazing seasons. An increasing number of sheep producers are using these control …

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Traditional Approaches For Protecting Cereal Crops From Birds In Africa, P. Ruelle, R.L. Bruggers Feb 1982

Traditional Approaches For Protecting Cereal Crops From Birds In Africa, P. Ruelle, R.L. Bruggers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

Despite the recent emphasis in Africa by national and regional plant protection organizations to control pest birds, traditional farmers usually are still left to their own initiative, as they have been for centuries, to protect their crops. These farmers employ many ingenious visual and oratory frightening techniques, barriers, agronomic planting or harvesting modifications, and bird population-suppression methods. Under some circumstances these methods can reduce damage. However, their effectiveness is subject to such variables as the season of the year, the type and maturation stage of the crop, the pest species and its abundance, the size and ownership of the field, …

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Aluminum Phosphide (Phostoxin) As A Burrow Fumigant For Ground Squirrel Control, Terrell P. Salmon, W. Paul Gorenzel, Walter J. Bentley Feb 1982

Aluminum Phosphide (Phostoxin) As A Burrow Fumigant For Ground Squirrel Control, Terrell P. Salmon, W. Paul Gorenzel, Walter J. Bentley

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

The California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) is widely distributed throughout California. It causes serious damage to agricultural crops. Tests were conducted to evaluate the fumigant aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin®) and to compare it to the commonly used gas cartridge. Treatments consisted of applying either a single-dose (two 3-gm tablets) or double-dose (four 3-gm tablets) of aluminum phosphide, or 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gas cartridge in each burrow in the study plots. The burrow opening was then plugged with 1 sheet of newspaper and sealed with soil. Burrows in the control plot were plugged with newspaper and sealed in the …

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California Registration Procedures Relative To Vertebrate Pesticides, Jon H. Shelgren Feb 1982

California Registration Procedures Relative To Vertebrate Pesticides, Jon H. Shelgren

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 10th (1982)

I am very happy to be here today and to have the opportunity to talk to you about the Department of Food and Agriculture, with particular emphasis on the Department's role in registering pesticides and how this relates to Federal registration. My comments will address all pesticides including vertebrate pesticides. Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has broad and flexible authority. The FIFRA is a comprehensive regulatory statute and under it the EPA determines the pesticides that may be registered and for what uses. New chemicals, new uses of established products, new …

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