Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Root And Aboveground Traits Expressed By Landraces And Interspecific Hybrid Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa. Hybr. (Alborea)) With Putative Drought Tolerance In Mediterranean Environments, Luis Inostroza, Nicolás Muñoz, Miguel Garriga, Soledad Espinoza, Viviana Barahona, Carlos Ovalle, Alejandro Del Pozo, Macarena Gerding

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alfalfa’s drought tolerance has not been a major breeding target until recently, and the extent of genetic variation for this trait and its contributing mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Eight populations, including four landraces (Alta Sierra, Aragon, APG6567, APG44669), two Australian cultivars (Venus and Genesis), and two interspecific hybrids (AF3448 and AF3347) of alfalfa were selected based on their outstanding breeding values for dry matter production and plant persistence in Mediterranean drought-prone environments. The objective of this work was to evaluate the below and above ground phenotypic expression of these drought-tolerant alfalfa accessions, in order to identify morpho- physiological …

Alfalfa Response To Phosphorus And Potassium Fertility And Harvest Management, M. A. Islam, M. M. Baidoo

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Balanced nutrition of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is needed for improving alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) productivity. Availability and uptake of P and K by alfalfa for yield response can depend on their relative levels with soil calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) in combination with harvest management. An experiment was conducted at the University of Wyoming Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center to determine the alfalfa’s response to P and K in association with Ca, Mg, and harvest time. Treatments were 10 selected combinations (kg ha^-1) of three levels of P (0, 34, …

2018 3rd Place: The Growth And Characterization Of Psychromonas Aquimarina, A New Model Organism For Climate Change, Carrie Carpenter

Harrisburg University Research Symposium: Highlighting Research, Innovation, & Creativity

Climate change is currently affecting the Earth and will only increase with time1. A change to the environment means that wildlife will need to adapt. Adaptation occurs when an organism changes physiologically or otherwise to permit continued growth in the environment in which it resides. Scientists do not completely understand adaptation mechanisms. Psychromonas aquimarinais a novel bacterium, with little known. This bacteria will first be characterized and studied before conducting temperature studies. Psychromonas aquimarina is a psychrophile, a bacterium able to survive in colder regions where most bacteria would not. P. aquimarinais an ideal bacterium to study because climate change …

New Insights For Benefit Of Legume Inclusion In Grazing Systems, David M. Jaramillo, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., L. M. D. Queiroz, L. Garcia

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The benefits and challenges of legume inclusion in grazing systems have been well documented over time and across different regions. Recent investigations have provided novel insights into the benefits of legume inclusion in grazing systems. Our objective is not to provide a wide overview of the benefits of legume inclusion but to explore novel insights of recent advancements made from studies evaluating legume inclusion in grazing systems. Efficiency of resource use through legume inclusion in grazing systems can reduce the water footprint associated with beef production through improvements in forage nutritive value and animal performance. These efficiencies also translate into …

Genotype-By-Environment Interaction In Interspecific Urochloa Hybrids Using Factor Analytic Models, R. N. Jauregui, L. M. Hernandez, J. S. Aparicio, L. J. Mazabel, J. A. Cardoso Arango, L. M. Atencio-Solano, S. L. Mejía Kerguelén, V. Castiblanco, M. Peters

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Environmental factors can influence plant phenotypes shaping the expression of pastures. The ability to test genotypes in multiple environments is critical in a breeding program because important traits are heavily influenced by the environment. Nutritional quality is critical in forage breeding because it affects the rate of live weight gain in livestock as well as the quality of end products such as milk and meat. However, there is not much information on the environmental effect on agronomic and nutritional quality traits in tropical forages. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to investigate the genotype-by-environment interaction in …

Comparing Forage Biomass Estimation Between Forager-Mounted Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs) And Rising Plate-Meter (Rpm) Techniques, Andy G. Jones, G. Irisarri, T. Takahashi, M. J. Rivero, P. Harris

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Quantifying the forage mass harvested per paddock is essential for informing late-season management decisions on grazing livestock farms. This information can be used to calculate winter feed budgets and thus support decisions such as area of land to defer for autumn grazing, and head of stock to sell before winter housing. However, there are practical limitations associated with existing measurement methods, which can influence the accuracy of forage biomass estimates. The purpose of the current study was therefore to compare biomass estimation from two alternative precision farming methods — near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) integrated within-spout of a self-propelled forage harvester, …

Win-Win For Dairy Farms: Heifers Raised On Pasture Reduce Cost And Produce More Milk At First Lactation, Ken F. Kalscheur, C. H. P. Camisa Nova, D. M. Jaramillo, G. E. Brink

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Pastures under good management promote environmental, economic, and animal welfare advantages. However, comparisons of animal performance for pasture-raised dairy heifers versus confinement-raised dairy heifers are scarce. A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of dairy heifers raised on pasture or in confinement. Heifers raised on pasture had similar body weight and age at calving and greater dry matter intake in the end of 2^nd grazing season. Cost of heifers raised on pasture was 26.7% less in the first grazing season and 58.4% less in the second grazing season compared to heifers raised in confinement. Heifers raised on pasture …

Effects Of Fall Dormancy, Cutting Frequency, And K Application Rate On Dry Matter Yield And Nutritive Value Of Alfalfa, Ji Yung Kim, J. S. Choi, M. H. Jo, K. I. Sung

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

[Introduction] This study was conducted to determine the effect of the cutting frequency and K application rate on the dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value of new alfalfa varieties in Korea.

[Material and Methods] The sowing date and rate were September 21, 2019, and 20 kg/ha, respectively. The treatment was by the split-split plot design, and the main plot was the Fall dormancy (FD) of 3 (Rugged Rancher), 4 (SW4113), and 9 (SW9720), the sub-plot was excess 40 day (LCF), from 31 to 40 days (MCF), and under 30 day (HCF) times of cutting frequency …

What Is The Difference Between Abnormal Climate And Extreme Climate That Cause Yield Damage To Silage Maize (Zea Mays L.)?, Moonju Kim, C. E. Kim, W. S. Lee, J. S. Choi, Ji Yung Kim, B. W. Kim, K. I. Sung

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

This study aimed to compare the characteristics by estimating the impacts of abnormal climate and extreme climate on silage maize. In the maize-climate database, the variables were dry matter yield (DMY, kg/ha), mean temperature (MT, °C), lowest temperature (LT, °C), highest temperature (HT, °C), maximum precipitation (MP, mm/hr), accumulated precipitation (AP, mm), maximum wind speed (MW, m/s), mean wind speed (WS, m/s), sunshine duration (SD, hr). To define the abnormal climate, favorable condition was confirmed using the principal component analysis against a normal climate. In order to define the extreme climate, firstly, the median-interquartile method was used instead of the …

Evaluation Of Cenchrus Ciliaris Ecotypes For Seed Yield And Related Traits, E. C. Kirwa, B. K. Kidake

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Cenchrus ciliaris is widely promoted as a choice grass species for reseeding Arid and Semi- arid Lands (ASALs). Due to the high variability in ASAL environments, there is need to evaluate ecotypes of C. ciliaris with potentially higher seed yield and germination that may possibly be selected and promoted for rangeland reseeding initiatives. Nine ecotypes of C. ciliaris collected from selected sites in Kenyan ASALs were evaluated for seed yield and related traits at three KALRO centres (Kiboko, Buchuma and Mtwapa). Buchuma site (208.4 kg ha^-1) had higher (p-1, respectively. Seed yield varied among ecotypes at Mtwapa and …

Conservation Reserve Program Hay Quality From Producer Submissions To A Commercial Laboratory In Central Nebraska, R. J. Kern-Lunbery

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sets aside hectares to be permanent grassland and keeps those acres out of rotation for agricultural use. In drought conditions, these acres open to emergency haying and grazing. CRP hay is harvested at the end of the primary nesting season, mid to late summer, therefore this is a very mature product for stored forage. Many beef cow producers in the Midwest feed CRP hay in the last third of gestation until cattle can be turned out for spring grazing. Data was obtained from CRP hay samples to evaluate forage nutritive value and supplementation needs relative …

Considerations On Sampling And Statistical Analysis In Grassland Ensiling Trials, B. Kroschewski, Horst Auerbach, K. Weiss

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Critical findings on design, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the results will be addressed based on comparative ensiling trials. For this aim, a lab-scale ensiling trial on biostatistical issues was conducted in 2021. Grass material from a permanent mowing pasture was taken from (i) 10 sampling points, (ii) one sampling point, (iii) a mixture of 10 sampling points. For each sub-trial (based on the sampling design), 3 levels of the fixed treatment factor silage additive were tested with 10 replicates (without additive, chemical silage additive, biological silage additive). The analysis was performed within a linear mixed effects model (LMM) as …

Grazing Corn Produced Under Living Mulch Systems In Tennessee, Renata Laguardia Nave, M. P. Quinby

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The use of living mulch (LM) in the Southeastern U.S. has yet to be assessed for its potential for grazing operations to increase land use efficiency. Therefore, the need to determine the viability of the system is warranted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of white clover LM and crimson-clover cereal rye annual mulch in corn silage and grain production, and to evaluate the potential of LM grazing before and after the corn growing season in spring and fall. The study was conducted at the Middle Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center (MTREC), University of Tennessee, in …

Efficiency, Yield, And Nutritive Value Of Perennial Warm-Season Grass Under Liquid Fertilizer Applications, Rocky Lemus, J. A. White

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The efficacy of liquid fertilizer formulation in forage production is unclear. This preliminary study compared the impact of liquid fertilizers sources compared to traditional granular fertilizers in forage bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) production. The experimental design was a randomized complete block replicated three times. Ten N fertilizer treatments were applied to forage systems: a well-established ‘Tifton 9’ bahiagrass. The N fertilizer treatments included a control (C, no nitrogen), two granular fertilizers [urea (U, 46-0-0) and urea ammonium sulfate (UAS, 33-0-0)], and four liquid N fertilizers [ urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN, 32%), Royal Grow (RG, 30-0-0), Pasture Booster Prime (PBP, 30-0-0), …

Future Scenario Projections Of Livestock Carrying Status Of Grassland Ecosystem In Kazakhstan, Jiahuil Li, L. Huang, W. Cao

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

As a country dominated by animal husbandry, the livestock carrying status in Kazakhstan has a prolonged impact on grassland degradation and restoration, and thus on the supply of grassland ecosystem services. Here we predict future conditions of livestock carrying status by modeling change in potential forage supply and consumption from 2020 to 2030, using three alternative scenarios following Representative Concentration Pathways, specifically SSP2 (RCP4.5, MESSAGE), SSP1 (RCP2.6, IMAGE) and SSP3 (RCP7.0, AIM), namely BAU, TSS and SSS respectively. Our future scenarios suggested that from 2020 to 2030, the forage consumption in central and southern regions of Kazakhstan is predicted to …

Effects Of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculants And Stage-Increased Storage Temperature On Silage Fermentation Of Oat On The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Lin Li, Shiqie Bai, Ping Li

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Ensiling is a simple and effective method of alleviating a shortage of forage for ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and stage-increased temperature on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of oat silage on the Qinghai– Tibet Plateau. The silage was treated with local laboratory inoculant (I) and commercial inoculant (S) and stored at ambient temperature (<10 °C) or stage-increased (5, 10 and 15 days) temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °C for 60 days. The results showed that stage-increased storage temperature can improve silage fermentation. Compared with 10 °C, a stage-increased storage temperature of 15 °C effectively (p < 0.05) promoted the fermentation rate of silage by increasing the dominance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, with higher lactic, acetic and propionic acid contents and a lower ammonia-N ratio of the total N and final pH value. Compared with S, treatment with I increased the water-soluble carbohydrate …

Germplasm Evaluation Of An Eurasia Steppe Native Specie--Sheepgrass (Leymus Chinensis), Gongshe Liu, Xiaoxia Li, Dongmei Qi, Liqin Cheng, Shuangyan Chen, Xianjun Peng, Hui Liu

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel) is an advantageous perennial native grass in China and other northern Eurasian countries having steppe. As an important forage grass of great value in animal husbandry, sheepgrass is well known for its abundant foliage, high palatability and high nutritive content. Sheepgrass is also valuable in grassland restoration and conservation since it is a perennial grass with a rhizome network to fix the soil and can survive well in stressful environments. Terefore, the collection, evaluation and utilization of sheepgrass are necessary for protecting grassland biodiversity, for establishing artificial pasture, restoring degraded grassland, and the development …

Analysis Of Controlling Genes For Tiller Growth Of Psathyrostachys Juncea Based On Transcriptome Sequencing Technology, Zhen Li, L. Yun, X. M. Ren

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Tillering is an important trait of bunch grass that affects biomass and seed yield. Psathyrostachys juncea is a typical perennial bunch grass, and unraveling the regulatory mechanisms of tillering in P. juncea could be helpful to improve the yield of perennial gramineous forages. Hence, we selected the tiller node of P. juncea for transcriptome sequencing to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEG) between high and low tillering materials. The metabolic pathway was studied，candidate genes were screened, and reference genes stability were evaluated. The results showed that approximately 5466 DEGs were identified between two P. juncea genotypes that significantly differed in …

Effects Of Ambient Temperature And Available Sugar On Bacterial Community Of Pennisetum Sinese Leaf: An In Vitro Study, Guangrou Lu, Shiqie Bai, Ping Li

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

The present in vitro study investigated the effects of temperature and available sugar on the bacterial community of Pennisetum sinese leaf during fermentation. P. sinese leaves were cultured in MRS broth containing 0.4 and 1.6 g sugar and incubated at 25°C and 45°C for 9, 18, and 36 h. The results showed that the dominant phyla during sugar fermentation were Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Compared to a low incubation temperature (25°C), a high incubation temperature (45°C) decreased the relative abundances of Exiguobacterium and Acinetobacter and increased those of Bacillus and Paenibacillus. Leaf samples incubated at 25°C showed …

Effect Of Microbial Inoculant On Fermentation Period And Chemical Composition Of Sweet Sorghum Silage, Azizza Mala, Babo Fadlalla, Elnour Mohamed, Siran Wang, Junfeng Li, Tao Shao

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Sorghum is one of the most suitable plants for silage production and becoming an increasingly important forage crop in many regions of the world. Due to its high water-soluble carbohydrates contents (WSC) and low buffer capacity, it is easy to ensile. This study evaluates the effect of adding Lactobacillus plantarum AZZ4 and Pediococcus acidilactici AZZ5 isolated from elephant grass on the fermentation period and chemical composition of sweet sorghum silage. Two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. Plantarum (AZZ4) , Pediococcus acidilactici (AZZ5), and one commercial bacteria Lactobacillus Plantarum, Ecosyl MTD/1(CB)) were chosen as additives at 6 log colony forming units …

Review: Potential Of Using Seaweed Silage Inoculated With Lactic Acid Bacteria And Its Impact Towards Sustainable Animal Feed, Azziza Mala, Subha Bhassu, Norhidayah Mohd Taufek, Najiah M. Sadali, Siran Wang, Shao Tao, Elnour Mohamed, Adibi N, Nor

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Since ancient times, seaweed has been used to supplement animal feed in coastal areas.

In recent years, there has been a growing demand for seaweed as an animal feed. Effective preservation methods are required because of annual variations in seaweed availability and biochemical composition. Ensiling could be an effective method to preserve seaweeds for animal feed applications. Using lactic acid bacteria is a substitute biological technique for keeping and restoring the usual physiological state of the animal and increasing efficiency. The aim of this review is the potential of using lactic acid bacteria as an inoculant for seaweed silage for …

Comparison Of Degradation Gradients Of A Conventional Vs A High Pressure Grazing System, P. J. Malan, Jamie Paulse

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Grazing management is important for general ecosystem health and sustainable livestock production. Historic grazing practices caused grassland degradation. Regenerative grazing practices can improve soil and plant health. This study aimed to determine if a high pressure grazing approach, in fact improves soil and plant health, compared to a conventional grazing system. A degradation gradient (away from watering places) approach were followed. The study site is situated in the Kalahari bushveld bioregion of the North West province of South Africa. Two adjacent farms were selected, one practicing a conventional four camp rotational grazing system, and the other practicing high pressure grazing …

Feeding Concentrate Formulated With Native Irish Feed Ingredients And A Low Crude Protein Content To Grazing Dairy Cows Has No Effect On Milk Production Or Milk Composition, Z. C. Mckay, K. M. Pierce, A. G. Fahey, M. Wallace, N. Walsh, N. J. Ryan, P. Rice, A. Ryan, F. J. Mulligan

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and feeding native feed ingredients offers potential to improve the environmental sustainability of dairy production. However, improving NUE is a key challenge in grass-based systems due to high crude protein (CP) levels in grass and low nitrogen retention by dairy cows. In addition, concentrate feed typically contains imported feed ingredients which contribute to increased carbon footprint. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of concentrate CP level and ingredient source on milk production and composition. Forty-two mixed-parity Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked on parity and balanced on days in milk (DIM), milk …

Managing Interspecies Competition To Improve Spring Pasture, Kelly M. Mercier, Eric D. Billman, K. Soder, D. M. Jaramillo, Sarah C. Goslee, P. A. Adler

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the earliest maturing pasture grasses utilized in the northeastern United States. However, wet springs can delay forage harvesting resulting in advanced forage maturity and reduction in nutritive value. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a tall, upright-growing forb that shows promise as a high-energy companion crop to orchardgrass and may delay orchardgrass maturity through shading effects on plant morphology. The objective of this study was to evaluate monocultures and mixtures of orchardgrass, chicory, and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) over two consecutive springs to determine the effects of species diversity on …

Nutritive Value Of South-Central Kentucky Forbs, Tyler M. Miller, S. R. Smith

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

South Central Kentucky pastures serve as a host for a plethora of forbs found throughout the Upper South and Midwest United States. In this region, forbs can be numerous within pastures that are under- managed. Many producers view forbs as unwanted or weedy species and may not fully understand the value that some of these forbs provide to beef cattle. With little scientific information found on the subject for the specific geographic area, the purpose of this study was to determine what types of forbs will provide adequate nutrition for lactating beef cows. Three pastures from separate farms were used …

Irrigation Effects On Forage Dry Matter Yield And Nutritive Value Of Alfalfa, Rudra Baral, Doohong Min

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is among the top four field crops in United States (U.S.) in terms of acreage harvested and economic value. Several studies have documented that alfalfa requires high amount of water compared to other major field crops. However, more than 65% alfalfa in the U.S. is grown under rainfed condition where severe to moderate drought condition has been pronounced during alfalfa growing season. The magnitude of yield loss due to water-limited conditions is still unknown. In this context, the objective of our study is to evaluate the forage dry matter yield and forage nutritive value of …

Gge Biplot Analysis Of Forage Yield Performance And Stability Assessment Of Tall Fescue Experimental Populations Selected Under Grazing Pressure In A Stress Environment, Ali Missaoui, J. L. Ford, D. R. Woodfield, A. Stewart, S. Makaju

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Integrating the yield and stability of genotypes selected under grazing pressure is an important objective in breeding forage crops. Genotype × environment (G x E) interaction is a major source of inconsistency in crop performance across locations. As a result, a genotype is considered stable if it has a low contribution to the G x E interaction. This study explores the effects of G x E interaction on yield and stability of 10 tall fescue experimental populations selected for persistence under grazing pressure outside the area of adaptation of the species (stress environment). Six standard checks were included. The populations …

Identification Of Endangered Range Plant Species And Change In Ground Cover In North Kordofan State, Sudan, Mohammed D. Elnazeir, A. A. Khatir, A. M. Morakah

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

This study was conducted in North Kordofan State. With the objectives of identifying change in ground cover, other range attributes and the endangered plant species. The primary source of data was mainly from previous studies, while secondary data were obtained from field work using loop and transect method, personal interviews, rapid rural appraisal technique and direct observation, SPSS software was used in statistical analysis. The results indicate that there were notable changes in range composition. Percentage live plants and decreased by 17.5, while litter and rock increased by 17.9% and 0.30%. Some of the species still exist, with higher percentage …

Strategies For Seed Quality Improvement In Eastern Gamagrass, A Tripsacum Species, J. I. Morrison

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

In the southeastern United States, perennial warm-season grasses constitute the backbone of many forage production systems, whether for grazing or harvested feed. North American native plants offer unique ecosystem benefits as well as high forage quality when managed properly. Popular native grasses used for grazing in the southeastern US include Andropogon (bluestems), Sorghastrum (indiangrass) and members of the genus Tripsacum including eastern gamagrass (T. dactyloides) in North and Central America; Guatemala grass (T. fasciculatum syn. T. andersonii) in Latin America and the West Indies; and wide-leaf gamagrass (T. latifolium) throughout Mesoamerica. Eastern gamagrass …

Chlorophyll And Mineral Dynamics Of Perennial Grass Species Found In Semi- Arid Rangelands Of South Africa, N. H. Msiza, K. E. Ravhuhali, H. K. Mokoboki, Sydney Mavengahama, L. E. Motsei

IGC Proceedings (1993-2023)

Minerals are essential for ruminants and are mostly provided by grass species. Their growth stage is vital in the supply of these minerals. Perennial grass species have been mostly undervalued, owing to the scarce information concerning their potential feeding value and little documentation about their potential nutritive value in different growth stages. This study was conducted to investigate the chlorophyll and mineral concentration of grass species at different growth stages under greenhouse conditions at the North-West University Experimental farm, North West province, South Africa. The soil, collected from different villages, was mixed and samples were drawn for chemical analysis before …